Truck 31456 226067841 2008-07-16T18:06:39Z ClueBot 4928500 Reverting possible vandalism by [[Special:Contributions/72.215.223.122|72.215.223.122]] to version by Wavelength. False positive? [[User:ClueBot/FalsePositives|Report it]]. Thanks, [[User:ClueBot]]. (441689) (Bot) {{other}} {{redirect|Lorry}} [[Image:Logging truck.jpg|thumb|An Australian [[Tractor unit|prime mover]] [[Kenworth]] and [[Semi-trailer truck|B double trailer]] combination]] <!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Australia Post Volvo.jpg|thumb|A [[Volvo FH|Volvo]] [[Australia Post|postal service]] line hauler]] --> [[Image:P 1217.14 Palencia.JPG|thumb|Spanish [[Pegaso]] 1217.14 [[tank truck]]]] A '''truck''' is a vehicle for carrying goods and materials. The word "truck" possibly derives ultimately from the Greek "trochos", meaning "wheel." In [[North America]], the big wheels of wagons were called trucks. When the gasoline-engine driven trucks came into fashion, these were called "motor trucks." '''Lorry''' is a term from the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Ireland]], but is only used for the medium and heavy types (see below), i.e. a [[van]], a [[pickup truck|pickup]] or a [[Jeep]] would never be regarded as a "lorry." Other languages have [[loanword]]s based on these terms, such as the [[Malay language]] and the [[Spanish language]] in northern [[Mexico]]. In [[Australian English|Australia]] and [[New Zealand English|New Zealand]] a small vehicle with an open back is called a '''ute''' (short for "utility vehicle") or a '''pick-up''' and the word "truck" is reserved for larger vehicles. In the [[United States]] a commercial driver's license is required to drive any type of vehicle weighing 26,001 lbs or more.<ref>{{citeweb|title=Commercial Drivers License|url=http://www.nhtsa.gov/people/injury/enforce/cvm/CMV_license.html|publisher=''[[NHTSA]]''|accessdate=2008-05-21}}</ref> ===Engine=== Trucks can use all sorts of engines. Small trucks such as [[Sport utility vehicle|SUV]]s or [[pickup truck|pickup]]s, and even light medium-duty trucks in North America and [[Russia]] will use [[gasoline]] engines. Most heavier trucks use [[four stroke cycle|four stroke]] [[turbocharger|turbo]] [[intercooler]] [[diesel]] engines, although there are alternatives. Huge off-highway trucks use locomotive-type engines such as a [[V12 engine|V12]] [[Detroit Diesel]] [[two stroke cycle|two stroke]] engine. North American manufactured highway trucks almost always use an engine built by a third party, such as [[Caterpillar Inc.|CAT]], [[Cummins]], or [[Detroit Diesel]]. The only exceptions to this are [[Volvo Trucks|Volvo]] and its subsidiary [[Mack Trucks]], which are available with own engines. [[Freightliner]], [[Sterling Trucks]] and [[Western Star]], [[subsidiary|subsidaries]] of [[DaimlerChrysler]], are available with [[Mercedes-Benz]] and Detroit Diesel engines. Trucks and buses built by the [[Navistar International]] can also contain International engines. The Swedish truckmaker Scania claims they stay away from the U.S.-market because of this third party tradition. In the European union all truck engines must comply with [[European emission standards|Euro 4]] regulations, the regulations will become more restrictive in 2008 with the introduction of Euro 5. Formerly in Britain some lorries were coal-fired steam-powered: for more information see [[Traction engine]]. ===Drivetrain=== [[Image:Truck.jpg|thumb|left|A logging truck]] Small trucks use the same type of [[transmission (mechanics)|transmissions]] as almost all [[automobile|cars]] which have either an automatic transmission or a manual transmission with [[synchromesh|synchroniser]]s. Bigger trucks often use manual transmissions without synchronisers which have less bulk and weight although synchromesh transmissions are used