Turkmenistan 198149 224850950 2008-07-10T18:22:25Z Russavia 253448 /* External links */ removed two spam links added official site {{Infobox Country ||native_name = ''Türkmenistan'' |conventional_long_name = Turkmenistan |common_name = Turkmenistan |image_flag = Flag of Turkmenistan.svg |image_coat = Turkmenistan coa.png |image_map = LocationTurkmenistan.svg |national_motto = |national_anthem = [[Independent, Neutral, Turkmenistan State Anthem]] |official_languages = [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] |regional_languages = [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]], [[Dari (Persian)|Dari]] |capital = [[Ashgabat]] |latd=37 |latm=58 |latNS=N |longd=58 |longm=20 |longEW=E |largest_city = [[Ashgabat]] |government_type = [[Single-party state]] |leader_title1 = [[President of Turkmenistan|President]] |leader_name1 = [[Gurbanguly Berdimuhammedow]] |area_rank = 52nd |area_magnitude = 1 E11 |area_km2 = 488,100 |area_sq_mi = 188,456 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |percent_water = 4.9 |population_estimate = 5,110,023 |population_estimate_rank = 113th |population_estimate_year = December 2006 |population_census = |population_census_year = |population_density_km2 = 9.9 |population_density_sq_mi = 25.6 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = 208th |GDP_PPP = $45.11 billion <!--IMF--> |GDP_PPP_rank = 86th |GDP_PPP_year = 2006 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $8,900 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 95th |sovereignty_type = [[History of Turkmenistan|Independence]] |sovereignty_note = from the [[Soviet Union]] |established_event1 = Declared |established_event2 = Recognized |established_date1 = [[October 27]], [[1991]] |established_date2 = [[December 8]], [[1991]] |HDI = {{decrease}} 0.712 |HDI_rank = 109th |HDI_year = 2007 |HDI_category = <font color="#ffcc00">medium</font> |currency = [[Manat (Turkmenistan)|Turkmen Manat]] |currency_code = TMM |country_code = TKM |time_zone = [[Turkmenistan Time|TMT]] |utc_offset = +5 |time_zone_DST = ''not observed'' |utc_offset_DST = +5 |cctld = [[.tm]] |calling_code = 993 |demonym = Turkmen }} '''Turkmenistan''' ([[Turkmen language|Turkmen]]: '''Türkmenistan'''; also known as ''Turkmenia'') is a [[Turkic]] country in [[Central Asia]]. The name Turkmenistan is derived from [[Persian language|Persian]], meaning "land of the [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]]". The name of its capital, [[Ashgabat]], derived from Persian as well, loosely translating as "the city of love". Until 1991, it was a constituent republic of the [[Soviet Union]], the [[Turkmen SSR|Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic]]. It is bordered by [[Afghanistan]] to the southeast, [[Iran]] to the southwest, [[Uzbekistan]] to the northeast, [[Kazakhstan]] to the northwest, and the [[Caspian Sea]] to the west. According to CIA World Factbook 2006 figures, Turkmenistan ranks 5th in the world for GDP growth rate. Although it is wealthy in natural resources in certain areas, most of the country is covered by the [[Karakum Desert|Karakum (Black Sands) Desert]]. It has a [[Single-party state|single-party system]], and was ruled by [[President for Life]] [[Saparmurat Niyazov]] until [[21 December]] [[2006]], when he (and his term) expired. Presidential elections were held on [[11 February]] [[2007]]. [[Gurbanguly Berdimuhammedow]] was declared the winner with 89% of the vote. He was sworn in on 14 February 2007. ==History== {{main|History of Turkmenistan}} The territory of Turkmenistan has a long and checkered history, as armies from one empire after another decamped there on their way to more prosperous territories. The region's written history begins with its conquest by the [[Achaemenid Empire]] of [[ancient Persia]], as the region was divided between the [[satrapy|satrapies]] of [[Margiana]], [[Khwarezm]], and [[Parthia]]. [[Alexander the Great]] conquered the territory in the fourth century [[BCE]] on his way to [[South Asia]], around the time that the [[Silk Road]] was established as a major trading route between [[Asia]] and the [[Mediterranean Region]]. One hundred and fifty years later, Persia's [[Parthian Kingdom]] established its capital in Nisa, now in the suburbs of the capital, Ashgabat. In the seventh century [[CE]], [[Arab]]s conquered this region, bringing with them [[Islam]] and incorporating the Turkmen into [[Middle East]]ern culture. The Turkmenistan region soon came to be known as the capital of [[Greater Khorasan]], when the caliph [[Al-Ma'mun]] moved his capital to [[Merv]]. [[Image:Magtimguli Pyragy.jpg|150px|left|thumb|Magtymguly Pyragy (imaginary portrait)]] In the middle of the eleventh century, the [[Oghuz Turks|Turkoman-ruled]] [[Seljuq dynasty|Seljuk Empire]] concentrated its strength in the territory of modern Turkmenistan in an attempt to expand into [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]] (modern Afghanistan). The empire broke down in the second half of the twelfth century, and the Turkmen lost their independence when [[Genghis Khan]] took control of the eastern Caspian Sea region on his march west. For the next seven centuries, the Turkmen people lived under various empires and fought constant intertribal wars. Little is documented of Turkmen history prior to Russian engagement. However, from the thirteenth to the sixteenth centuries, Turkmen formed a distinct ethnolinguistic group. As the Turkmen migrated from the area around the [[Mangyshlak Peninsula]] in contemporary Kazakhstan toward the Iranian border region and the [[Amu Darya]] basin, tribal Turkmen society further developed cultural traditions that would become the foundation of Turkmen national consciousness. Between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries, control of Turkmenistan was fought over by Persian shahs, Khiva khans, the emirs of [[Emirate of Bukhara|Bukhara]] and the rulers of Afghanistan. During this period, Turkmen spiritual leader [[Magtymguly Pyragy]] reached prominence with his efforts to secure independence and autonomy for his people. At this time, the vast territory of Central Asia including the region of Turkmenistan was largely unmapped and virtually unknown to [[Europe]] and the [[Western world]]. Rivalry for control of the area between the [[British Empire]] and [[Russian Empire|Tsarist Russia]] was characterised as [[The Great Game]]. Throughout their conquest of Central Asia, the Russians were met with the stiffest resistance by the Turkmen. By 1894, however, Russia had gained control of Turkmenistan and incorporated it into its empire. The rivalry officially concluded with the [[Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907]]. Slowly, Russian and European cultures were introduced to the area. This was evident in the architecture of the newly-formed city of [[Ashgabat]], which became the capital. The [[October Revolution]] of 1917 in Russia and subsequent political unrest led to the declaration of the area as the [[Turkmen SSR]], one of the [[republics of the Soviet Union|six republics]] of the [[Soviet Union]] in 1924, assuming the borders of modern Turkmenistan. The new Turkmen SSR went through a process of further [[Europeanization]]. The tribal Turkmen people were encouraged to become secular and adopt European-style clothing. The Turkmen alphabet was changed from the traditional [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic script]] to [[Latin alphabet|Latin]] and finally to [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]]. However, bringing