Tuva 1616030 225889785 2008-07-15T21:47:05Z Mattisse 1386816 delink dates per most recent MoS {{Infobox Russian federal subject |EnglishName=Tuva Republic |RussianName=Республика Тыва |LocalName1=Тыва Республика |LocalLangName1=Tuvan |LocatorMap=Map of Russia - Tuva Republic (2008-03).svg |LocatorMapLegend=Location of Tuva in Russia |CoatOfArms=Coat of arms of Tuva.svg |CoatOfArmsLink=[[Coat of arms of Tuva]] |Flag=Flag of Tuva.svg |FlagLink=[[Flag of Tuva]] |AnthemLink=''[[Tooruktug Dolgay Tangdym]]'' |AdmCtrOrCapital=Capital |AdmCtrName=[[Kyzyl]] |FoundationDate=[[October 13]], [[1944]] |PoliticalStatus=Republic |PoliticalStatusLink=Republics of Russia |FederalDistrict=[[Siberian Federal District|Siberian]] |EconomicRegion=[[East Siberian economic region|East Siberian]] |CodeNumber=17 |Area=170500 |AreaRank=21st |Population=305510 |PopulationRank=77th |UrbanPopulation=51.5% |RuralPopulation=48.5% |LangLangs=s |LangList=[[Russian language|Russian]], [[Tuvan language|Tuvan]] |HeadTitle=[[Chairman of the Government of Tuva|Chairman of the Government]] |HeadName=[[Sholban Kara-ool]] |PrimeTitle=First Vice-Chairman of the Government |PrimeName=[[Sholban-ool Irgit]] |Legislature=[[Great Khural of Tuva|Great Khural]] |ConstitutionType=Constitution |ConstitutionName=[[Constitution of the Tuva Republic]] |Website=http://gov.tuva.ru/ }} '''Tyva Republic''' ({{lang-ru|Респу́блика Тыва́}}, ''Respublika Tyva'', {{pronounced|rʲɪˈspublʲɪkə tɨˈva}}; {{lang-tyv|Тыва Республика}}, ''Tyva Respublika''), or '''Tuva''' ({{lang-ru|Тува́}}, ''Tuva''), is a [[federal subjects of Russia|federal subject]] of [[Russia]] (a [[republics of Russia|republic]]). ==Geography== The Republic is situated in extreme southern [[Siberia]], with the capital city of [[Kyzyl]] being located at the geographic "center of Asia". The eastern part of the republic is forested and elevated, and the west is a drier lowland. *''Borders:'' **''internal:'' [[Khakassia|Republic of Khakassia]] (NW/N), [[Krasnoyarsk Krai]] (N), [[Irkutsk Oblast]] (N/NE), [[Buryatia|Buryat Republic]] (E), [[Altai Republic]] (SW/W) **''international'': [[Mongolia]] (S) (border line length: 1,305&nbsp;km *Highest point: [[Mount Mongun-Tayga]], {{m to ft|3970}} *Maximum N->S distance: {{km to mi|450}} *Maximum E->W distance: over {{km to mi|700}} ===Biosphere reserve=== *[[Ubsunur Hollow]] is a [[Biosphere reserve]], an environmentally protected zone and a top attraction.<ref>{{cite web |author= |year= |url=http://www.mccme.ru/putevod/attr_en.html |title= Top Attractions of Russia |publisher= |accessdate=2008-02-05 }} </ref> ===Time zone=== [[Image:RTZ6.png|left|75px]] Tuva is located in the [[Krasnoyarsk Time|Krasnoyarsk Time Zone]] (KRAT/KRAST). [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] offset is +0700&nbsp;(KRAT)/+0800&nbsp;(KRAST). <div style="clear:left"></div> ===Rivers=== [[Image:Tuwakarte2.png|thumb|330px|Map of the Tyva Republic, formerly the [[Tuvinian People's Republic]]]] There are over 8,000&nbsp;rivers in the republic. The area includes the upper course of the [[Yenisei River]]. Most of the republic's rivers are Yenisei [[tributary|tributaries]]. There are also numerous [[mineral spring]]s in the area. Major rivers include: *[[Bolshoy Yenisei River]] (also called Biy-Khem or Bii-Khem) *[[Kantegir River]] *[[Khemchik River]] *[[Maly Yenisei River]] (also called Ka-Khem or Kaa-Khem) *[[Upper Yenisei River]] (also called Ulug-Khem) ===Lakes=== There are numerous lakes on the republic's territory, many of which