Turbocharged Direct Injection 922156 225838542 2008-07-15T17:11:55Z Dastick 7481062 /* External links */ added enthusiast link [[Image:TDIBLOCK.JPG|275px|right|thumb|TDI embossed on the engine cowl]] '''Turbocharged Direct Injection''' (acronym: '''TDI''') is the technology used to describe, and name modern [[turbodiesel|turbocharged]] [[diesel engine]]s produced by [[Volkswagen Group|Volkswagen Group (Volkswagen AG)]] (VWAG), and widely used in all [[marque]]s of [[automobile|passenger cars]] and light [[commercial vehicle]]s produced by the company (particularly those sold in [[Europe]]). '''TDI''' is a registered trademark of Volkswagen AG<ref>[http://www.volkswagen.com/vwcms_publish/vwcms/master_public/virtualmaster/en2/experience/innovation/technical_glossary/tdi.index.html Volkswagen AG - TDI Technical Glossary]</ref>. ==Overview== [[Image:2.0TDI 103 kW BMM Jetta V.jpg|right|thumb|The TDI engine in a Jetta]] [[Image:TDIBADGE.JPG|right|thumb|Volkswagen products featuring a TDI engine display a TDI badge]] The engine uses [[fuel injection#Direct injection|direct injection]], where a [[fuel injector]] sprays atomised fuel directly into the main combustion chamber of each cylinder, rather than the pre-combustion chamber prevalent in older diesels which used [[indirect injection]]. The engine is coupled with a [[turbocharger]] to increase the amount of air which can get into the engine cylinders, and an [[intercooler]] to lower the temperature (and therefore increase the [[density]]) of the air from the turbo, thereby increasing the amount of fuel that can be injected and combusted. These, in combination, allow for greater engine performance (from a more complete combustion process compared to indirect injection), while also decreasing emissions and providing more torque than its [[petrol engine]]d counterpart. Similar technology has been used by other companies but "TDI" refers to these [[Volkswagen Group]] engines. Normally-aspirated engines (those without a turbocharger) made by Volkswagen Group use the label [[Suction Diesel Injection]] (SDI). The reduced material volume of the direct injection diesel engine reduces heat losses, and thereby increases engine [[fuel efficiency|efficiency]], at the expense of increased combustion noise. A direct injection engine is also easier to start when cold, due to more efficient placing and useage of [[glowplug]]s. ==History== The first Volkswagen Group TDI engine was a 2.5L [[straight-5|inline five-cylinder]] introduced in the [[Audi 100]] in 1989. The TDI arrangement has been enhanced by improving the efficiency of the turbocharger, increasing the pressure at which fuel can be injected, and more precisely timing when the injection of fuel takes place. There have been a few major generations, starting with what are known as "VE" engines. In 2000, the [[Unit Injector|Pumpe Düse]] (PD, variously translated "pump nozzle", "unit injector", "pump injector") engine began to appear in [[Europe]], eventually coming to [[North America]] a few years later. The PD design was a reaction to the development of [[common rail]] fuel injection by competitors - an attempt by Volkswagen Group to create an in-house technology of comparable performance that would not require any royalties to be paid.{{Fact|date=April 2008}} While Pumpe-Düse engines had a significantly higher injection pressure than older engines, they are not a match with the very latest common rail,{{Fact|date=April 2008}} and weren't able to control injection timing as precisely (a major factor in improving emissions).{{Fact|date=April 2008}} New engines appearing in 2009 model year Volkswagens are using the common-rail technique with [[piezoelectric]] injectors. ==Motor racing== [[Image:Audi R10 1.JPG|225px|right|thumb|[[Audi R10 TDI]] LMP race car]] A [[auto racing|racing]] version of the common rail TDI engine made an impact in 2006 when it was used in the [[Audi R10 TDI]], which won the [[12 Hours of Sebring]] and [[24 Hours of Le Mans]], becoming the first diesel-powered car to win either of those races. Fuel economy was a significant factor as the car didn't have to refuel as often as others in the race. The car used a special synthetic diesel from Shell as fuel. Direct injection turbodiesel engines are frequent winners of various prizes in the [[International Engine of the Year]] Awards. In 1999 in particular 6 out of 12 categories were won by direct injection engines: 3 were Volkswagen, 2 were BMW and 1 Audi. Notably that year the Volkswagen 1.2L TDI beat the [[Toyota Prius]] to win "Best Fuel Economy" in its class. ==Fuel== Like most diesel engines, TDI engines can run on [[Diesel|petrodiesel]] or B5, B20, or B99 [[biodiesel]], subject to manufacturers' prior approval. In terms of fuel efficiency, and clean emissions when run on biodiesel or [[Vegetable oil used as fuel|vegetable oil]] (which should NOT be used on the later PD engines at all, since irreparable damage will result), TDI engines are among the best on the market.