the Turkmens to abandon their previous nomadic ways in favor of [[communism]] was not fully embraced until as late as 1948. Nationalist organizations in the region also existed during the 1920s and the 1930s. When the [[Soviet Union]] began to collapse, Turkmenistan and the rest of the [[Central Asia]]n states heavily favored maintaining a reformed version of the state, mainly because they needed the economic power and common markets of the Soviet Union to prosper. Turkmenistan declared independence on [[October 27]], [[1991]],<ref name=INDEPENDENCE>[http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0691117756&id=-lUR24wFNRAC&pg=PP1&lpg=PP1&ots=pElZd9zxIv&dq=Turkmenistan&sig=6MQAuTvS0tKtqRtX_rKkP__I0Ho#PPA1,M1 Tribe, Class, and Nation in Turkmenistan, page 1] Tribal Nation: The Making of Soviet Turkmenistan</ref> one of the last republics to secede. In 1991, Turkmenistan became a member of the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]], an international organization of former Soviet republics. However, Turkmenistan reduced its status in the organization to "associate member" in August 2005. The reason stated by the Turkmen president was the country's policy of permanent neutrality<ref name=CIS_MEMBERSHIP>[http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2005/08/26dab4c9-5ba1-4193-86e7-62fc991f8a6c.html Turkmenistan Reduces Ties To ‘Associate Member'] Radio Free Europe, August 29, 2005</ref>. It is the only former Soviet state (aside from the Baltic states now in the European Union) without a full membership. The former Soviet leader, [[Saparmurat Niyazov]], remained in power as Turkmenistan's leader after the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]]. Under his post-Soviet rule, Russian-Turkmeni relations greatly suffered.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} He styled himself as a promoter of [[tradition]]al [[Muslim]] and Turkmen culture (calling himself "Turkmenbashi", or "leader of the Turkmen people"), but he became notorious in the West for his dictatorial rule and extravagant [[cult of personality]]. The extent of his power greatly increased during the early 1990s, and in 1999 he became [[President for Life]]. Niyazov died unexpectedly on [[December 21]], [[2006]], leaving no heir apparent and an unclear line of succession. A former deputy prime minister rumored to be the illegitimate son of Niyazov, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6346185.stm] [[Gurbanguly Berdimuhammedow]], became acting president, although under the constitution the Chairman of the People's Council, [[Ovezgeldy Atayev]], should have succeeded to the post. However, Atayev was accused of crimes and removed from office. In an election on [[February 11]] [[2007]], Berdimuhammedow was elected president with 89% of the vote and 95% turnout, although the election was condemned by outside observers as unfair. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1298497.stm] ''For an account of developments since Berdymuhamedow's election, see: [[Gurbanguly Berdimuhammedow's first term as President of Turkmenistan]]. ==Politics== [[Image:AshgabatAssembly.jpg|thumb|right|300px| Turkmenistan national assembly building in [[Ashgabat]] ]] <!