are glacial and [[salt lake (geography)|salt lake]]s. Major lakes include: *[[Todzha Lake|Todzha Lake, a.k.a. Azas Lake]] (100&nbsp;km²)—the largest in the republic *[[Uvs Nuur]] - shared with Mongolia and a [[World Heritage Site]] *[[Kadysh Lake]] *[[Many-Khol Lake]] ===Mountains=== The area of the republic is a mountain basin, ca. 600&nbsp;m high, encircled by the [[Sayan Mountains|Sayan]] and [[Tannu-Ola Mountains|Tannu-Ola]] ranges. Mountains cover over 80% of the republic's territory. [[Mount Mongun-Tayga]] (3,970&nbsp;m) is the highest point in Siberia. ===Natural resources=== Major natural resources of Tuva include [[coal]], iron ore, [[gold]], and more. ===Climate=== *''Average January temperature'': -32°C *''Average July temperature'': +18°C *''Average annual [[precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]]'': 150&nbsp;mm (plains) to 1,000&nbsp;mm (mountains) ==History== :''For the history of the Tuvan people before 1860, see [[Tuvans#History|History of the Tuvan People]] <!-- Unsourced image removed: [[Image:tuvaold.jpg|right|350px|1943 Tuva map]] --> The historic region of [[Tannu Uriankhai]] ({{lang-zh|唐努乌梁海}}), which Tuva is part of, was controlled by the [[Mongols]] from 1207 to 1757, when it was brought under Manchu rule ([[Qing Dynasty]], the last dynasty of China) until 1911. During the 19th century, [[Russians]] began to settle in Tuva, resulting in an 1860 [[Beijing Treaty| Chinese-Russian treaty]], in which the Qing Dynasty allowed Russians to settle providing that they lived in boats or tents. In 1881 Russians were allowed to live in permanent buildings. By that time a sizeable Russian community had been established, whose affairs were managed by an official in Russia. (These officials also settled disputes and checked on Tuvan chiefs.) Russian interests in Tuva continued into the twentieth century. During the [[Wuchang Uprising|1911 revolution]] in China, [[tsar]]ist [[Russia]] formed a [[separatism| separatist]] movement among the Tuvans. [[Nicholas II of Russia|Tsar Nicholas II]] ordered Russian troops into Tuva in 1912, as Russian settlers were being attacked{{Facts|date=May 2008}}. Tuva became nominally independent as the '''Urjanchai Republic''' before being brought under Russian [[protectorate]] as ''Uryankhay [[Krai| Kray]]'' under Tsar Nicholas II on 17 April 1914. This move was apparently requested by a number of prominent Tuvans, including the [[High Lama]], although it is possible they were actually acting under the coercion of Russian soldiers{{Fact|date=March 2007}}. A Tuvan capital was established, called [[Belotsarsk]] (Белоца́рск; literally, "Town of White Tsar"). Meanwhile, in 1911, Mongolia became independent, though under Russian protection. Following the [[Russian Revolution of 1917]] which ended the imperial autocracy, most of Tuva was occupied from 5&nbsp;July 1918 to 15&nbsp;July 1919 by [[Aleksandr Kolchak]]'s "White" Russian troops. Pyotr Ivanovich Turchaninov was named governor of the territory. In the autumn of 1918 the southwestern part was occupied by Chinese troops and the southern part by Mongol troops led by [[Khatanbaatar Magsarjav]].