Ukrainian alphabet
1001931
222718904
2008-06-30T19:49:07Z
D.M. from Ukraine
6513537
/* Letter names and pronunciation */
{{Infobox WS
| name = Ukrainian alphabet
| type = [[Alphabet]]
| typedesc =
| time = late 18th century to the present
| languages = [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]
| fam1 = [[Cyrillic alphabet]]
| sisters = [[Ukrainian Latin alphabet|Ukrainian Latin]]<br />[[Rusyn language#Alphabet|Rusyn]]<br />[[Russian alphabet|Russian]]<br />[[Belarusian alphabet|Belarusian]]
| children =
| sample =
| imagesize =
| unicode = subset of [[Unicode Cyrillic|Cyrillic (U+0400...U+04F0)]]
| iso15924 = Cyrl, 220
}}
The '''Ukrainian Alphabet''' is the [[alphabet|set of letters]] used to write [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], the official language of [[Ukraine]]. It is one of the national variations of the [[Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic]] [[writing system]].
In Ukrainian it is called Украї́нська абе́тка {{IPA |[ukrɑˈjinʲsʲkɑ ɑ'bɛtka]}}, ''Ukrajins′ka abetka'' (from the initial letters ''a'' and ''be''), алфаві́т, ''alfavit'', or archaically азбу́ка, ''azbuka'' (from the [[acrophonic]] [[early Cyrillic]] letter names ''az'' and ''buki'').
Ukrainian text is sometimes [[Romanization|romanized]]: written in the [[Latin alphabet]], for non-Cyrillic readers or transcription systems. See [[romanization of Ukrainian]] for details of specific romanization systems. There have also been several historical proposals for a native [[Latin alphabet for Ukrainian]], but none has caught on.
== Alphabet ==
{{Ukrainian alphabet}}
The alphabet comprises thirty-three letters, representing thirty-eight [[phoneme]]s (meaningful units of sound), and an additional sign—the apostrophe. Ukrainian [[orthography]] (the rules of writing) is based on the phonemic principle, with one letter generally corresponding to one phoneme. The orthography also has cases where the semantic, historical, and morphological principles are applied.
Twenty-one letters represent [[consonant]]s (б, в, г, ґ, д, ж, з, к, л, м, н, п, р, с, т, ф, х, ц, ч, ш, щ), ten [[vowel]]s (а, е, є, и, і, ї, о, у, ю, я), and one a [[semivowel]] (й, [[Short I|yot]]). The [[soft sign]] ь has no phonetic value, but indicates softening ([[palatalization]]) of a preceding consonant.
Also, certain consonants are palatalized when followed by certain vowels. Any of д, з, л, н, с, т, ц or дз is softened when followed by a "soft" vowel: є, і, ї, й, ю, я. See [[iotation]]. The [[apostrophe]] negates palatalization in places where it would be applied by normal orthographic rules.
There are other exceptions to the phonemic principle in the alphabet. Some letters represent two phonemes: щ {{IPA |[ʃʧ]}}, ї [ji], and є [je], ю [ju], я [ja] when they don't palatalize a preceding vowel. The [[digraph (orthography)|digraphs]] дз and дж are used to represent single affricates {{IPA |[ʣ] and [ʤ]}}. Palatalization of consonants before е, у, а is indicated by writing the corresponding letter є, ю, я instead (but palatalization before і is usually not indicated).
Compared to other Cyrillic alphabets, the modern Ukrainian has most in common with those of the other [[East Slavic languages]], [[Belarusian alphabet|Belarusian]], [[Russian alphabet|Russian]], and [[Rusyn language#Alphabet|Rusyn]]. It has retained both the early Cyrillic [[Decimal I|i]] (i) and [[I (Cyrillic)|izhe]] (и) to represent related sounds {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/ɪ/}}, as well as the two historical forms [[Ye (Cyrillic)|e]] (е) and [[Ukrainian Ye|ye]] (є). Unique letters are [[Ge with upturn|ge]] (ґ)—used for the less-common [[Voiced velar plosive |velar plosive]] /g/ sound, since in Ukrainian the common Slavic г represents a [[Voiced glottal fricative|glottal fricative]] {{IPA|/ɦ/}}—and [[Yi (Cyrillic)|yi]] (ї) /ji/. The use of the [[apostrophe]] is shared with Belarusian.
{{See |Ukrainian phonology}}
== History ==
=== Early Cyrillic alphabet ===
The [[Cyrillic alphabet]] was a writing system developed in the [[First Bulgarian Empire]] in the [[tenth century]], to write the [[Old Church Slavonic]] [[liturgical language]]. It was named after [[St Cyril]], who with his brother [[St Methodius|Methodius]] had created the earlier [[Glagolitic]] Slavonic script. Cyrillic was based on Greek [[uncial script]], and adopted Glagolitic letters for some sounds which were absent in Greek—it also had some letters which were only used almost exclusively for Greek words or for their [[Cyrillic numerals|numeric value]]: <span class="Unicode">[[Fita|Ѳ]], [[Omega (Cyrillic)|Ѡ]], [[Psi (Cyrillic)|Ѱ]], [[Ksi|Ѯ]], [[Izhitsa|Ѵ]]</span>.