{{Fact|date=May 2008}} This is often overlooked because they do not drive on petrol. As an example, a 2007 [[Volkswagen Jetta]] 1.9L TDI with 5-speed manual achieves 5.2 L/100km (54 mpg UK or 45 mpg US) on the European combined-cycle test while a [[Direct-Shift Gearbox|DSG]] automatic reaches 5.9 L/100km (48 mpg UK or 40 mpg US).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.volkswagen.co.uk/new_cars/jetta/engines | title=Jetta engines | publisher=[[Volkswagen]] | accessdate=2007-06-04}}</ref> Newer TDI engines, with higher injection pressures, are less forgiving about poor-quality fuel than their 1980s ancestors. Volkswagen's warranty does not cover damage due to bad fuel (petro or bio) and has in the past recommended that only mixtures up to 5% biodiesel (B5) be used. VW has, however, more recently permitted mixes up to B20, and has recommended B5 be used in place of 100% petro because of biodiesel's improved lubricating properties.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://forums.tdiclub.com/showthread.php?t=82466|title=Biodiesel FAQ|accessdate=2008-01-28}}</ref> [[fuel oil|No. 2]] [[diesel]] fuel is recommended since it has a higher [[cetane number]] than No. 1 fuel and has lower [[viscosity]] (better ability to flow) than heavier fuel oils. Some owners in [[North America]], where cetane levels are generally poor (as low as 40), use additives and/or premium diesel to get cetane numbers closer to the standard levels found in the European market (at least 51) where the engine is designed. Improved cetane reduces emissions while improving performance and potentially increasing fuel economy. New [[Ultra-low sulfur diesel|low-sulfur petroleum-only diesel]] recipes cause seals to shrink<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chevron.com/products/ourfuels/prodserv/fuels/documents/elastomer_chevron_tb_2005Aug.pdf|publisher=Chevron|title=Technical bulletin (PDF): Fuel leaks from seals of vehicles using ultra low sulfur diesel|accessdate=2008-01-28}}</ref> and can cause fuel pump failures in TDI engines; biodiesel blends are reported to prevent that failure.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hrccc.org/images/Fuel_Quality_BMP_FINAL.pdf|publisher=Virginia Clean Cities|date=June 2007|title=Biodiesel Best Management Practices|accessdate=2008-01-28}}</ref> ==Lubricants== For all [[Volkswagen Group]] diesel engines, VW requires that lubricants must meet VW505.00, 505.01, 506.00, 506.01, or 507.00 standards. A number of brands of [[motor oil]]s are now "VW Approved" to the above standards, however, there do exist a few off brands that are not approved by VW, and simply print the VW number on the label, and hide in small type the word "recommended." Volkswagen AG only carries out in-house testing on motor oils to grant the necessary approvals; therefore, if Volkswagen has not been tasked to carry out such tests (or if a submitted oil has failed their tests), VW will NOT grant any approval. Volkswagen Germany and Volkswagen of America freely publish up-to-date lists of currently approved oils on their respective websites, along with the technical resource, erWin<ref>[https://erwin.volkswagen.de/erwin/showApprovedOils.do Approved oils] from erWin</ref>. Volkswagen does not permit any independent testing facility to grant their own standards. European models with "LongLife Servicing", "Extended Service Intervals", "ESI", or "WIV", must be run on official VW LongLife lubricants, namely 506.00 (for non-PD), 506.01 (for PD), or the very latest 507.00. However, [[Volkswagen of America]] warranties require frequent oil changes even if ESI hardware is installed. Finally, the very latest TDIs with [[Diesel Particulate Filter]] (DPF) must ONLY use 507.00 oils. (Useful references: TDIClub.com [http://www.tdiclub.com/TDIFAQ/TDiFAQ-4.html 1] [http://forums.tdiclub.com/showthread.php?t=126932 2] [http://forums.tdiclub.com/showthread.php?t=126932 3]) ==References== {{Reflist}} ==See also== * [[list of Volkswagen Group petrol engines]] - current VWAG petrol engines * [[list of Volkswagen Group diesel engines]] - current VWAG diesel engines * [[list of discontinued Volkswagen Group petrol engines]] - discontinued petrol engines * [[list of discontinued Volkswagen Group diesel engines]] - discontinued diesel engines * [[Suction Diesel Injection]] (SDI) * [[BlueMotion]] * [[Diesel engine]] * [[Turbodiesel]] * [[Common rail]] ==External links== *[http://www.volkswagenag.com Volkswagen Group corporate website] * [http://www.mobility-and-sustainability.com/buster/buster.asp?i=_content/standorte_398.asp Polkowice (Poland) Plant Sustainability site - engine plant] * [http://www.myturbodiesel.com/ myTurboDiesel.com] A turbodiesel technical forum and "how to" page for Volkswagens. * [http://tdiclub.com/ TDI Club] A comprehensive source for all TDI information. * [http://www.transmitmedia.com/golfTDI/ VW Golf TDI] Review of Volkswagen Golf TDI automobile * [http://www.kermatdi.com KERMATDI] A popular TDI tuning specialist {{Volkswagen Group brands}} [[Category:Volkswagen]] [[Category:Engine fuel system technology]] [[Category:Diesel engines| ]] [[bg:TDI]] [[da:TDI]] [[de:TDI-Motor]] [[nl:Turbocharged Direct Injection]] [[pl:Turbo Direct Injection]] [[pt:Bomba Injectora]] [[sv:TDI]]