{{Fact|date=February 2008}} From July 1919 to February 1920 the communist [[Red Army]] controlled Tuva, but from [[19&nbsp;February]] [[1920]] to June 1921 it was occupied by China (governor was Yan Shichao [traditional, Wade-Giles transliteration: Yan Shi-chao]). On August&nbsp;14, 1921 the [[Bolshevik]]s (supported by Russia) established a [[Tuvinian People's Republic]], popularly called ''Tannu-Tuva''. In 1926, the capital (Belotsarsk; Khem-Beldyr since 1918) was renamed [[Kyzyl]], meaning "Red"). Tuva was ''de jure'' an independent state between the World Wars. The state's first ruler, Prime Minister Donduk, sought to strengthen ties with Mongolia and establish Buddhism as the state religion. This unsettled the Kremlin, which orchestrated a coup carried out in 1929 by five young Tuvan graduates of Moscow's [[Communist University of the Toilers of the East]]. In 1930 the pro-Soviet region discarded the state's Tibetan-Mongol script in favor of a Latin alphabet designed for Tuva by Russian linguists, and in 1943 Cyrillic script replaced the Latin. Under the leadership of Party Secretary Salchak Toka, ethnic Russians were granted full citizenship rights and Buddhist and Mongol influences on the Tuvan state and society were systematically reduced.<ref name = "Fotuva">[http://www.fotuva.org/misc/mcmullen.html Tuva: Russia's Tibet or the Next Lithuania?<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The [[Soviet Union]] annexed Tuva outright in 1944, apparently with the approval of Tuva's Little [[Khural]] (parliament), though there was no Tuva-wide vote on the issue. The exact circumstances surrounding Tannu-Tuva's incorporation into the USSR in 1944 remain obscure. Salchak Toka, the leader of Tuvan communists, was given the title of First Secretary of the Tuvan Communist Party, and became the de-facto ruler of Tuva until his death in 1973. Tuva was made the [[Tuvan Autonomous Oblast]] and then became the [[Tuva ASSR]] on October&nbsp;10, 1961. The Soviet Union kept Tuva closed to the outside world for nearly fifty years. In February 1990, the Tuvan Democratic Movement was founded by [[Kaadyr-ool Bicheldei]], a philologist at [[Kyzyl University]]. The party aimed to provide jobs and housing (both were in short supply), and also to improve the status of [[Tuvan language]] and culture. Later on in the year there was a wave of attacks against Tuva's sizeable Russian community, resulting in 88 deaths. Russian troops eventually were called in. Many Russians moved out of the republic during this period. To this day, Tuva remains remote and difficult to access.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geographicbureau.com/Siberia/Tuva/sayan_mountains.htm |title=Tuva and Sayan Mountains |publisher=Geographic Bureau&nbsp;— Siberia and Pacific |accessdate=2006-10-26 }}</ref> Tuva was a signatory to the March&nbsp;31, 1992 treaty that created the Russian Federation. A new constitution for the republic was drawn up on October&nbsp;22, 1993. This created a 32-member parliament (Supreme Khural) and a [[Grand Khural of Tuva|Grand Khural]], which is responsible for foreign policy and any possible changes to the constitution, and ensures that Tuvan law is given precedence. The constitution also allowed for a referendum if Tuva ever sought independence. This constitution was passed by 62.2% of Tuvans in a referendum on December&nbsp;12, 1993. At the same time the official name was changed from Tuva (Тува) to Tyva (Тыва). The [[Republic of China]] ([[Taiwan]]) has never officially recognized the Russian claim, and maps made in Taiwan have often included Tuva (along with [[Outer Mongolia]]) as part of China. This claim, along with the Taiwanese claim to [[mainland China]], has been largely ignored since the early 1990s.