The [[early Cyrillic alphabet]] was brought to [[Kievan Rus’]] at the end of the first millennium, along with [[Christianity]] and the [[Old Church Slavonic]] language. The alphabet was adapted to the local spoken [[Old East Slavic]] language, leading to the development of indigenous East Slavic [[literary language]] alongside the liturgical use of Church Slavonic. The alphabet changed to keep pace with changes in language, as regional dialects developed into the modern [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]], [[Russian language|Russian]], and Ukrainian languages. Spoken Ukrainian has an unbroken history, but the literary language has suffered from two major historical fractures.
Various reforms of the alphabet by scholars of Church Slavonic, [[Ruthenian language|Ruthenian]], and [[Russian language]]s caused the written and spoken word to diverge by varying amounts. Etymological rules from Greek and [[South Slavic]] languages made the orthography imprecise and difficult to master.
[[Meletiy Smotrytsky]]'s Slavonic Grammar of 1619 was very influential on the use of Church Slavonic, and codified the use of the letters Я (''ja''), Е (''e''), and Ґ (''g''). Various [[Russian alphabet reforms]] were influential as well, especially [[Peter the Great]]'s Russian Civil Script of 1708 (the ''Grazhdanka''). It created a new alphabet specifically for non-religious use, and adopted Latin-influnced letter forms for type. The Civil Script eliminated some archaic letters (Ѯ, Ѱ, Ѡ, [[Yus|Ѧ]]), but reinforced an etymological basis for the alphabet, influencing [[Mykhaylo Maksymovych]]'s nineteenth-century Galician ''Maksymovychivka'' script for Ukrainian, and its descendent, the ''Pankevychivka'', which is still in use, in a slightely modified form, for the [[Rusyn]] language in [[Carpathian Ruthenia]].
=== Nineteenth-century reforms ===
In reaction to the hard-to-learn etymological alphabets, several reforms attempted to introduce a [[phonemic]] Ukrainian orthography during the nineteenth century, based on the example of [[Vuk Karadžić]]'s Serbian Cyrillic. These included Oleksiy Pavlovskiy's ''Grammar'', [[Panteleimon Kulish]]'s ''Kulishivka'', the ''[[Drahomanivka]]'' promoted by [[Mykhailo Drahomanov]], and Yevhen Zhelekhivsky's ''Zhelekhivka'', which standardized the letters ї (''ji'') and ґ (''g'').
A Ukrainian cultural revival of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries stimulated literary and academic activity in both [[Dnieper Ukraine]] (in the Russian Empire) and western Ukraine (Austrian-controlled [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicia]]). In Galicia, the Polish-dominated local government tried to introduce a [[Latin alphabet for Ukrainian]], which backfired by prompting a heated "War of the Alphabets", bringing the issue of orthography into the public eye. The Cyrillic alphabet was favoured, but conservative Ukrainian cultural factions (the Old Ruthenians and [[Ukrainian Russophiles |Russophiles]]) opposed publications which promoted a pure Ukrainian orthography. In Dnieper Ukraine, proposed reforms suffered from periodic bans of publication and performance in the Ukrainian language. One such decree was the notorious 1876 [[Ems Ukaz]], which banned the Kulishivka and imposed a Russian orthography until 1905 (called the ''Yaryzhka'', after the Russian letter [[yery]] ы). The Kulishivka was adopted by Ukrainian publications, only to be banned again from 1914 until after the [[February Revolution]] of 1917.
The Zhelekhivka became official in Galicia in 1893, and was adopted by many eastern Ukrainian publications after the Revolution. The [[Ukrainian National Republic]] adopted official Ukrainian orthographies in 1918 and 1919, and Ukrainian publication increased, and then flourished under Skoropadsky's [[Hetmanate]]. Under the [[Bolshevik]] government of Ukraine, Ukrainian orthographies were confirmed in 1920 and 1921.
=== Unified orthography ===
In 1925, the Ukrainian SSR created a Commission for the Regulation of Orthography. During the period of [[Ukrainization]] in Soviet Ukraine, the 1927 International Orthographic Conference was convened in [[Kharkiv]], from May 26 to June 6. At the conference a standardized Ukrainian orthography and method for transliterating foreign words were established, a compromise between Galician and Soviet proposals, called the Kharkiv Orthography, or ''Skrypnykivka'', after Ukrainian Commissar of Education [[Mykola Skrypnyk]]. It was officially recognized by the Council of People's Commissars in 1928, and by the Lviv [[Shevchenko Scientific Society]] in 1929, and adopted by the [[Ukrainian diaspora]]. The Skrypnykivka was the first universally-adopted native Ukrainian orthography.