--Please add new information into relevant articles of the series--> {{main|Politics of Turkmenistan}} The politics of Turkmenistan take place in the framework of a [[presidential system|presidential]] [[republic]], with the [[President of Turkmenistan|President]] both [[head of state]] and [[head of government]]. Turkmenistan has a [[Single-party state|single-party system]]. After 69 years as part of the [[Soviet Union]] (including 67 years as a union republic), Turkmenistan declared its independence on [[October 27]], [[1991]]. [[President for Life]] [[Saparmurat Niyazov]], a former bureaucrat of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]], ruled Turkmenistan from 1985, when he became head of the [[Communist Party of the Turkmen SSR]], until his death in 2006. He retained absolute control over the country after the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]]. On [[December 28]], [[1999]], Niyazov was declared [[President for Life]] of Turkmenistan by the Mejlis (parliament), which itself had taken office a week earlier in elections that included only candidates hand-picked by President Niyazov. No opposition candidates were allowed. The current President of Turkmenistan is [[Gurbanguly Berdimuhammedow]], who took control following Niyazov's 2006 death. The former Communist Party, now known as the [[Democratic Party of Turkmenistan]], is the only one legally-permitted to operate. Political gatherings are illegal unless government sanctioned. ==Human rights== {{main|Human rights in Turkmenistan}} Human rights are generally not respected by many authorities in Turkmenistan, although some [[human rights]] are guaranteed in the [[Constitution of Turkmenistan]], such as [[social equality]], [[sex equality]], freedom from [[cruel and unusual punishment]], and [[freedom of movement]]. Other social and economic rights include the [[right to work]], the [[right to rest]], and the [[right to education]]. However, there are [[freedom of religion]] and [[Homosexuality laws of the world|freedom of sexuality]] issues. Any act of homosexuality in Turkmenistan is punishable by up to five years in prison. According to [[Forum 18]], despite international pressure, the authorities keep a close watch on all religious groups. The legal framework is so constrictive that many prefer to exist underground rather than pass through the official processes, which act as barriers.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} [[Protestant]] [[Christian]] adherents are affected{{Fact|date=February 2007}}, in addition to groups such as [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], [[Bahá'í Faith|Bahá'ís]], and the followers of the [[Hare Krishna]] movement. Hare Krishna followers are not allowed to seek donations at the country's main airport, [[Ashgabat Airport|Ashgabat]]. According to the 2007 [[Reporters Without Borders]] [[Reporters Without Borders#Worldwide press freedom index|World Press Freedom Index]], Turkmenistan had the third-worst restrictions on the [[freedom of the press]] in the world. In addition, according to the [[BBC]], the new president enforced a ban on [[Satellite tv|satellite dishes]], a measure often threatened under Niyazov, but never acted upon. == Provinces and districts== {{main|Provinces of Turkmenistan|Districts of Turkmenistan}} [[Image:TurkmenistanNumbered.png|thumb|250px|right|Provinces of Turkmenistan]] Turkmenistan is divided into five provinces or ''welayatlar'' (singular - ''[[welayat]]'') and one independent city: {| class="wikitable sortable" |- bgcolor="#efefef" ! Division !! [[ISO 3166-2]] !! Capital City!! Area (km²)!! Area ([[square mile|sq.&nbsp;mi]])!! Pop (1995) !! Key |- ! Ashgabat | || [[Ashgabat]] || || || 604,000 || |- ! [[Ahal Province]] | TM-A || [[Annau]] || 95,000 || 36,680 || 722,800 || 1 |- ! [[Balkan Province]] | TM-B || [[Balkanabat]] || 138,000 || 53,280 || 424,700 || 2 |- ! [[Daşoguz Province]] | TM-D || [[Daşoguz]] || 74,000 ||28,570 ||1,059,800 ||3 |- ! [[Lebap Province]] | TM-L || [[Turkmenabat]] || 94,000 || 36,290 || 1,034,700 || 4 |- ! [[Mary Province]] | TM-M || [[Mary, Turkmenistan|Mary]] ||87,000 ||33,590 || 1,146,800 || 5 |} == Geography == [[Image:Turkmenistan-map.png|thumb|300px|Map of Turkmenistan]] {{main|Geography of Turkmenistan}} At 188,457 [[square miles|mi²]] (488,100 [[square kilometre|km²]]), Turkmenistan is the world's 52nd-largest country. It is slightly smaller than [[Spain]], and somewhat larger than the US state of [[California]]. [[Image:TurkmenbashiSea.