{{Fact|date=July 2008}} ==Politics== The head of the government in Tuva is the Chairman of the Government, who is elected for a four-year term. The first Chairman of the Government was [[Sherig-ool Oorzhak]]. As of 2007, the Chairman of the Government is [[Kara-ool Sholban]]. Tuva's legislature, the [[Great Khural of Tuva|Great Khural]], has 162&nbsp;seats; each deputy is elected to serve a four-year term. The present flag of Tuva&nbsp;— yellow for prosperity, blue for courage and strength, white for purity&nbsp;— was adopted on September&nbsp;17, 1992. See below under '''Religion'''. The republic's Constitution was adopted on October&nbsp;23, 1993. On April&nbsp;3, 2007, Russian president Vladimir Putin nominated [[Sholban Kara-ool]], 40, a former champion wrestler, as the Chairman of the Government of Tuva.[http://en.tuvaonline.ru/2007/04/04/sholban.html] Sholban's candidacy was approved by the Khural on April 9, 2007.<ref>[http://en.tuvaonline.ru/2007/04/09/sholban.html Tuva on-line]</ref> ==Economy== Tuva has a developed mining industry (coal, [[cobalt]], gold, and more). Food processing, timber, and metal working industries are also well-developed. Most of the industrial production is concentrated in the capital Kyzyl and in [[Ak-Dovurak]]. <!-- ===Transportation=== Provide information on the railroads/automobile roads length, etc. --> ==Culture== The [[Tuvan people]] are famous for their [[throat singing]]. [[Khuresh]], the Tuvan form of wrestling, is a very popular sport. Competitions are held at the annual [[Naadym]] festival at [[Tos-Bulak]]. [[Sainkho Namtchylak]] is one of the few singers from Tuva to have an international following. She is also very involved with Tuvan culture. Every year she invites western musicians to perform in Kyzyl and to learn about the country, its culture and its music. In recent years [[Kongar-ool Ondar]] has become well-known in the West as well, in large part because of the film [[Genghis Blues]] featuring Ondar and American [[blues]] singer [[Paul Pena]]. [[Huun-Huur-Tu]] has been one of the most well known Tuvan music ensembles since the late 1990s, while the [[Alash]] ensemble came to prominence in the early 2000s. ===Oral traditions=== The [[Tuvan people]] have a rich tradition of orally transmitted folklore, including many genres, ranging from very brief riddles and aphorisms, to tongue twisters, magical tales, hero tales, scary stories, and epics that would take many hours to recite. A few examples and excerpts of the epic genres, such as ''Boktu-Kirish, Bora-Sheelei'' have been published. This art form is now endangered as the traditional tale-tellers grow old and are not replaced by younger practitioners. ==Religion== Three religions are widespread among the people of Tuva: [[Tibetan Buddhism]], [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christianity]] and [[shamanism]]. Tibetan Buddhism's present-day spiritual leader is [[Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama|Tenzin Gyatso]], the fourteenth [[Dalai Lama]]. In September 1992, the fourteenth Dalai Lama visited Tuva for three days.<ref name = "Avant Art">[http://www.avantart.com/tuva/dalailama.html Dalai Lama], Avant Art.</ref><ref name = "Fotuva BBC">[http://www.fotuva.org/travel/bbc.html Fotuva].</ref> On September&nbsp;20, he blessed and consecrated the new yellow-blue-white flag of Tuva, which had just been officially adopted three days previously.<ref>''The World Encyclopedia of Flags'', ISBN 1840384158.</ref> The people are mainly adherents to [[Tibetan Buddhism]], combined with native [[Shamanism]].