However, by 1930 Stalin's government started to reverse the Ukrainization policy as part of an effort to centralize power in Moscow. In 1933, the orthographic reforms were abolished, decrees were passed to bring the orthography steadily closer to Russian. His reforms discredited and labelled "nationalist deviation", Skrypnyk committed suicide rather than face a show trial and execution or deportation. The Ukrainian letter [[Ghe|ge]] ''ґ'', and the phonetic combinations ль, льо, ля were eliminated, and Russian etymological forms were reintroduced (for example, the use of -іа- in place of -ія-). An official orthography was published in Kyiv in 1936, with revisions in 1945 and 1960. This orthography is sometimes called ''Postyshivka'', after [[Pavel Postyshev]], Stalin's Russian official who oversaw the dismantling of Ukrainization.
In the meantime, the Skrypnykivka continued to be used by Ukrainians in Galicia and the worldwide diaspora.
During the period of [[Perestroika]] in the USSR, a new Ukrainian Orthographic Commission was created in 1987. A revised orthography was published in 1990, reintroducing the letter ge ''ґ''. It also revised the alphabetical order, moving the soft sign ''ь'' from the end of the alphabet, to a position which helps sort Ukrainian text together with Russian and Belarusian.
== Letter names and pronunciation ==
{| border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" style="text-align:left;border:1px solid #ccc; white-space:nowrap;" summary="Ukrainian letters, their names, and pronunciation in IPA and X-SAMPA"
|+ style="font-weight:bold;font-size:90%;background:#ccc;" | Letters and symbols of the Ukrainian alphabet
|- valign="top" style="font-size:90%;background:#ccc;"
! align="left" width="10%" style="font-weight:normal" | Upright !! align="left" width="10%" style="font-weight:normal" | Italic !! align="left" width="10%" style="font-weight:normal" | Translit. !! align="left" width="20%" style="font-weight:normal" | Name !! align="left" width="10%" style="font-weight:normal" | [[International Phonetic Alphabet|Pronunciation]] !! align="left" style="font-weight:normal" | Notes
|- valign="top"
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | [[А|А а]]
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | ''А а''
| a || а {{IPA |/a/}} || {{IPA |[a]}} ||
|- valign="top"
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | [[Б|Б б]]
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | ''Б б''
| b || бе {{IPA |/bɛ/}} || {{IPA |[b]}}||
|- valign="top"
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | [[В|В в]]
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | ''В в''
| v || ве {{IPA |/ʋɛ/}} || {{IPA |[ʋ]}}, {{IPA|[w]}} || [[#fn|[1]]]
|- valign="top" style="background:#eee;"
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | [[Г|Г г]]
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | ''Г г''
| h || ге {{IPA |/ɦɛ/}} || {{IPA |[ɦ]}} ||
|- valign="top" style="background:#eee;"
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | [[Ґ|Ґ ґ]]
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | ''Ґ ґ''
| g || ґе {{IPA |/gɛ/}} || {{IPA |[g]}} || [[#fn|[2]]]
|- valign="top" style="background:#eee;"
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | [[Д|Д д]]
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | ''Д д''
| d || де {{IPA |/dɛ/}} || {{IPA |[d]}}, {{IPA |[dʲ]}} ||
|- valign="top"
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | [[Е|Е е]]
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | ''Е е''
| e || е {{IPA |/ɛ/}} || {{IPA |[ɛ]}} ||
|- valign="top"
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | [[Є|Є є]]
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | ''Є є''
| je || є {{IPA |/jɛ/}} || {{IPA |[jɛ]}} ||
|- valign="top"
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | [[Ж|Ж ж]]
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | ''Ж ж''
| ž || же {{IPA |/ʒɛ/}} || {{IPA |[ʒ]}} ||
|- valign="top" style="background:#eee;"
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | [[З|З з]]
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | ''З з''
| z || зе {{IPA |/zɛ/}} || {{IPA |[z]}}, {{IPA |[zʲ]}} ||
|- valign="top" style="background:#eee;"
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | [[И|И и]]
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | ''И и''
| y || и {{IPA |/ɪ/}} || {{IPA |[ɪ]}} ||
|- valign="top" style="background:#eee;"
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | [[І|І і]]
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | ''І і''
| i || і {{IPA |/i/}} || {{IPA |[i]}} ||
|- valign="top"
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | [[Ї|Ї ї]]
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | ''Ї ї''
| ji, ï || ї {{IPA |/ji/}} || {{IPA |[ji]}} ||
|- valign="top"
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | [[Й|Й й]]
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | ''Й й''
| j || йот {{IPA |/jɔt/}}, й {{IPA |/ɪj/}} || {{IPA |[j]}} ||
|- valign="top"
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | [[К|К к]]
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | ''К к''
| k || ка {{IPA |/ka/}} || {{IPA |[k]}} ||
|- valign="top" style="background:#eee;"
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | [[Л|Л л]]
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | ''Л л''
| l || ел {{IPA |/ɛl/}} || {{IPA |[l]}}, {{IPA |[lʲ]}} ||