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Caspian Sea]] at [[Türkmenbaşy, Turkmenistan|Türkmenbaşy]]]] Over 80% of the country is covered by the [[Karakum Desert]]. The center of the country is dominated by the [[Turan Depression]] and the Karakum Desert. The [[Kopet Dag]] [[mountain range|Range]], along the southwestern border, reaches 2,912 meters (9,553&nbsp;[[foot (unit of length)|ft]]). The Turkmen Balkan Mountains in the far west and the Kugitang Range in the far east are the only other significant elevations. Rivers include the [[Amu Darya]], the [[Murghab River (Tajikistan)|Murghab]], and the [[Hari River, Afghanistan|Tejen]]. The climate mostly consists of an arid [[subtropics|subtropical]] desert, with little rainfall. Winters are mild and dry, with most precipitation falling between January and May. The area of the country with the heaviest precipitation is the [[Kopet Dag]] range. The Turkmen shore along the [[Caspian Sea]] is 1768 km long. The [[Caspian Sea]] is entirely landlocked, with no access to the ocean. The major cities include [[Ashgabat]], [[Türkmenbaşy, Turkmenistan|Türkmenbaşy]] (formerly Krasnovodsk) and [[Daşoguz]]. ==Economy== {{main|Economy of Turkmenistan}} [[Image:PresidentialPalaceAshgabat.jpg|thumb|right|280px|Turkmenbashi Palace in Ashgabat]] Half of the country's irrigated land is planted with [[cotton]], making the country the world's tenth-largest producer of it. It possesses the world's fifth-largest reserves of [[natural gas]] and substantial oil resources. In 1994, the [[Politics of Russia|Russian government]]'s refusal to export Turkmen gas to [[hard currency]] markets and mounting debts of its major customers in the former Soviet Union for gas deliveries contributed to a sharp fall in industrial production and caused the budget to shift from a surplus to a slight deficit. Turkmenistan has taken a cautious approach to economic reform, hoping to use gas and cotton sales to sustain its economy. In 2004, the unemployment rate was estimated to be 60%; the percentage of the population living below the poverty line was thought to be 58% a year earlier.<ref>{{cite web|title=[[CIA World Factbook]]|work=U.S. government publication|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|date=[[19 December]] [[2006]]|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tx.html| accessmonthday = December 21 | accessyear=2006}}</ref> [[Privatization]] goals remain limited. Between 1998 and 2002, Turkmenistan suffered from the continued lack of adequate [[export]] routes for natural gas and from obligations on extensive short-term external [[debt]]. At the same time, however, the value of total exports has risen sharply because of increases in international oil and gas prices. Economic prospects in the near future are discouraging because of widespread internal [[poverty]] and the burden of foreign debt. [[Image:Russian Baazar.jpg|thumb|left|300px|A bazaar in [[Ashgabat]]]] President Niyazov spent much of the country's revenue on extensively renovating cities, Ashgabat in particular. Corruption watchdogs voiced particular concern over the management of Turkmenistan's currency reserves, most of which are held in off-budget funds such as the Foreign Exchange Reserve Fund in the Deutsche Bank in Frankfurt, according to a report released in April 2006 by London-based non-governmental organization [[Global Witness]]. According to the decree of the Peoples' Council of 14 August 2003,<ref>Resolution of Khalk Maslahati (Peoples' Council of Turkmenistan) N 35 ([[14.08.2003]])</ref> [[electricity]], [[natural gas]], [[water]] and [[salt]] will be subsidized for citizens up to 2030; however, shortages are frequent. On [[September 5]] [[2006]], after Turkmenistan threatened to cut off supplies, Russia agreed to raise the price it pays for Turkmen natural gas from $65 to $100 per 1,000 cubic meters. Two-thirds of Turkmen gas goes through the Russian [[public ownership|state-owned]] [[Gazprom]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/5314940.stm BBC NEWS | Business | Russia reaches Turkmen gas deal<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> == Demographics == {{main|Demographics of Turkmenistan}} {{see|Islam in Turkmenistan}} [[Image:Turkman girl in national dress.jpg|thumb|200px|Turkmen girl]] The majority of Turkmenistan's citizens are [[Turkmen people|ethnic Turkmen]]s who predominately adhere to [[Islam]] with sizeable minorities of [[Uzbeks]], [[Persians]] and [[Russians]]. Smaller minorities include [[Kazakhs]], [[Azerbaijani people|Azeris]], [[Balochis]], [[Armenians]], [[Koryo-saram|Koreans]], and [[Tatars]]. A small number of [[Bukharian Jews]] used to live in Turkmenistan but almost none are left now. [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] is the [[official language]] of Turkmenistan, though [[Russian language|Russian]] still is widely spoken in cities as a "language of inter-ethnic communication" (per the 1992 Constitution). == Culture == {{main|Culture of Turkmenistan}} Education is universal and mandatory through the secondary level, the total duration of which was earlier reduced from 10 to 9 years, with the new President it has been decreed that the 2007 - 2008 school year will be of 10 years as will all subsequent years.{{Fact|date=November 2007}} * [[Akhal-Teke]] [[horse breed]] * [[Yomut carpet]] * [[Islam in Turkmenistan]] * [[Merv]] * [[Music of Turkmenistan]] == Miscellaneous topics == *[[Central Asian Union]] *[[Foreign relations of Turkmenistan]] *[[Human rights in Turkmenistan]] *[[List of Turkmen]] *[[Military of Turkmenistan]] *[[Scouting in Turkmenistan]] *[[Transport in Turkmenistan]] *[[Agriculture in Turkmenistan]] *[[Geok-Tepe]] == Further reading == * ''Bradt Travel Guide: Turkmenistan'' by Paul Brummell * ''Historical Dictionary of Turkmenistan'' by Rafis Abazov * ''Lonely Planet Guide: Central Asia'' by Paul Clammer, Michael Kohn and Bradley Mayhew * ''The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia'' by Peter Hopkirk * ''Tradition and Society in Turkmenistan: Gender, Oral Culture and Song'' by Carole Blackwell * ''Tribal Nation: The Making of Soviet Turkmenistan'' by Adrienne Lynn Edgar * ''Eastward to Tartary: Travels in the Balkans, the Middle East, and the Caucasus'' by [[Robert D. Kaplan]] *[http://www.amazon.com/dp/0976356511 ''Unknown Sands: Journeys Around the World's Most Isolated Country'' by John W. Kropf] * Rall, Ted. "Silk Road to Ruin: Is Central Asia the New Middle East?" New York: NBM Publishing, 2006. * Theroux, Paul, "''Letter from Turkmenistan, The Golden Man, Saparmyrat Nyyazow’s reign of insanity''" [[The New Yorker|New Yorker]], [[May 28]], [[2007]] ==References== {{Reflist}} == External links == {{sisterlinks|Turkmenistan}} *[http://www.turkmenistan.gov.tm/_eng/ Turkmenistan government information portal] *[http://www.tmhits.com Music of Turkmenistan] *[http://www.eurasianet.org/turkmenistan.project/ The Turkmenistan Project] - weekly news and analysis in English and Russian *[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tx.html CIA Factbook] *[http://www.ashgabat.us/ Official photo gallery from Turkmenistan and Ashgabat] *[http://www.duralga.com/ Largest Photo gallery of Turkmenistan and Ashgabat] *[http://www.uni-graz.at/franz.koelbl/turkmenistan/ Photo Gallery from Turkmenistan] (in German) *[http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Asia-and-Oceania/Turkmenistan.html