<ref name = "Kommersant">[http://www.kommersant.com/tree.asp?rubric=5&node=451&doc_id=-110 Kommersant].</ref> During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries Tibetan Buddhism gained increasing popularity in Tuva. Religious practice declined under the restrictive policies of the Soviet period but revived somewhat in the early 1990s.<ref name = "World Heritage">[http://worldheritage.heindorffhus.dk/frame-RussiaUvsNuur.htm World Heritage].</ref> Tuva is also the only country in the world to have shamanism as an official religion. ==Education== The most important facilities of higher education include the [[Tuvan State University]] and the Tuvan Institute of Humanitarian Research, both located in the capital Kyzyl. <!-- ==Tourism== Provide any relevant information on tourism; describe points of interest (may cross-reference sections on Culture and History). --> ==Administrative divisions== {{Main|Administrative divisions of Tuva}} ==Demographics== [[Image:Tuvan Family.jpg|frame|right|Tuvan family in traditional clothing]] *'''Population''': 305,510 (2002) **''Urban'': 157,299 (51.5%) **''Rural'': 148,211 (48.5%) **''Male'': 144,961 (47.4%) **''Female'': 160,549 (52.6%) *'''Females per 1000 males''': 1,108 *'''Average age''': 25.5 years **''Urban'': 26.4 years **''Rural'': 24.5 years **''Male'': 25.2 years **''Female'': 27.6 years *'''Number of households''': 82,882 (with 299,510 people) **''Urban'': 47,073 (with 152,542 people) **''Rural'': 35,809 (with 146,968 people) *'''Vital statistics''' (2005) **''Births'': 5,979 (birth rate 19.4) **''Deaths'': 4,326 (death rate 14.0) For the first half of 2007, the birth rate was 21.7 [http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2007/0301/barom04.php] <!--*'''Average life expectancy''': no data--> '''Vital Statistics for 2007''': [[Total_fertility_rates_by_federal_subjects_of_Russia#Natural_Growth_by_Federal_Subjects_in_2007|Source]] Birth Rate: 23.83 per 1000 Death Rate: 11.73 per 1000 Net Immigration: -5.5 per 1000 NGR: +1.21% per Year PGR: +0.66% per Year ===Ethnic groups=== According to the [[Russian Census (2002)|2002 Census]], [[Tuvans]], a [[Turkic people]], make up 77.0% of the republic's population. Other groups include [[Russians]] (20.1%), [[Komi peoples|Komi]] (1,404, or 0.5%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the total population. {| class="wikitable" |- ! ! 1959 census ! 1970 census ! 1979 census ! 1989 census ! 2002 census |- | [[Tuvans]] | 97,996 (57.0%) | 135,306 (58.6%) | 161,888 (60.5%) | 198,448 (64.3%) | 235,313 (77.0%) |- | [[Russians]] | 68,924 (40.1%) | 88,385 (38.3%) | 96,793 (36.2%) | 98,831 (32.0%) | 61,442 (20.1%) |- | [[Khakas]] | 1,726 (1.0%) | 2,120 (0.9%) | 2,193 (0.8%) | 2,258 (0.7%) | 1,219 (0.4%) |- | Others | 3,282 (1.9%) | 5,053 (2.2%) | 6,725 (2.5%) | 9,020 (2.9%) | 7,526 (2.5%) |} Official languages are [[Tuvan language|Tuvan]] and [[Russian language|Russian]]. ==Miscellaneous== [[Image:Stamp Tannu Tuva 1927 2k.jpg|right|100px|Tuva Stamp from 1927]] *In the 1920s and 1930s, [[postage stamp]]s from Tuva were issued. Many [[philately|philatelists]], including famous [[physics|physicist]] [[Richard Feynman]], have been fascinated with the far-away and obscure land of Tuva because of these stamps. The stamps were issued mainly during the brief period of Tuvan independence, and had many philatelists in a furor, as they did not conform to philatelic standards. Feynman's efforts to reach Tuva are chronicled in the book ''[[Tuva or Bust!]]''