|- valign="top" style="background:#eee;"
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | [[М|М м]]
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | ''М м''
| m || ем {{IPA |/ɛm/}} || {{IPA |[m]}} ||
|- valign="top" style="background:#eee;"
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | [[Н|Н н]]
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | ''Н н''
| n || ен {{IPA |/ɛn/}} || {{IPA |[n]}}, {{IPA |[nʲ]}} ||
|- valign="top"
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | [[О|О о]]
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | ''О о''
| o || о {{IPA |/ɔ/}} || {{IPA |[ɔ]}} ||
|- valign="top"
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | [[П|П п]]
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | ''П п''
| p || пе {{IPA |/pɛ/}} || {{IPA |[p]}} ||
|- valign="top"
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | [[Р|Р р]]
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | ''Р р''
| r || ер {{IPA |/ɛr/}} || {{IPA |[r]}}, {{IPA |[rʲ]}} ||
|- valign="top" style="background:#eee;"
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | [[С|С с]]
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | ''С с''
| s || ес {{IPA |/ɛs/}} || {{IPA |[s]}}, {{IPA |[sʲ]}} ||
|- valign="top" style="background:#eee;"
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | [[Т|Т т]]
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | ''Т т''
| t || те {{IPA |/tɛ/}} || {{IPA |[t]}}, {{IPA |[tʲ]}} ||
|- valign="top" style="background:#eee;"
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | [[У|У у]]
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | ''У у''
| u || у {{IPA |/u/}} || {{IPA |[u]}} ||
|- valign="top"
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | [[Ф|Ф ф]]
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | ''Ф ф''
| f || еф {{IPA |/ɛf/}} || {{IPA |[f]}} ||
|- valign="top"
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | [[Х|Х х]]
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | ''Х х''
| x, ch || ха {{IPA |/xa/}} || {{IPA |[x]}} ||
|- valign="top"
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | [[Ц|Ц ц]]
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | ''Ц ц''
| c || це {{IPA |/ʦɛ/}} || {{IPA |[ʦ]}}, {{IPA |[ʦʲ]}} ||
|- valign="top" style="background:#eee;"
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | [[Ч|Ч ч]]
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | ''Ч ч''
| č || че {{IPA |/ʧɛ/}} || {{IPA |[ʧ]}} ||
|- valign="top" style="background:#eee;"
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | [[Ш|Ш ш]]
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | ''Ш ш''
| š || ша {{IPA |/ʃa/}} || {{IPA |[ʃ]}} ||
|- valign="top" style="background:#eee;"
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | [[Щ|Щ щ]]
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | ''Щ щ''
| šč || ща {{IPA |/ʃʧa/}} || {{IPA |[ʃʧ]}} ||
|- valign="top"
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | [[Ь|Ь ь]]
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | ''Ь ь''
| ′ || м’який знак {{IPA |/mjaˈkɪj znak/}} || {{IPA |[◌ʲ]}}|| soft sign [[#fn|[3]]]
|- valign="top"
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | [[Ю|Ю ю]]
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | ''Ю ю''
| ju || ю {{IPA |/ju/}} || {{IPA |[ʲu]}}, {{IPA |[ju]}} ||
|- valign="top"
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | [[Я|Я я]]
| style="font-family:Georgia,serif;" | ''Я я''
| ja || я {{IPA |/ja/}} || {{IPA |[ʲa]}}, {{IPA |[ja]}} ||
|- valign="top" style="background:#eee;"
| [[’]] || || || апостроф {{IPA |/aˈpɔstrɔf/}} ||{{IPA |[j]}} || apostrophe [[#fn|[4]]]
|}
Transliteration is according to the [[scholarly transliteration]] system used in linguistics. For other systems, see [[romanization of Ukrainian]].
<em id="fn">Notes</em>
# Ve (''в'') usually loses its [[frication]] when not followed by a vowel, and is pronounced as the [[approximant]] /w/.
# Ge (''ґ'') was officially banned in the [[Soviet Ukraine]] from 1933 to 1990; missing from some computer [[character encoding]]s and fonts.
# Soft sign (''ь''):
#* The soft sign is not considered a letter, but an orthographic symbol, modifying the preceding letter. It indicates the softening of a consonant, when the consonant is not followed by a softening vowel.
#* The soft sign was moved to new position before letter ''ю'', according to a proposition of academician L. M. Ivanenko from Glushkov Institute of Cybernetics, in 1990 (the last year before Ukraine gained independence), to solve problems with sorting of Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian alphabets in MS-DOS.
# The apostrophe indicates that the consonant preceding a soft vowel is not palatalized, when it otherwise would be.
== Letter forms and typography ==
As in other Cyrillic alphabets, hand-written or [[cursive]] letters vary somewhat in form from their block-letter, or typeset upright, counterparts, particularly the letters ''г'', ''д'', ''и'', ''й'', and ''т''.
[[Image:Cyrillic upright-cursive.png|Comparison of some upright and cursive letters (He, De, Y, Yot, Em, Te, and Tse. Top row in Georgia font, bottom in Kisty CY)]]
[[Typography|Typographically]], the [[Lower case|small]] (lower-case) letters are very similar to small-caps versions of the [[majuscule|capitals]], although sophisticated faces may have a small-caps font which is different from the lower-case.
