Trypanosoma
935178
221689710
2008-06-25T17:15:12Z
75.153.12.114
{{Taxobox
| color = khaki
| name = ''Trypanosoma''
| image = Trypanosoma cruzi crithidia,jpeg
| image_caption = ''[[Trypanosoma cruzi]]'', crithidia.
| domain = [[Eukaryote|Eukaryota]]
| unranked_phylum = [[Excavata]]
| phylum = [[Euglenozoa]]
| classis = [[Kinetoplastida]]
| ordo = [[Trypanosomatida]]
| genus = '''''Trypanosoma'''''
}}
'''''Trypanosoma''''' are of the class kinetoplastida, a [[monophyletic]]<ref name="Hamilton04">{{cite journal |author=Hamilton PB, Stevens JR, Gaunt MW, Gidley J, Gibson WC |title=Trypanosomes are monophyletic: evidence from genes for glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase and small subunit ribosomal RNA |journal=Int. J. Parasitol. |volume=34 |issue=12 |pages=1393–404 |year=2004 |pmid=15542100 |doi=10.1016/j.ijpara.2004.08.011 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0020-7519(04)00189-4}}</ref> group of unicellular [[parasite|parasitic]] [[protozoa]]. The name is derived from the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''trypaô'' (boring) and ''soma'' (body) because of their corkscrew-like motion. Trypanosomes infect a variety of hosts and cause various disease, including the fatal disease [[sleeping sickness]] in humans.
Trypanosoma undergo a complex lifecycle which includes several different morphological forms. For example, ''[[Trypanosoma brucei]]'' is transmitted between mammalian hosts through a [[tsetse fly]] vector and undergoes a series of morphological and metabolic changes to adapt to these very different environments.
Characteristic of this order is the mitochondrial genome, known as the [[kinetoplast]]. It is made up of a highly complex series of catenatated circles and minicircles and require a cohort of proteins for organisation during cell division.
Trypanosomes have a number of biologically interesting features that has made them the object of study. For example, trypanosomes do their genetic regulation post-transcriptionally, are a classic model of antigenic variation, and edit their mitochondrial mRNA transcripts using short guide RNAs encoded in mitochondrial minicircles as templates. In addition, two life cycle forms of ''[[Trypanosoma brucei]]'' are easy to culture and are genetically pliable.
Species of ''Trypanosoma'' include the following:
*''[[Trypanosoma avium|T. avium]]'', which causes [[trypanosomiasis]] in birds
*''[[Trypanosoma boissoni|T. boissoni]]'', in [[elasmobranch]]
*''[[Trypanosoma brucei|T. brucei]]'', which causes [[sleeping sickness]] in humans and [[nagana]] in cattle
*''[[Trypanosoma carassii|T. carassii]]'', in freshwater [[teleost]]s
*''[[Trypanosoma cruzi|T. cruzi]]'', which causes [[Chagas disease]] in humans
*''[[Trypanosoma congolese|T. congolense]]'', which causes [[nagana]] in cattle, horses, and camels
*''[[Trypanosoma equinum|T. equinum]]'', in [[South American]] horses, transmitted via [[Tabanidae]],
*''[[Trypanosoma equiperdum|T. equiperdum]]'', which causes [[dourine]] or [[Covering sickness]] in [[horse]]s and other [[Equidae]]
*''[[Trypanosoma evansi|T. evansi]]'', which causes one form of the disease [[surra]] in certain animals (a single case report of human infection in [[2005]] in India<ref>{{cite journal |author= |title=A new form of human trypanosomiasis in India. Description of the first human case in the world caused by Trypanosoma evansi |journal=Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec. |volume=80 |issue=7 |pages=62–3 |year=2005 |pmid=15771199 |doi=}}
</ref> was successfully treated with [[suramin]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Joshi PP, Chaudhari A, Shegokar VR, ''et al'' |title=Treatment and follow-up of the first case of human trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma evansi in India |journal=Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. |volume=100 |issue=10 |pages=989–91 |year=2006 |pmid=16455122 |doi=10.1016/j.trstmh.2005.11.003 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0035-9203(05)00429-3}}</ref>)
*''[[Trypanosoma hosei|T. hosei]]'' in [[amphibian]]s
*''[[Trypanosoma levisi|T. levisi]]'', in rats
*''[[Trypanosoma melophagium|T. melophagium]]'', in sheep, transmitted via ''[[Melophagus ovinus]]''
*''[[Trypanosoma parroti|T. parroti]]'', in amphibians
*''[[Trypanosoma percae|T. percae]]'', in the fish species ''[[Perca fluviatilis]]''
*''[[Trypanosoma rangeli|T. rangeli]]'', believed to be nonpathogenic to humans
*''[[Trypanosoma rotatorium|T. rotatorium]]'', in amphibians
*''[[Trypanosoma rugosae|T. rugosae]]'', in amphibians
*''[[Trypanosoma sergenti|T. sergenti]]'', in amphibians
*''[[Trypanosoma simiae|T. simiae]]'', which causes [[nagana]] in animals
*''[[Trypanosoma sinipercae|T. sinipercae]]'', in fishes
*''[[Trypanosoma suis|T. suis]]'', which causes a different form of [[surra]]
*''[[Trypanosoma theileri|T. theileri]]'', a large trypanosome infecting ruminants
*''[[Trypanosoma trigalae|T. triglae]]'', in marine [[teleost]]s
*''[[Trypanosoma vivax|T. vivax]]'', which causes the disease [[nagana]]
==References==
<references/>
#<li value="4"> ''Report on Trypanosomes'', Thomas, (London, 1905)
# ''Tropical diseases'', Sir Patrick Manson, (fifth edition, London, 1914)
# ''Tropical Medicine and Hygiene'', C. W. Daniels, (New York, 1914)
# {{cite book |author=Miles, Michael W.; Ian Maudlin; Holmes, Peter |title=The Trypanosomiases |publisher=CABI Publishing |location=Wallingford, UK |year= |pages= |isbn=0-85199-475-X |oclc= |doi=}}
[[Category:Euglenozoa]]
[[Category:Fish diseases]]
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