. *Tuva was featured prominently in the award-winning documentary ''[[Genghis Blues]]''. *Tuvan stamps are mentioned in a line of [[Gregory Corso|Gregory Corso's]] poem Marriage. *[[Sergey Shoygu]], Russia's Emergencies minister, is Tuvan. *According to Ilya Zakharov of [[Moscow]]'s Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, genetic evidence suggests that the modern Tuvan people are the closest genetic relatives to the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|native peoples]] of North and South America. <ref>[http://macroevolution.narod.ru/zaharov_indians.htm "Central Asian Origins of the Ancestor of First Americans", by I. Zakharov] {{ru icon}}</ref> ==See also== *[[List of Tuvans]] *[[Music of Tuva]] ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== *DONAHOE, Brian 2002. "Hey, you! Get offa my taiga!": Comparing the sense of property rights among the Tofa and Tozhu-Tyva. Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology working papers, nº 38. Halle/Saale: Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft. ISSN 1615-4568. ==Sources and external links== {{commonscat-inline}} *{{ru icon}} [http://www.tuvaonline.ru/ Тува-Онлайн - Новости Республики Тыва] *{{en icon}} [http://en.tuvaonline.ru/ Tuva-Online - News of Tuva] *{{en icon}} photos from Tuva by Stanislav Krupar http://www.krupar.com/index.php?file=www/en/gallery/gallery.html&cat=20 *[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Russia.htm#Tannu%20Tuva WorldStatesmen- Russia] *[http://www.nomadom.net/russia/tuva.htm Singing Stones -The Republic of Tuva] *{{ru icon}} [http://forum.shude.ru Forum about Tuva]. *{{en icon}} [http://forum.shude.ru Forum about Tuva]. *{{ru icon}} [http://tyvanet.com Website of Tuva]. *{{ru icon}} [http://gov.tuva.ru Official website of Tuva]. *{{en icon}} [http://www.groups.yahoo.com/group/tuva_information Tuva Discussion Group on Yahoo! Groups]. *{{en icon}} [http://www.fotuva.org/ Friends of Tuva website]. *{{en icon}} {{ja icon}} [http://www.tarbagan.net/fotj/ Friends of Tuva, Japan]. *{{en icon}} [http://www.si-usa.com/tuva/ Some Tuvan stamps issued in 1920s/1930s]. *{{en icon}} [http://www.genghisblues.com/ ''Genghis Blues'', official movie site]. *{{en icon}} [http://www.monkeyc.org/russia/tuva/ Animated slideshow presentations of Tuva]. *{{en icon}} {{ru icon}} {{ja icon}} {{eo icon}} [http://www006.upp.so-net.ne.jp/tuva/ More completed collection of Tuva Stamps(1926-1943)]. *{{en icon}} [[TyvaWiki:Main Page]] *{{en icon}} [http://tuvatrader.com The Tuva Trader; Tuva and Richard Feynman media, products and information]. *{{en icon}} [http://hem.passagen.se/melki9/buga.htm Buga-shadara] A traditional Tuvan boardgame. {{Subdivisions of Russia}} {{Turkic-speaking}} {{Turkic topics}} {{Territorial disputes in East and South Asia}} {{coord|51|30|N|95|5|E|region:RU_type:country|display=title}} [[Category:Tuva| ]] [[Category:Proposed countries]] [[ar:توفا]] [[az:Tuva]] [[be:Тува]] [[be-x-old:Тува]] [[bg:Тува]] [[ca:Tuvà]] [[cs:Tuva]] [[de:Tuwa]] [[et:Tõva]] [[el:Δημοκρατία της Τιβά]] [[myv:Тува Республикась]] [[es:Tuvá]] [[eo:Tuvio]] [[eu:Tuva]] [[fa:تووا]] [[fr:Touva]] [[ga:Túva]] [[ko:투바 공화국]] [[hr:Tuva]] [[id:Tuva]] [[it:Tuva]] [[he:טובה (רפובליקה)]] [[kk:Тыуа]] [[lv:Tuva]] [[lt:Tuva]] [[hu:Tuva]] [[ms:Tuva]] [[nl:Toeva]] [[ja:トゥヴァ共和国]] [[no:Tuva (republikk)]] [[nn:Tyva]] [[pl:Tuwa]] [[pt:Tuva]] [[ro:Tuva]] [[ru:Тыва]] [[sah:Тыва Республиката]] [[simple:Tuva]] [[sk:Tuviansko]] [[sr:Тува]] [[sh:Tuva]] [[fi:Tuva]] [[sv:Tuva]] [[tg:Ҷумҳурии Тува]] [[uk:Тува]] [[zh:图瓦共和国]]