A Cyrillic type face (шрифт, ''šryft'') doesn't technically have "[[roman type|roman]]" or "[[Emphasis (typography)|italic]]" fonts, since these terms stem from West European history. It has upright (прямий, ''prjamyj'') and cursive (курсивний, ''kursyvnyj'' later also called письмівка, ''pys'mivka'').
Quoted text is surrounded by un-spaced guillemets (angle-quotes), or lower and upper [[quotation mark]]s.
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" style="border:1px solid #ccc;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:x-small;" summary="Sample text in different styles of Ukrainian quotation marks, Unicode values and HTML entities for the quote characters."
|+ style="font-weight:bold;background:#ccc;border:1px solid #ccc;" | Ukrainian quotation marks in Unicode and HTML entities
|-
! standard || alternative
|- align="center" style="font-size:large;font-family:gentium,serif;"
| «<em style="font-style:normal;color:#999;">цитата</em>»
| „<em style="font-style:normal;color:#999;">цитата</em>{{unicode|‟}}
|- align="center" style="font-size:small;"
| U+00AB U+00BB
| U+201E U+201F
|- align="center" style="font-size:small;"
| &#171; &#187;
| &#8222; &#8223;
|}
''Reference:'' [[Robert Bringhurst|Bringhurst, Robert]] (2002). ''[[The Elements of Typographic Style]]'' (version 2.5), pp. 262–264. Vancouver, Hartley & Marks. ISBN 0-88179-133-4.
== Encoding Ukrainian ==
There are various [[character encoding]]s for representing Ukrainian with computers.
=== ISO 8859-5 ===
[[ISO 8859-5]] encoding is missing the letter ''ґ''.
=== KOI8-U ===
[[KOI8-U]] stands for ''Код обміну інформації 8 бітний — український'', "Code for information
interchange 8 bit — Ukrainian", analogous to "[[ASCII]]". KOI8-U is a Ukrainianized version of [[KOI8-R]], which is suitable for Russian only.
=== Unicode ===
{{further|[[Cyrillic characters in Unicode]]}}
Ukrainian falls within the Cyrillic (U+0400 to U+04FF) and Cyrillic Supplementary (U+0500 to U+052F) blocks of [[Unicode]]. The characters in the range U+0400–U+045F are basically the characters from [[ISO 8859-5]] moved upward by 864 positions.
In the following table, Ukrainian letters have titles indicating their Unicode information and HTML entity. In a visual browser you can hold the mouse pointer over the letter to see this information.
{| border=1 cellpadding=3 cellspacing=0 style="background:#fff; border:0 none transparent; border-collapse:collapse;" summary="Cyrillic Unicode blocks. Ukrainian letters are emphasized, with titles showing their Unicode name and number, HTML entity and UTF code."
|+ style="background:#fff;font-size:90%;font-weight:bold;" | Ukrainian letters in the Unicode Cyrillic block
|- align="center" style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;"
| ||
! <code>0</code>!!<code>1</code>!!<code>2</code>!!<code>3</code>!!<code>4</code>!!<code>5</code>!!<code>6</code>!!<code>7</code>!!<code>8</code>!!<code>9</code>!!<code>A</code>!!<code>B</code>!!<code>C</code>!!<code>D</code>!!<code>E</code>!!<code>F</code>
|- align="center"
!<code>0400</code>
| ||Ѐ||Ё||Ђ||Ѓ||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER UKRAINIAN IE: 
Unicode 0404, Entity &#1028;, UTF8 D0 84"|<em style="font-style:normal">Є</em>||Ѕ||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER BYELORUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN I: 
Unicode 0406, Entity &#1030;, UTF8 D0 86"|<em style="font-style:normal">І</em>||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER YI: 
Unicode 0407, Entity &#1031;, UTF8 D0 87"|<em style="font-style:normal">Ї</em>||Ј||Љ||Њ||Ћ||Ќ||Ѝ||Ў||Џ
|- align="center"
!<code>0410</code>
| ||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER A: 
Unicode 0410, Entity &#1040 D0 90"|<em style="font-style:normal">А</em>||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER BE: 
Unicode 0411, Entity &#1041;, UTF8 D0 91"|<em style="font-style:normal">Б</em>||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER VE: 
Unicode 0412, Entity &#1042;, UTF8 D0 92"|<em style="font-style:normal">В</em>||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER GHE: 
Unicode 0413, Entity &#1043;, UTF8 D0 93"|<em style="font-style:normal">Г</em>||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER DE: 
Unicode 0414, Entity &#1044;, UTF8 D0 94"|<em style="font-style:normal">Д</em>||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER IE: 
