Trypanosoma 935178 221689710 2008-06-25T17:15:12Z 75.153.12.114 {{Taxobox | color = khaki | name = ''Trypanosoma'' | image = Trypanosoma cruzi crithidia,jpeg | image_caption = ''[[Trypanosoma cruzi]]'', crithidia. | domain = [[Eukaryote|Eukaryota]] | unranked_phylum = [[Excavata]] | phylum = [[Euglenozoa]] | classis = [[Kinetoplastida]] | ordo = [[Trypanosomatida]] | genus = '''''Trypanosoma''''' }} '''''Trypanosoma''''' are of the class kinetoplastida, a [[monophyletic]]<ref name="Hamilton04">{{cite journal |author=Hamilton PB, Stevens JR, Gaunt MW, Gidley J, Gibson WC |title=Trypanosomes are monophyletic: evidence from genes for glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase and small subunit ribosomal RNA |journal=Int. J. Parasitol. |volume=34 |issue=12 |pages=1393–404 |year=2004 |pmid=15542100 |doi=10.1016/j.ijpara.2004.08.011 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0020-7519(04)00189-4}}</ref> group of unicellular [[parasite|parasitic]] [[protozoa]]. The name is derived from the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''trypaô'' (boring) and ''soma'' (body) because of their corkscrew-like motion. Trypanosomes infect a variety of hosts and cause various disease, including the fatal disease [[sleeping sickness]] in humans. Trypanosoma undergo a complex lifecycle which includes several different morphological forms. For example, ''[[Trypanosoma brucei]]'' is transmitted between mammalian hosts through a [[tsetse fly]] vector and undergoes a series of morphological and metabolic changes to adapt to these very different environments. Characteristic of this order is the mitochondrial genome, known as the [[kinetoplast]]. It is made up of a highly complex series of catenatated circles and minicircles and require a cohort of proteins for organisation during cell division. Trypanosomes have a number of biologically interesting features that has made them the object of study. For example, trypanosomes do their genetic regulation post-transcriptionally, are a classic model of antigenic variation, and edit their mitochondrial mRNA transcripts using short guide RNAs encoded in mitochondrial minicircles as templates. In addition, two life cycle forms of ''[[Trypanosoma brucei]]'' are easy to culture and are genetically pliable. Species of ''Trypanosoma'' include the following: *''[[Trypanosoma avium|T. avium]]'', which causes [[trypanosomiasis]] in birds *''[[Trypanosoma boissoni|T. boissoni]]'', in [[elasmobranch]] *''[[Trypanosoma brucei|T. brucei]]'', which causes [[sleeping sickness]] in humans and [[nagana]] in cattle *''[[Trypanosoma carassii|T. carassii]]'', in freshwater [[teleost]]s *''[[Trypanosoma cruzi|T. cruzi]]'', which causes [[Chagas disease]] in humans *''[[Trypanosoma congolese|T. congolense]]'', which causes [[nagana]] in cattle, horses, and camels *''[[Trypanosoma equinum|T. equinum]]'', in [[South American]] horses, transmitted via [[Tabanidae]], *''[[Trypanosoma equiperdum|T. equiperdum]]'', which causes [[dourine]] or [[Covering sickness]] in [[horse]]s and other [[Equidae]] *''[[Trypanosoma evansi|T. evansi]]'', which causes one form of the disease [[surra]] in certain animals (a single case report of human infection in [[2005]] in India<ref>{{cite journal |author= |title=A new form of human trypanosomiasis in India. Description of the first human case in the world caused by Trypanosoma evansi |journal=Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec. |volume=80 |issue=7 |pages=62–3 |year=2005 |pmid=15771199 |doi=}} </ref> was successfully treated with [[suramin]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Joshi PP, Chaudhari A, Shegokar VR, ''et al'' |title=Treatment and follow-up of the first case of human trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma evansi in India |journal=Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. |volume=100 |issue=10 |pages=989–91 |year=2006 |pmid=16455122 |doi=10.1016/j.trstmh.2005.11.003 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0035-9203(05)00429-3}}</ref>) *''[[Trypanosoma hosei|T. hosei]]'' in [[amphibian]]s *''[[Trypanosoma levisi|T. levisi]]'', in rats *''[[Trypanosoma melophagium|T. melophagium]]'', in sheep, transmitted via ''[[Melophagus ovinus]]'' *''[[Trypanosoma parroti|T. parroti]]'', in amphibians *''[[Trypanosoma percae|T. percae]]'', in the fish species ''[[Perca fluviatilis]]'' *''[[Trypanosoma rangeli|T. rangeli]]'', believed to be nonpathogenic to humans *''[[Trypanosoma rotatorium|T. rotatorium]]'', in amphibians *''[[Trypanosoma rugosae|T. rugosae]]'', in amphibians *''[[Trypanosoma sergenti|T. sergenti]]'', in amphibians *''[[Trypanosoma simiae|T. simiae]]'', which causes [[nagana]] in animals *''[[Trypanosoma sinipercae|T. sinipercae]]'', in fishes *''[[Trypanosoma suis|T. suis]]'', which causes a different form of [[surra]] *''[[Trypanosoma theileri|T. theileri]]'', a large trypanosome infecting ruminants *''[[Trypanosoma trigalae|T. triglae]]'', in marine [[teleost]]s *''[[Trypanosoma vivax|T. vivax]]'', which causes the disease [[nagana]] ==References== <references/> #<li value="4"> ''Report on Trypanosomes'', Thomas, (London, 1905) # ''Tropical diseases'', Sir Patrick Manson, (fifth edition, London, 1914) # ''Tropical Medicine and Hygiene'', C. W. Daniels, (New York, 1914) # {{cite book |author=Miles, Michael W.; Ian Maudlin; Holmes, Peter |title=The Trypanosomiases |publisher=CABI Publishing |location=Wallingford, UK |year= |pages= |isbn=0-85199-475-X |oclc= |doi=}} [[Category:Euglenozoa]] [[Category:Fish diseases]] {{protist-stub}} {{med-stub}} [[de:Trypanosomen]] [[es:Trypanosoma]] [[fr:Trypanosoma]] [[it:Trypanosoma]] [[lt:Tripanosomos]] [[nl:Trypanosomen]] [[ja:トリパノソーマ]] [[oc:Tripanosoma]] [[ps:ټريپانوسوما]] [[pl:Świdrowce]] [[pt:Tripanossoma]] [[sl:Tripanosoma]] [[zh:锥虫]]