Encyclopedia of the Nations] *[http://www.mekdep.com All schools of Turkmenistan] {{ru icon}} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1298497.stm BBC News country profile] *[http://bbs.keyhole.com/ubb/showthreaded.php?Cat=&Board=myplaces&Number=690335&Searchpage=1&Main=690335&Words=turkmenistan&topic=&Search=true#Post690335 View Ashgabat, Dashoguz, and Mary on Google Earth] *[http://tmhits.com/ Turkmenistan Music and Videos] *[http://www.turkmeniya.info/ Turkmenistan-News Forum Chat. Search file Turkmenistan] *[http://turkmenistanoil.tripod.com/ Turkmenistan Oil and Gas Information] *[http://turkmenweb.net/ Turkmenistan Social] *[http://www.talyplar.com Turkmenistan Blogs] *[http://www.terjime.com Turkmen-English Dictionary] *[http://www.turkmenpress.com Turkmenistan News] *[http://gozyetim.com/ '''Turkmen literature, poems, poetry, articles'''] {{Template group |title = Geographic locale |list = {{Countries of Central Asia}} {{Countries of Asia}} {{Countries bordering the Caspian Sea}} }} {{Template group |title = International membership |list = {{Economic Cooperation Organization}} {{Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)|state=collapsed}} {{Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC)|state=collapsed}} }} {{Template group | title = Other associations | list = {{Turkic-speaking}} {{Modern Turkic states}} {{Turkic topics}} }} <!--Categories--> [[Category:Turkmenistan| ]] [[Category:Modern Turkic states]] [[Category:Iranian Plateau]] [[Category:Landlocked countries]] [[Category:Russian-speaking countries and territories]] <!--Other languages--> [[af:Turkmenistan]] [[ar:تركمانستان]] [[an:Turkmenistán]] [[frp:Turcmènistan]] [[az:Türkmənistan]] [[bn:তুর্কমেনিস্তান]] [[zh-min-nan:Turkmenistan]] [[be:Туркменістан]] [[be-x-old:Туркмэністан]] [[bs:Turkmenistan]] [[br:Turkmenistan]] [[bg:Туркменистан]] [[ca:Turkmenistan]] [[ceb:Turkmenistan]] [[cs:Turkmenistán]] [[cy:Turkmenistan]] [[da:Turkmenistan]] [[de:Turkmenistan]] [[dsb:Turkmeńska]] [[et:Türkmenistan]] [[el:Τουρκμενιστάν]] [[es:Turkmenistán]] [[eo:Turkmenio]] [[eu:Turkmenistan]] [[fa:ترکمنستان]] [[fr:Turkménistan]] [[fy:Turkmenistan]] [[ga:An Tuircméanastáin]] [[gv:Yn Turkmenistaan]] [[gd:Turcmanastàn]] [[gl:Turcomenistán - Türkmenostan]] [[ko:투르크메니스탄]] [[hy:Թուրքմենիստան]] [[hsb:Turkmenistan]] [[hr:Turkmenistan]] [[io:Turkmenistan]] [[ilo:Turkmenistan]] [[bpy:তুর্কমেনিস্তান]] [[id:Turkmenistan]] [[ie:Turkmenistan]] [[os:Туркмени]] [[is:Túrkmenistan]] [[it:Turkmenistan]] [[he:טורקמניסטן]] [[jv:Turkmenistan]] [[pam:Turkmenistan]] [[ka:თურქმენეთი]] [[ks:तुर्कमिनिस्थान]] [[csb:Turkmenjistan]] [[kk:Түрікменстан]] [[kw:Pow Turkmen]] [[ky:Түркмөнстан]] [[sw:Turkmenistan]] [[ht:Tirkmenistan]] [[ku:Turkmenistan]] [[la:Turcomannia]] [[lv:Turkmenistāna]] [[lt:Turkmėnija]] [[lij:Turkmenistan]] [[li:Turkmenistan]] [[hu:Türkmenisztán]] [[ms:Turkmenistan]] [[nah:Turcmentlālpan]] [[nl:Turkmenistan]] [[ja:トルクメニスタン]] [[no:Turkmenistan]] [[nn:Turkmenistan]] [[nov:Turkmenistan]] [[oc:Turcmenistan]] [[uz:Turkmaniston]] [[ps:ترکمنستان]] [[pms:Turkmenistan]] [[nds:Turkmenistan]] [[pl:Turkmenistan]] [[pt:Turquemenistão]] [[ro:Turkmenistan]] [[qu:Turkminsuyu]] [[ru:Туркмения]] [[se:Turkmenistan]] [[sa:तुर्कमिनिस्थान]] [[sq:Turkmenia]] [[scn:Turkmenistan]] [[simple:Turkmenistan]] [[sk:Turkménsko]] [[sl:Turkmenistan]] [[sr:Туркменистан]] [[sh:Turkmenistan]] [[fi:Turkmenistan]] [[sv:Turkmenistan]] [[tl:Turkmenistan]] [[ta:துருக்மெனிஸ்தான்]] [[th:ประเทศเติร์กเมนิสถาน]] [[vi:Turkmenistan]] [[tg:Туркманистон]] [[tr:Türkmenistan]] [[tk:Türkmenistan]] [[udm:Туркмения]] [[uk:Туркменістан]] [[ur:ترکمانستان]] [[vo:Turkmenän]] [[wo:Turkumenistaan]] [[wuu:土库曼斯坦]] [[yi:טורקמעניסטאן]] [[diq:Tırkmenıstan]] [[bat-smg:Torkmėnistans]] [[zh:土库曼斯坦]]