Unicode 0415, Entity &#1045;, UTF8 D0 95"|<em style="font-style:normal">Е</em>||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ZHE: 
Unicode 0416, Entity &#1046;, UTF8 D0 96"|<em style="font-style:normal">Ж</em>||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ZE: 
Unicode 0417, Entity &#1047;, UTF8 D0 97"|<em style="font-style:normal">З</em>||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER I: 
Unicode 0418, Entity &#1048;, UTF8 D0 98"|<em style="font-style:normal">И</em>||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER SHORT I: 
Unicode 0419, Entity &#1049;, UTF8 D0 99"|<em style="font-style:normal">Й</em>||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER KA: 
Unicode 041A, Entity &#1050;, UTF8 D0 9A"|<em style="font-style:normal">К</em>||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER EL: 
Unicode 041B, Entity &#1051;, UTF8 D0 9B"|<em style="font-style:normal">Л</em>||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER EM: 
Unicode 041C, Entity &#1052;, UTF8 D0 9C"|<em style="font-style:normal">М</em>||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER EN: 
Unicode 041D, Entity &#1053;, UTF8 D0 9D"|<em style="font-style:normal">Н</em>||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER O: 
Unicode 041E, Entity &#1054;, UTF8 D0 9E"|<em style="font-style:normal">О</em>||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER PE: 
Unicode 041F, Entity &#1055;, UTF8 D0 9F"|<em style="font-style:normal">П</em>
|- align="center"
!<code>0420</code>
| ||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ER: 
Unicode 0420, Entity &#1056;, UTF8 D0 A0"|<em style="font-style:normal">Р</em>||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ES: 
Unicode 0421, Entity &#1057;, UTF8 D0 A1"|<em style="font-style:normal">С</em>||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER TE: 
Unicode 0422, Entity &#1058;, UTF8 D0 A2"|<em style="font-style:normal">Т</em>||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER U: 
Unicode 0423, Entity &#1059;, UTF8 D0 A3"|<em style="font-style:normal">У</em>||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER EF: 
Unicode 0424, Entity &#1060;, UTF8 D0 A4"|<em style="font-style:normal">Ф</em>||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER HA: 
Unicode 0425, Entity &#1061;, UTF8 D0 A5"|<em style="font-style:normal">Х</em>||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER TSE: 
Unicode 0426, Entity &#1062;, UTF8 D0 A6"|<em style="font-style:normal">Ц</em>||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER CHE: 
Unicode 0427, Entity &#1063;, UTF8 D0 A7"|<em style="font-style:normal">Ч</em>||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER SHA: 
Unicode 0428, Entity &#1064;, UTF8 D0 A8"|<em style="font-style:normal">Ш</em>||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER SHCHA: 
Unicode 0429, Entity &#1065;, UTF8 D0 A9"|<em style="font-style:normal">Щ</em>||Ъ||Ы||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER SOFT SIGN: 
Unicode 042C, Entity &#1068;, UTF8 D0 AC"|<em style="font-style:normal">Ь</em>||Э||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER YU: 
Unicode 042E, Entity &#1070;, UTF8 D0 AE"|<em style="font-style:normal">Ю</em>||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER YA: 
Unicode 042F, Entity &#1071;, UTF8 D0 AF"|<em style="font-style:normal">Я</em>
|- align="center"
!<code>0430</code>
| ||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER A: 
Unicode 0430, Entity &#1072;, UTF8 D0 B0"|<em style="font-style:normal">а</em>||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER BE: 
Unicode 0431, Entity &#1073;, UTF8 D0 B1"|<em style="font-style:normal">б</em>||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER VE: 
Unicode 0432, Entity &#1074;, UTF8 D0 B2"|<em style="font-style:normal">в</em>||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER GHE: 
Unicode 0433, Entity &#1075;, UTF8 D0 B3"|<em style="font-style:normal">г</em>||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER DE: 
Unicode 0434, Entity &#1076;, UTF8 D0 B4"|<em style="font-style:normal">д</em>||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER IE: 
Unicode 0435, Entity &#1077;, UTF8 D0 B5"|<em style="font-style:normal">е</em>||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ZHE: 