in larger trucks as well. Transmissions without synchronisers known as "crash boxes" require double clutching for each shift, (which can lead to repetitive motion injuries), or a technique known colloquially as "floating," a method of changing gears which doesn't use the clutch, except for starts and stops, due to the physical effort of double clutching especially with non power assisted clutches, faster shifts, and less clutch wear. Double clutching allows the driver to control the engine and transmission revolutions to synchronize, so that a smooth shift can be made e.g. when upshifting, accelerator pedal is released and the clutch pedal is depressed while the gear lever is moved in to neutral, clutch pedal is then released and quickly pushed down again while the gear lever is moved to the next highest gear. Finally, the clutch pedal is released and accelerator pedal pushed down to obtain required engine rpms. Although this is a relatively fast movement perhaps a second or so while transmission is in neutral it allows the engine speed to drop and synchronize engine and transmission revolutions relative to the road speed. Downshifting is performed in a similar fashion except the engine speed is now required to increase (while transmission is in neutral) just a right amount in order to achieve the synchronisation for the smooth non-crunching gearchange. The so called skip changing is also widely used, in principle operation is the same but it requires neutral be held slightly longer than single gearchange. Common North American setups include 9, 10, 13, 15, and 18 speeds. [[Automatic transmission|Automatic]] and [[semi-automatic transmission]]s for heavy trucks are becoming more and more common, due to advances both in transmission and engine power. In Europe 8, 10 and 12 gears are common on larger trucks with manual transmission, while automatic or semiautomatic transmission would have anything from 5 to 12 gears. Almost all heavy trucks transmissions are of a "range (double H shift pattern ) and split" type where range change and so called half gears or splits are air operated and always preselected before the main gears selection. In Europe more new trucks are being bought with automatic or semi-automatic transmission. This may be due the fuel consumption can be lowered and truck durability improved.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} The primary reason perhaps is the fact that such transmissions give a driver more time to concentrate on the road and traffic conditions. ===Chassis=== [[Image:Polski Fiat 621 L Warsaw.JPG|thumb|right|A [[Poland|Polish]] 1936-built Fiat 621 L [[fire truck]] in [[Warsaw]], [[Poland]]]] The [[chassis]] or frame of a truck is commonly constructed mainly of two [[beam (structure)|beams]], and several [[crossmembers]]. A truck chassis consists of two parallel straight C-shaped beams, or in some cases stepped or tapered beams, these held together by crossmembers. In most instances, gussets help attach the crossmembers to the beams. The "C-shape" of the beams has a middle vertical and longer side, and a short horizontal flange at each end; the length of the beams is variable. The chassis is usually made of [[steel]], but can be made (whole or in part) of [[aluminium]] for a lighter weight. The integrity of the chemical composition ([[carbon]], [[molybdenum]], etc.) and structure of the beams is of uttermost importance to its strength, and to help prevent cracking or breaking of beams, and to help maintain rigidity and flexibility of the frame, welding, drilling and other types of modifications should not be performed by unlicenced persons. The chassis is the main structure of the truck, and the other parts attach to it. A [[Drawbar (haulage)|tow bar]] may be found attached at one or both ends. ==Environmental effects== Trucks contribute to air, noise, and [[water pollution]] in a similar fashion to [[automobile]]s. In the case of [[air pollution]] emissions, trucks may actually emit lower emissions than autos on a per pound of vehicle mass basis, although the absolute level on a vehicle mile traveled basis is higher and diesel soot is especially problematic for health.