Turnitin
1942994
218561876
2008-06-11T05:19:18Z
Zntrip
154881
/* Criticism */ this one is rediculous
{{Infobox Software
| name = Turnitin
| logo = [[Image:Turnitin logo.png|center|155px]]
| screenshot = [[Image:Turnitin sample report.png|center|155px]]
| caption = A sample Turnitin report page, with explanations
| author =
| developer = iParadigms, LLC
| latest release version =
| latest release date =
| latest preview version =
| latest preview date =
| operating system =
| platform = Internet
| genre = educational
| license =
| website = http://www.turnitin.com or http://www.submit.ac.uk (UK)
}}
'''Turnitin''' (also known as '''Turnitin.com''') is an [[Internet]]-based [[plagiarism]]-detection service created by iParadigms, LLC. Institutions (typically [[university|universities]] and [[high school]]s) buy licenses to submit [[essay]]s to the Turnitin website, which checks the document for plagiarism.
Students may be required by schools to submit essays to Turnitin, as a [[Deterrence (psychological)|deterrent]] to plagiarism. This has been a source of criticism, with some students refusing to do so in the belief that requiring it constitutes a [[presumption of innocence|presumption of guilt]]. Additionally, critics have alleged that use of the software violates educational [[privacy]] and [[intellectual property]] laws.
Parent company iParadigms, LLC, also offers a similar plagiarism detection service for newspaper editors and book publishers called [[Ithenticate|iThenticate]], and run the informational website Plagiarism.org.
Other services marketed under the Turnitin [[brand]] are aimed at the educators' market, such as grade marking and [[peer review]] services.
==Function==
Turnitin checks for possible plagiarism by comparing submitted papers to several databases using a proprietary [[algorithm]]. It scans its own database(s), and also has licensing agreements with large academic proprietary databases.
===Databases===
*A current and extensively archived copy of the publicly accessible internet. The company uses a [[webcrawler]] to continually archive the web, except for [[robots.txt]] exclusions.
*Millions of commercial pages from books, newspapers, and journals;
*Tens of millions of student papers already submitted to Turnitin.
====Student paper database====
The essays students submit are stored as part of the [[database]] used to check for plagiarism. This prevents the use of one student's paper by another student by identifying matching text between papers. Supporters state that maintaining a student's paper in the database protects the student's [[intellectual property]] (or that of the [[university]], in some cases) from future plagiarism. However, in the view of others, this caching of students' papers amounts to copyright violation.
===Classroom integration===
Teachers may submit student papers to Turnitin.com as individual files, a bulk upload, or a [[ZIP (file format)|ZIP]] file. Teachers can also set up the assignment analysis options so that each student can review their originality reports before their final submission. A peer-review option is also available, should instructors wish to use that service in their courses.
Some [[virtual learning environment]]s can be configured to support Turnitin, so that student assignments can be automatically submitted for originality analysis. [[Moodle]], [[WebCT]], [[Blackboard Inc.|Blackboard]] and [[ANGEL Learning|ANGEL]] all support Turnitin integration with course sections and assignments.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.turnitin.com/static/index.html |title= Turnitin |accessdate= 2007-04-15 |publisher= iParadigms, LLC }}</ref>
==Criticism==
While most people agree that combatting plagiarism is important, Turnitin critics argue that:
# Turnitin violates student [[privacy]] and intellectual property rights, especially when archiving student papers without students' knowledge or permission;
# Turnitin profits from students' work without paying royalties;
# Turnitin creates an adversarial relationship between teachers and students because it fosters an atmosphere of distrust and renders students "guilty-until-proven-innocent"
# Turnitin distributes copies of students' papers to third parties, which destroys the future marketability of students' intellectual property.
==Response==
===Privacy===
The U.S. federal [[Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act]] (FERPA) prohibits disclosing confidential information about students to third parties without their or their families' permission. Critics of Turnitin argue that sending papers to Turnitin without student permission thus violates their rights.
Turnitin claims its archiving of student papers complies with FERPA, since the statute only applies at two points: when it is transmitted to them, and when it is released from the data base when a match is found with another submission. In the former case it is not considered part of the educational record since it has not yet been graded, and in the latter it does not divulge personal identifying information.<ref name="Turnitin US legal document">Foley & Lardner; July 2002; [http://turnitin.com/static/pdf/us_Legal_Document.pdf Turnitin U.S. Legal Document], retrieved September 29, 2006, 2, 5.</ref> However, the Family Compliance Policy Office, the department of the Department of Education responsible for enforcing FERPA, has stated that institutions may submit student papers to Turnitin only if they remove all personally identifiable information from the papers<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.naspa.org/policy/FERPA2006.pdf
| title = Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)
| accessdate = 2007-01-28
| author = Family Policy Compliance Office
| year = 2006
}}</ref>.