Unicode 0436, Entity &#1078;, UTF8 D0 B6"|<em style="font-style:normal">ж</em>||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ZE: 
Unicode 0437, Entity &#1079;, UTF8 D0 B7"|<em style="font-style:normal">з</em>||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER I: 
Unicode 0438, Entity &#1080;, UTF8 D0 B8"|<em style="font-style:normal">и</em>||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SHORT I: 
Unicode 0439, Entity &#1081;, UTF8 D0 B9"|<em style="font-style:normal">й</em>||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER KA: 
Unicode 043A, Entity &#1082;, UTF8 D0 BA"|<em style="font-style:normal">к</em>||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EL: 
Unicode 043B, Entity &#1083;, UTF8 D0 BB"|<em style="font-style:normal">л</em>||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EM: 
Unicode 043C, Entity &#1084;, UTF8 D0 BC"|<em style="font-style:normal">м</em>||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EN: 
Unicode 043D, Entity &#1085;, UTF8 D0 BD"|<em style="font-style:normal">н</em>||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER O: 
Unicode 043E, Entity &#1086;, UTF8 D0 BE"|<em style="font-style:normal">о</em>||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER PE: 
Unicode 043F, Entity &#1087;, UTF8 D0 BF"|<em style="font-style:normal">п</em>
|- align="center"
!<code>0440</code>
| ||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ER: 
Unicode 0440, Entity &#1088;, UTF8 D1 80"|<em style="font-style:normal">р</em>||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ES: 
Unicode 0441, Entity &#1089;, UTF8 D1 81"|<em style="font-style:normal">с</em>||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TE: 
Unicode 0442, Entity &#1090;, UTF8 D1 82"|<em style="font-style:normal">т</em>||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER U: 
Unicode 0443, Entity &#1091;, UTF8 D1 83"|<em style="font-style:normal">у</em>||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EF: 
Unicode 0444, Entity &#1092;, UTF8 D1 84"|<em style="font-style:normal">ф</em>||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER HA: 
Unicode 0445, Entity &#1093;, UTF8 D1 85"|<em style="font-style:normal">х</em>||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TSE: 
Unicode 0446, Entity &#1094;, UTF8 D1 86"|<em style="font-style:normal">ц</em>||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER CHE: 
Unicode 0447, Entity &#1095;, UTF8 D1 87"|<em style="font-style:normal">ч</em>||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SHA: 
Unicode 0448, Entity &#1096;, UTF8 D1 88"|<em style="font-style:normal">ш</em>||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SHCHA: 
Unicode 0449, Entity &#1097;, UTF8 D1 89"|<em style="font-style:normal">щ</em>||ъ||ы||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SOFT SIGN: 
Unicode 044C, Entity &#1100;, UTF8 D1 8C"|<em style="font-style:normal">ь</em>||э||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER YU: 
Unicode 044E, Entity &#1102;, UTF8 D1 8E"|<em style="font-style:normal">ю</em>||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER YA: 
Unicode 044F, Entity &#1103;, UTF8 D1 8F"|<em style="font-style:normal">я</em>
|- align="center"
!<code>0450</code>
| ||ѐ||ё||ђ||ѓ||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER UKRAINIAN IE: 
Unicode 0454, Entity &#1108;, UTF8 D1 94"|<em style="font-style:normal">є</em>||ѕ||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER BYELORUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN I: 
Unicode 0456, Entity &#1110;, UTF8 D1 96"|<em style="font-style:normal">і</em>||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER YI: 
Unicode 0457, Entity &1111, UTF8 D1 97"|<em style="font-style:normal">ї</em>||ј||љ||њ||ћ||ќ||ѝ||ў||џ
|- align="center"
!<code>0460</code>
| ||Ѡ||ѡ||Ѣ||ѣ||Ѥ||ѥ||Ѧ||ѧ||Ѩ||ѩ||Ѫ||ѫ||Ѭ||ѭ||Ѯ||ѯ
|- align="center"
!<code>0470</code>
| ||Ѱ||ѱ||Ѳ||ѳ||Ѵ||ѵ||Ѷ||ѷ||Ѹ||ѹ||Ѻ||ѻ||Ѽ||ѽ||Ѿ||ѿ
|- align="center"
!<code>0480</code>
| ||Ҁ||ҁ||҂||҃||҄||҅||҆||҇||҈||҉||Ҋ||ҋ||Ҍ||ҍ||Ҏ||ҏ
|- align="center"
!<code>0490</code>
| ||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER GHE WITH UPTURN: 
Unicode 0490, Entity &#1168;, UTF8 D2 90"|<em style="font-style:normal">Ґ</em>||style="background:#9cc" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER GHE WITH UPTURN: 
Unicode 0491, Entity &#1169;, UTF8 D2 91"|<em style="font-style:normal">ґ</em>||Ғ||ғ||Ҕ||ҕ||Җ||җ||Ҙ||ҙ||Қ||қ||Ҝ||ҝ||Ҟ||ҟ