<ref>[http://www.dieselnet.com/standards/us/hd.html Truck vehicle emission standards: United States Environmental Protection Agency]</ref> With respect to [[noise pollution]] trucks emit considerably higher sound levels at all speeds compared to typical automobiles; this contrast is particularly strong in the case of heavy duty trucks.<ref>[http://www.springerlink.com/content/x1707075n815g604/ C. Michael Hogan, '' Analysis of Highway Noise'', Journal of Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, Vol. 2, No 3, Biomedical and Life Sciences and Earth and Environmental Science Issue, Pages 387-392, Sept., 1973, Springer Verlag, Netherlands ISSN 0049-6979]</ref> Concerns have been raised about the effect of trucking on the environment, particularly as part of the debate on [[global warming]]. In the period from 1990 to 2003, carbon dioxide emissions from transportation sources increased by 20%, despite improvements in vehicle fuel efficiency.<ref>http://www.bts.gov/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_04_49.html U.S. Bureau of Transportation Statistics ''U.S. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Energy Use by Sector''</ref> In 2005, Transportation accounted for 27% of U.S. greenhouse gas emission, increasing faster than any other sector.<ref>http://epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/downloads06/07Trends.pdf U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ''Trends in Greenhouse Gas Emissions''</ref> Between 1985 and 2004, in the U.S., energy consumption in freight transportation grew nearly 53%, while the number of ton-miles carried increased only 43%.<ref>http://intensityindicators.pnl.gov/delivered_transportation.stm U.S. Department of Energy ''Transportation Sector - Delivered Energy''</ref> "Modal shifts account for a nearly a 23% increase in energy consumption over this period. Much of this shift is due to a greater fraction of freight ton-miles being carried via truck and air, as compared to water, rail, and pipelines." According to a 1995 U.S. Government estimate, the energy cost of carrying a ton of freight a distance of one kilometer averages 337 kJ for water, 221 kJ for rail, 2 000 kJ for trucks and nearly 13 000 kJ for air transport.<ref>http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/efficiency/ee_ch5.htm#U.S.%20Domestic%20Freight%20Transportation U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration 'Energy Efficiency'</ref> and many environment organizations favor laws and incentives to encourage the switch from road to rail, especially in Europe.<ref>http://www.freightonrail.org.uk/ConsultationsEnvironmentalAuditCommittee.htm Freight on Rail Website</ref> ==Usage== [[Image:TroopCarrierHertz.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A military-type light truck, originally used for troop transport, and now for safari trips]] Several truck designs have been created, each for its own purpose. Trucks are mainly used for cargo transport (of eg foods, ...). In addition, certain special trucks have been created for specific tasks. Examples on this are: concrete mixing trucks for concrete mixing/transport, light trucks for the military (to use as [[troop carrier]]s, ...). Trucks are thus mainly intended for larger-scale professional users. Professional users operating on a smaller scale usually opt for a [[van]] or [[share taxi]]-style vehicle. ==Quality and sales== Quality among all heavy truck manufacturers in general is improving, however