The Student Union at [[Dalhousie University]] has criticized the use of Turnitin at Canadian universities because the American government may be able to access the submitted papers and personal information in the database under the [[USA PATRIOT Act]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.dalgazette.ca/html/module/displaystory/story_id/1050/edition_id/18/format/html/displaystory.html |title= DSU takes on Turnitin.com |accessdate= 2007-04-15 |last= McDiarmid |first= Jess |date= 2006-03-16 |work= Gazette |publisher= [[Dalhousie University]] }}</ref>
[[Mount Saint Vincent University]] became the first Canadian university to ban Turnitin's service partly because of implications of the USA PATRIOT Act.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.excal.on.ca/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2532&Itemid=2 |title= Turnitin risks privacy |accessdate= 2007-04-15 |last= Halfnight |first= Drew |coauthors= Kristina Jarvis and Josh Visser |date= 2006-11-15 |work= Excalibur Online |publisher= [[York University]] }}</ref>
===Possible violation of student copyright===
Since Turnitin archives all papers it receives and sells its services, including that database, for profit, it has also been charged with violating student [[copyright]] since students are not compensated for the use of their work. Turnitin founder John Barrie claims the company is merely making [[fair use]] of student work since, despite iParadigms profiting from the sale of the software, it is ultimately for educational purposes. The company also says the archiving does not detract from students' future ability to profit from their work, and in fact should even help them by guaranteeing its originality.
Lawyers for the company also claim that student work is covered under the theory of implied license to evaluate, since it would be pointless to write the essays if they were not meant to be graded. That implied license thus grants permission to copy, reproduce and preserve, it says. [[Dissertation]]s and [[thesis|theses]], the company's lawyers note, also carry with them the implied permission to archive in a publicly accessible collection such as a university [[library]].<ref name="Turnitin US legal document copyright">Foley & Lardner, ''Id.'', 3-5.</ref>
[[University of Minnesota Law School]] [[professor]] Dan Burk counters that the company's use of the papers may not meet the fair-use test for several reasons:
*The company copies the entire paper and not just a portion;
*Students' work is often original, interpretive and creative rather than just a compilation of established facts, and
*Turnitin is a commercial enterprise.<ref>Foster, Andrea L.; May 17, 2002; [http://chronicle.com/free/v48/i36/36a03701.htm Plagiarism-Detection Tool Creates Legal Quandary]; ''[[The Chronicle of Higher Education]]''; retrieved September 29, 2006</ref>
===Presumption of guilt===
Some students also argue that requiring them to submit papers to Turnitin creates a [[presumption of innocence|presumption of guilt]], which may violate not only scholastic disciplinary codes but also applicable local laws and judicial practice. Some teachers and professors also support this argument when attempting to discourage their schools from joining Turnitin<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://bedfordstmartins.com/technotes/techtiparchive/ttip060501.htm
| title = Turnitin.com, a Pedagogic Placebo for Plagiarism
| accessdate = 2007-01-28
| last = Carbone
| first = Nick
| date= 2001
}}</ref>.
==Controversy and litigation==
In one well-publicized dispute over mandatory Turnitin submissions, a student named Jesse Rosenfeld at [[McGill University]] declined to pass his academic work along to Turnitin. The University Senate eventually ruled that Rosenfeld's assignments were to be graded without the use of Turnitin.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.cbc.ca/stories/2004/01/16/mcgill_turnitin030116 |title= "McGill student wins fight over anti-cheating website" |accessdate= 2007-04-15 |date= 2004-01-16 |publisher= [[CBC News]] }}</ref> In 2005 another student at [[McGill University]], Denise Brunsdon, refused to submit her assignment to Turnitin.com and won a similar ruling from the Senate Committee on Student Grievances.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.mcgilldaily.com/view.php?aid=4615 |title= "Students: 2, Turnitin: 0" |accessdate= 2007-04-15 |last= Churchill |first= Liam |date= 2005-12-02 |work= [[McGill Daily]] }}</ref>
On [[March 27]], [[2007]], with the help of an intellectual property attorney, two students from [[McLean High School]] (with assistance from the Committee For Students' Rights) and two students attending [[Desert Vista High School]], filed suit in United States Circuit Court (Eastern District, Alexandria Division) alleging copyright infringement by iParadigms, Turnitin's parent company.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.dontturnitin.com/images/A.V._et._al._Versus_iParadigms,_LLC_Complaint.pdf
| title = Complaint of Copyright Infringement
| accessdate = 2007-03-29
| last = Vanderhye
| first = R.
| date= 2007
| format = PDF
}}</ref>
Nearly a year later, Judge Claude M. Hilton granted summary judgment on the students' complaint in favor of iParadigms/Turnitin.<ref>{{Citation
| last = Hilton
| first = Claude
| title = Memorandum Opinion
| publisher = United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia, Alexandria Division
| year = 2008
| url = http://www.iparadigms.com/iParadigms_03-11-08_Opinion.pdf
}}</ref> The students have appealed the ruling.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.boston.com/news/education/k_12/articles/2008/04/23/students_appeal_ruling_favoring_plagiarism_detection_service/ |title=Students appeal ruling favoring plagiarism detection service |author=Barakat, Matthew |date=[[2008-04-28]] |accessdate=2008-04-29}}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist}}
==See also==
*[[Plagiarism]]
*[[Ithenticate]]
==External links==
*[http://www.turnitin.com/ Turnitin]
*[http://www.plagiarism.org Plagiarism.org]
*[http://chronicle.com/wiredcampus/article/1588/taking-a-hard-line-on-turnitin The Chronicle Online - Taking a Hard Line on Turnitin]
*[http://ccccip.org/files/CCCC-IPpositionstatementDraft%209%2016%2006.pdf CCCC-IP Caucus Recommendations Regarding Academic Integrity and the Use of Plagiarism Detection Services] - recommendations authored by the Caucus on Intellectual Property and Composition/Communication Studies
*[http://www.dontturnitin.com/ DontTurnitin.com - Turnitin Controversy]
[[Category:Educational software]]
[[Category:Plagiarism detectors]]