|- align="center"
!<code>04A0</code>
| ||Ҡ||ҡ||Ң||ң||Ҥ||ҥ||Ҧ||ҧ||Ҩ||ҩ||Ҫ||ҫ||Ҭ||ҭ||Ү||ү
|- align="center"
!<code>04B0</code>
| ||Ұ||ұ||Ҳ||ҳ||Ҵ||ҵ||Ҷ||ҷ||Ҹ||ҹ||Һ||һ||Ҽ||ҽ||Ҿ||ҿ
|- align="center"
!<code>04C0</code>
| ||Ӏ||Ӂ||ӂ||Ӄ||ӄ||Ӆ||ӆ||Ӈ||ӈ||Ӊ||ӊ||Ӌ||ӌ||Ӎ||ӎ||ӏ
|- align="center"
!<code>04D0</code>
| ||Ӑ||ӑ||Ӓ||ӓ||Ӕ||ӕ||Ӗ||ӗ||Ә||ә||Ӛ||ӛ||Ӝ||ӝ||Ӟ||ӟ
|- align="center"
!<code>04E0</code>
| ||Ӡ||ӡ||Ӣ||ӣ||Ӥ||ӥ||Ӧ||ӧ||Ө||ө||Ӫ||ӫ||Ӭ||ӭ||Ӯ||ӯ
|- align="center" style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;"
!<code>04F0</code>
| ||Ӱ||ӱ||Ӳ||ӳ||Ӵ||ӵ||Ӷ||ӷ||Ӹ||ӹ||Ӻ||ӻ||Ӽ||ӽ||Ӿ||ӿ
|- align="center"
!<code>0500</code>
| ||Ԁ||ԁ||Ԃ||ԃ||Ԅ||ԅ||Ԇ||ԇ||Ԉ||ԉ||Ԋ||ԋ||Ԍ||ԍ||Ԏ||ԏ
|- align="center"
!<code>0510</code>
| ||Ԑ||ԑ||Ԓ||ԓ||Ԕ||ԕ||Ԗ||ԗ||Ԙ||ԙ||Ԛ||ԛ||Ԝ||ԝ||Ԟ||ԟ
|- align="center"
!<code>0520</code>
| ||Ԡ||ԡ||Ԣ||ԣ||Ԥ||ԥ||Ԧ||ԧ||Ԩ||ԩ||Ԫ||ԫ||Ԭ||ԭ||Ԯ||ԯ
|}
=== Web pages and XML ===
Elements in [[HTML]] and [[XML]] would normally have the Ukrainian language indicated using the [[IETF language tag]] <code>uk</code> (<code>lang="uk"</code> in HTML and <code>xml:lang="uk"</code> in XML). Although indicating the writing system is normally not necessary, this can be accomplished by adding a script subtag, for example to distinguish Cyrillic Ukrainian text (<code>uk-Cyrl</code>) from [[Romanization of Ukrainian|romanized Ukrainian]] (<code>uk-Latn</code>).
== References ==
* [[Peter T. Daniels|Daniels, Peter T.]] and [[William Bright]], eds. (1996). ''[[The World's Writing Systems]]'', pp 700, 702. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-507993-0.
* [[Volodymyr Kubijovyč|Kubijovyč, Volodymyr]] ed. (1963). "Ukrainian Writing and Orthography" in ''Ukraine: A Concise Encyclopædia'', vol 1, pp 511–520. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-3105-6.
=== Authoritative orthographies ===
* [[Meletiy Smotrytsky]] (1619). ''Slavonic Grammar''. ([http://litopys.org.ua/smotrgram/sm.htm Reprint edition], with Ukrainian interface)
* [[Ivan Ohienko]] (1918). ''Nayholovnishi pravyla ukrayins’koho pravopysu''. Kyiv: UNR Ministry of Education.
* Ivan Ohienko (1919). ''Holovnishi pravyla ukrayins’koho pravopysu''. Kyiv: UNR Ministry of Education.
* All-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences (VUAN, 1920).
* People's Commissariat of Education (1921).
* (1928). ''Ukrayins’kyy pravopys''. Kharkiv: [[Academy of Science of the Ukrainian SSR]].
* (1936). ''Ukrayins’kyy pravopys''. Kyiv: Academy of Science of the Ukrainian SSR.
* L. Bulakhovs’ky, ed. (1946). ''Ukrayins’kyy pravopys''. Kyiv, [[May 8]], [[1945]]: Academy of Science of the Ukrainian SSR.
* (1960). ''Ukrayins’kyy pravopys''. Kyiv: Academy of Science of the Ukrainian SSR.
* (1990). ''Ukrayins’kyy pravopys''. Kyiv: Academy of Science of the Ukrainian SSR.
* (2007). ''Ukrayins’kyy pravopys''. Kyiv: Naukova Dumka. [http://www.madslinger.com/mova/pravopys-2007/ Online version].
== External links ==
* [http://czyborra.com/charsets/cyrillic.html The Cyrillic Charset Soup]—Roman Czyborra's site contains an exhaustive history of Cyrillic character set encoding schemes.
* [http://www.vesna.org.ua/txt/biloust/UkrIPA.pdf Ukrainian language in the International Phonetic Alphabet] (PDF, in Ukrainian)
* [http://vlada.kiev.ua/pravopys/ Проєкт нового “Українського правопису”]—proposal for a new Ukrainian orthography (in Ukrainian)
* At the Encyclopedia of Ukraine: [http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\C\Y\Cyrillicalphabet.htm Cyrillic alphabet], [http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\O\R\Orthography.htm Orthography], [http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkPath=pages\H\R\Hrazhdankaalphabet.htm Hrazhdanka], [http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\M\A\Maksymovychivka.htm Maksymovychivka], [http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\K\U\Kulishivka.htm Kulishivka], [http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\Z\H\Zhelekhivka.htm Zhelekhivka], [http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkPath=pages\P\A\Pankevychivka.htm Pankevychivka]
{{Ukrainian language}}
[[Category:Ukrainian language|Alphabet]]
[[Category:Cyrillic alphabet]]
[[de:Ukrainische Sprache#Alphabet]]
[[fr:Alphabet ukrainien]]
[[lv:Ukraiņu alfabēts]]
[[hu:Ukrán ábécé]]
[[mk:Украинска азбука]]
[[pl:Alfabet ukraiński]]
[[pt:Alfabeto ucraniano]]
[[ru:Украинский алфавит]]
[[uk:Українська абетка]]