industry insiders will testify that the industry has a long way to go before they achieve the quality levels reached by [[automobile]] manufacturers{{Fact|date=October 2007}}. Part of the reason for this is that 75% of all trucks are custom specified. This works against efforts to streamline and automate the assembly line. ===Heavy trucks market worldwide=== [[Image:CementTruck.jpg|thumbnail|A concrete transport truck, also referred to as a "cement mixer", or a "transit mixer".]] [[Image:MuncyTruck.jpg|thumbnail|A "straight-job" [[International Harvester|International]] moving truck.]] [[Image:truck.car.transporter.arp.750pix.jpg|thumb|right|DAF [[Tractor unit|tractor]] with an auto-transport [[semi-trailer truck]] carrying [[Škoda Octavia]] cars in [[Cardiff, Wales]]]] {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left" |+Largest manufacturers in Western Europe, the U.S. and Japan, over 16 tonnes GVW in 2005.<ref>[http://www.sweden.se/upload/Sweden_se/english/factsheets/SI/SI_FS127c_Motor_Vehicle_industry/The_Motor_Vehicle_Industry_in_Sweden_FS127c.pdf The Motor Vehicle Industry in Sweden] PUBLISHED BY THE SWEDISH INSTITUTE SEPTEMBER 2006 FS 127 C. Retrieved [[6 January]] 2007.</ref> |- ! Pos. !! Make !! Units |- ! 1 | [[Daimler AG]] ([[Mercedes-Benz]],[[Freightliner]],[[Sterling]],[[Unimog]],[[Western Star]],[[Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corporation|Fuso]])|| 241,515 |- ! 2 | [[Volvo]] ([[Volvo]],[[Mack]],[[Renault]],[[UD Nissan Diesel]])|| 177,106 |- ! 3 | [[PACCAR]] ([[DAF Trucks]],[[Kenworth]],[[Peterbilt]],[[Leyland Trucks]])|| 124,406 |- ! 4 | [[Navistar International Corporation]] ([[International]],[[Workhorse]]|| 61,066 |- ! 5 | [[MAN AG|MAN]] || 53,379 |- ! 6 | [[Scania AB|Scania]] || 53,365 |- ! 7 | [[Hino Motors]] ([[Toyota Group]])|| 44,494 |- ! 8 | [[Iveco]] ([[Iveco]],[[Magirus]],[[Astra]],[[Seddon Atkinson]],[[Yuejin]]) || 43,364 |- ! 9 | [[Nissan Diesel]] || 25,852 |- ! 10 | [[Volkswagen]] || 22,684 |} ====Europe==== [[Image:Scania porteur benne tp.jpeg|thumb|A heavy [[Scania]] dump truck in France]] [[Image:Aa steamlorry astlepark.jpg|thumb|Coal-fired steam-powered lorry]] *[[Acmat]] ([[France]]) *[[Alexander Dennis]] ([[UK]]) *[[Avia Trucks]] ([[Czech Republic]]) *[[Bedford Vehicles|Bedford]] ([[UK]]) *[[BelAZ]] ([[Belarus]]) *[[BMC (Turkey)]] *[[Carmichael]] ([[UK]]) *[[DAF Trucks]] ([[Netherlands]]) (division of [[PACCAR]]) *[[Dennis Eagle]] ([[UK]]) *[[ELBO]] ([[Greece]]) *[[ERF (lorry manufacturer)|ERF]] ([[UK]]) *[[Fabrika Automobila Priboj]] ([[Serbia]]) *[[Foden]] ([[UK]]) *[[Ford]] *[[GAZ]] ([[Russia]]) *[[Ginaf]] ([[Netherlands]]) *[[Iveco]] ([[Italy]]) *[[Jelcz]] ([[Poland]]) *[[Kamaz]] ([[Russia]]) *[[KrAZ]] ([[Ukraine]]) *[[Liberecké automobilové závody|LIAZ]] ([[Czech Republic]]) *[[Magirus]] ([[Germany]]) *[[MAN AG]] ([[Germany]]) *[[MAZ]] ([[Belarus]]) *[[Mercedes-Benz]] ([[Germany]]) *[[Namco (automobiles)|Namco]] ([[Greece]]) *[[Otokar]] ([[Turkey]]) *[[Panhard]] ([[France]]) *[[Pegaso]] ([[Spain]]) *[[Renault Trucks]] ([[France]]) *[[Roman (vehicle manufacturer)|Roman]] ([[Romania]]) *[[Scania AB|Scania]] ([[Sweden]]) *[[Seddon Atkinson]] ([[UK]]) *[[Sides]] ([[France]]) *[[Sisu Auto]] ([[Finland]]) *[[Škoda Auto|Škoda]] ([[Czech Republic]]) *[[FCS Star|Star]] ([[Poland]]) *[[Steyr-Daimler-Puch|Steyr]] ([[Austria]]) *[[Tatra cars|Tatra]] ([[Czech Republic]]) *[[Temax]] ([[Greece]]) *[[Uro (trucks)|URO]] ([[Spain]]) *[[Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles]] ([[Germany]]) *[[Volvo Trucks]] ([[Sweden]]) (not to be confused with [[Volvo cars]], which is part of [[Ford Motor Company]]) *[[Zastava Trucks]] ([[Serbia]]) *[[Zil]] ([[Russia]]) ====Asia==== [[Image:43265922 535b0fe937 o.jpg|thumb|A truck stop in [[Ladakh]], India]] Heavy truck leading manufacturers (alphabetically): * [[Ashok Leyland]] ([[India]]) * Askam Kamyon (Fargo, De Soto) ([[Turkey]]) * [[Asia Motorworks]] ([[India]]) * [[AIL]] ([[Israel]]) * [[BMC]] ([[Turkey]]) * [[Dongfeng Motor Corporation]] ([[Peoples Republic of China|China]], Under joint ventures with [[Nissan Diesel]] as [[Dongfeng Nissan-Diesel Company|Dongfeng Nissan-Diesel]], and with [[Cummins]] as [[Dongfeng Automobile Company Limited|DFAC]].) * [[Eicher Motors]] ([[India]]) * [[Force Motors Ltd|Force Motors]] ([[India]]), Under joint venture with [[MAN AG]] * [[Hino Motors]] ([[Japan]]) in joint venture with [[Scania]] * [[HinoPak motors]] ([[Pakistan]]) * [[Isuzu]] ([[Japan]]) * [[Mahindra and Mahindra]] ([[India]]) * [[Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corporation|Mitsubishi]] ([[Japan]]) * [[New Sentosa CV]] ([[Indonesia]]) * [[Nissan Diesel]] ([[Japan]]) * [[Otokar]] ([[Turkey]]) * [[Tata Daewoo Commercial Vehicle|TATA Daewoo Commercial Vehicle]] ([[South Korea]]) (subsidiary of TATA Motors, India) * [[TATA Motors]] ([[India]]) ====South America==== Registrations of heavy trucks in South America (2002; % breakdown by manufacturer): * [[Aeolus]]([[Uruguay]]) * [[Agrale]]([[Brasil]]) * [[Chevrolet]](commercial vehicles for the Colombian market only) * DaimlerChrysler * [[Ford Motor Company|Ford Truck]]([[Brasil]])(cargo line) * [[Libertad]]([[Uruguay]]) * [[Mack Trucks]] * [[Matra]]([[Brasil]]) * [[Orejano]]([[Uruguay]]) * [[Randon]]([[Brasil]]) * [[Renault]]([[Uruguay]]) * [[Troller]]([[Brasil]]) * [[Volvo Trucks]]([[Brasil]]) * [[Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles|Volkswagen Truck & Bus]]([[Brasil]]) ====North America==== [[Image:American truck blue.JPG|thumb|right|U.S. [[Peterbilt]] truck - California]] [[Image:Truck VolvoVN780.jpg|thumb|right|[[Volvo Trucks|Volvo]] VNL780, [[United States|U.S.A.]]]] [[Image:Canberra recycling truck.jpg|thumb|[[Hino Motors|Hino]] recycling truck]] *[[American LaFrance]] *[[Autocar Company]]([[USA]]) *[[Crane Carrier Corporation]]([[USA]]) *[[Chevrolet]] *[[Colet]] *[[Dodge]] *[[E-One]] *[[Freightliner LLC]] *[[Ford]] *[[General Motors|GMC]] *[[Hino]] (different models for U.S. market) *[[Isuzu]] *[[Kenworth]] *[[Mack Trucks]] *[[Navistar International|International]] *[[Nissan]] *[[Oshkosh]] *[[Ottawa (Truck)]] *[[Peterbilt]] *[[Pierce]] *[[Sterling Trucks]] *[[UD Nissan Diesel]] *[[Volvo Trucks]] (different models for U.S. market) *[[Western Star]] On the [[East Coast of the United States|East Coast]], where routes were traditionally shorter, and because the trucks were made there, many drivers preferred Mack Trucks. While on the [[West Coast of the United States|West Coast]], the drivers preferred Peterbilt, Kenworth, and Freightliner. White built a new factory in [[California]] in the early 1960s, with long-haul trucking company [[Consolidated Freightways]]. The entity, which became White-Freightliner, then just Freightliner, catered directly to western fleets that wanted a lighter, [[aluminium]] cab and frame, and traveled longer distances without stopping. Drivers more concerned with safety than with fuel economy preferred the heavier Peterbilts and Kenworths. Kenworth and Peterbilt, which had started out as heavy-duty trucks for hauling logs, forest products, and steel for shipyards on the West Coast, anticipated the need for these lighter long-distance trucks. ====Africa==== * [[TBCO]]([[Libya]]) ====Oceania==== [[Image:Hydraulic Platform-ACTFB.jpg|thumb|Hydraulic Platform fire truck, [[Canberra]] [[Australia]]]] *[[Volvo]] (Australia) *[[Mack]] (Australia) *[[Iveco]] (different models for Australian market) *[[Kenworth]] (different models for Australian market) == Insuring trucks for commercial hauling == Primary Liability Insurance coverage protects the truck from damage or injuries to other people as a result of a truck accident. This truck insurance coverage is mandated by U.S. state and federal agencies and proof of coverage is required to be sent to them. Insurance coverage limits range from $35,000 to $1,000,000. Pricing is dependent on region, driving records, and history of the trucking operation. Motor Truck Cargo insurance protects the transporter for his responsibility in the event of damaged or lost freight. The policy is purchased with a maximum load limit per vehicle. Cargo insurance coverage limits can range from $10,000 to $100,000 or more. Pricing for this insurance is mainly dependent on the type of cargo being hauled. ==Truck Shows== In the UK, three truck shows are incredibly popular - '''Shropshire Truck Show''' in Oswestry Showground during May, '''The UK Truck Show''' held in June at Santa Pod Raceway and FIA European Drag Racing Championships from the home of European Drag-Racing. The UK Truck Show features drag-racing with 6-ton trucks from the British Truck Racing Association, plus other diesel-powered entertainment. Truck Shows provide operators with an opportunity to win prestigious awards for their trucks. ==See also== {{commons|Truck}} {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} * [[Air brake (road vehicle)]] * [[Animal transporter]] * [[Ballast tractor]] * [[Battery electric truck]] * [[Brake]] * [[Bus]] * [[Campervan]] * [[Cutaway van chassis]] * [[Dekotora]]; Japanese decorated trucks * [[Dump truck]] * [[Euro IV]] and [[Euro V]] * [[Flatbed truck]] * [[Forklift]] * [[Hybrid truck]] * [[Kei truck]]; Japanese mini truck * [[List of truck types]] * [[Noise regulation]] * [[Refrigerator truck]] {{col-2}} * [[Panel truck]] * [[Panel van]] * [[Pickup truck]] * [[Road train]] * [[Roadway air dispersion model|Air pollution from trucks]] * [[Roadway noise]] * [[Sedan delivery]] * [[Semi-trailer truck]]; this article covers large trucks such as [[road train]]s and [[articulated]] lorries. * [[Sport Tractor]] * [[Tail lift]] * [[Tank truck]] * [[Tractor unit]] * [[Trailer (vehicle)]] * [[Truck and trailer bodies]] * [[Truck classification]] * [[Truck driver]] * [[Trucking industry in the United States]] * [[Weigh station]] {{col-end}} ==References== <!-- ---------------------------------------------------------- See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for a discussion of different citation methods and how to generate footnotes using the <ref>, </ref> and <reference /> tags ----------------------------------------------------------- --> <div class="references-small"> <references /> *''Conduire un véhicule lourd'', Société de l'Assurance Automobile du Québec, 7e édition, 2002 ISBN 2-551-19567-5 </div> ==External links== *{{dmoz|Business/Transportation_and_Logistics/Trucking/}} *[http://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/ Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration] *[http://www.truckinfo.net/ Truckinfo.net] <!-- Notice that fi: writes "Suomi" in the language board, so alphabetically fi comes just before sv --> [[Category:Commercial item transport and distribution]] [[Category:Trucks| ]] [[Category:Sport Tractor]] [[Category:Carriages and mountings]] {{Link FA|it}} [[ar:شاحنة]] [[bs:Kamion]] [[bg:Камион]] [[cs:Kamion]] [[da:Lastbil]] [[de:Lastkraftwagen]] [[es:Camión]] [[eo:Kamiono]] [[fr:Camion]] [[ko:트럭]] [[hi:ट्रक]] [[hr:Kamion]] [[id:Truk]] [[is:Vörubíll]] [[it:Autocarro]] [[he:משאית]] [[la:Autocinetum onerarium]] [[lv:Kravas automašīna]] [[lt:Sunkvežimis]] [[hu:Tehergépkocsi]] [[ms:Lori]] [[nl:Vrachtauto]] [[ja:貨物自動車]] [[no:Lastebil]] [[nn:Lastebil]] [[pl:Samochód ciężarowy]] [[pt:Camião]] [[ro:Autocamion]] [[qu:Chaqna antawa]] [[ru:Грузовой автомобиль]] [[simple:Truck]] [[fi:Kuorma-auto]] [[sv:Lastbil]] [[ta:சுமையுந்து]] [[vi:Xe tải]] [[tr:Kamyon]] [[uk:Вантажний автомобіль]] [[yi:לאסט אויטא]] [[zh:载货汽车]]