Ulmus davidiana var. japonica
4704887
218156252
2008-06-09T12:07:14Z
Ptelea
936706
{{Taxobox
| status = LC
| name = ''Ulmus davidiana'' var. ''japonica''
| image = Japanese elm.jpg
| image_caption = Japanese Elm, aged 30 years
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[dicotyledon|Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Rosales]]
| familia = [[Ulmaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Ulmus]]''
| species = '''''U. davidiana'''''
| trinomial = ''Ulmus davidiana'' var. ''japonica''
| trinomial_authority = [[Alfred Rehder|Rehder]]
| synonyms =
*''Ulmus campestris'' <small>Komarov</small>
*''Ulmus campestris'' <small>L. </small>var. ''japonica'' <small>Rehder</small>
*''Ulmus campestris'' var. ''laevis'' <small>Fr. Schmidt</small>
*''Ulmus campestris'' var. ''vulgaris'' <small>Shirasawa</small>
*''Ulmus davidiana'' var. ''levigata'' <small>(C. K. Schneid.), Nakai</small>
*''Ulmus davidiana'' var. ''japonica'' f. ''suberosa'' <small>Nakai</small>
*''Ulmus japonica'' <small>(Rehder), Sarg.</small>
*''Ulmus japonica'' var. ''levigata'' <small>C. K. Schneid.</small>
*''Ulmus propinqua'' <small>Koidz.</small>
*''Ulmus wilsoniana'' <small>C. K. Schneid.</small>
}}
'''''Ulmus davidiana''''' var. '''''japonica''''' <small>Rehder</small>, the '''Japanese Elm''', is one of the larger and more graceful Asiatic elms, endemic to much of continental north-east [[Asia]] and [[Japan]]. It commonly grows to over 30 m tall, with a broad crown comprising pendent branches. [[Augustine Henry]] described one tree at [[Iwamigawa]], [[Hokkaido]], railway station as being 34 m tall, with an untypically clean stem to a height of approximately 15 m <ref name=Elwes> Elwes, H. J. & Henry, A. (1913). ''The Trees of Great Britain & Ireland''. Vol. VII. pp 1848–1929. Private publication. [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/QK488xE4/7tgbi/] </ref>.
The young shoots often bear corky wings, similar to those of the European [[Field Elm]] ''U. minor'', to which it is closely related. The leaves are generally obovate, up to 110 mm long, and with a coarse upper surface. The tree flowers in early spring, before the leaves appear. The [[Samara (fruit)|samarae]] are obovate to orbicular, 15 mm long <ref name=Fu> Fu, L., Xin, Y. & Whittemore, A. (2002). Ulmaceae, in Wu, Z. & Raven, P. (eds) ''Flora of China'', Vol. 5 (Ulmaceae through Basellaceae). Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, USA. [http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/PDF/PDF05/Ulmus.pdf]</ref>.
The tree was introduced to [[North America]] in [[1895]] as seed sent from [[Sapporo]] to the [[Arnold Arboretum]], [[Massachusetts]], whence seedlings were donated to [[Kew Gardens]], [[London]], two years later <ref name=Bean> Bean, W. J. (1981). ''Trees and shrubs hardy in Great Britain''. 7th edition. Murray, London.</ref>.
The Arnold Arboretum specimens grew rapidly, and first flowered aged 12 years. Unlike many Asiatic species, Japanese Elm has also proven tolerant of a mild, maritime climate with high rainfall over winter.
[[Image:Japanese elm leaves.jpg|left|thumb]]
Specimens planted at the [[Sir Harold Hillier Gardens]] in [[Hampshire]], [[England]], in [[1977]] have grown very well on heavy clay in an open location. In trials elsewhere in Hampshire conducted by ''[[Butterfly Conservation]]'', the tree also proved tolerant of dry soils on chalk and soils waterlogged in winter, although growth was comparatively slow <ref name=Brookes> Brookes, A. H. (2006). ''An evaluation of disease-resistant hybrid and exotic elms as larval host plants for the White-letter Hairstreak butterfly, Satyrium w-album''. Part 1. Butterfly Conservation, Lulworth, England.</ref>.
==Cultivars==
Resistant to [[Dutch elm disease]] and [[elm leaf beetle]][http://www.sunshinenursery.com/survey.htm], the tree was assessed in [[Canada]] as a substitute for native elms that had succumbed. Consequently a number of particularly hardy cultivars were released there in the 1980s; two cultivars were also raised in the [[USA]][http://fletcher.ces.state.nc.us/programs/nursery/metria/metria11/warren/elm.htm]: [[Discovery (elm cultivar)|Discovery]], [[Emerald Sunshine (elm cultivar)|Emerald Sunshine]] (formerly treated under ''U. propinqua'' <small>Koidz.</small>),
[[Freedom (elm cultivar)|Freedom]], [[Jacan (elm cultivar)|Jacan]], [[Mitsui Centennial (elm cultivar)|Mitsui Centennial]], [[Prospector (elm cultivar)|Prospector]] (formerly treated under Wilson's Elm ''U. wilsoniana'' <small> C.K. Schneid.</small>), and [[Thomson (elm cultivar)|Thomson]] <ref name=Burdekin> Burdekin, D. A. & Rushforth, K. D. (revised by Webber, J. F., 1996). Elms resistant to Dutch elm disease. ''Arboricultural Research Note 2/96''. Arboricultural Advisory & Information Service, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, England.</ref>.
==Hybrid cultivars==
The Japanese Elm was widely used in the USA in hybridization experiments at the Morton Arboretum and University of Wisconsin <ref name=Santamour> Santamour, J., Frank, S. & Bentz, S. (1995). Updated checklist of elm (Ulmus) cultivars for use in North America. ''Journal of Arboriculture'', 21:3 (May 1995), 121-131. International Society of Arboriculture, Champaign, Illinois, USA </ref> <ref name=Smalley> Smalley, E. B. & Guries, R. P. (1993). Breeding Elms for Resistance to Dutch Elm Disease. ''Annual Review of Phytopathology'' Vol. 31 : 325-354. Palo Alto, California</ref>, resulting in the release of the following cultivars: [[Cathedral (elm hybrid)|Cathedral]], [[Morton, (Accolade)|Morton (<tt>Accolade</tt>)]]. [[Morton Glossy (Triumph)|Morton Glossy (<tt>Triumph</tt>)]], [[Morton Plainsman (Vanguard)|Morton Plainsman (<tt>Vanguard</tt>)]], [[Morton Red Tip (Danada Charm)|Morton Red Tip (<tt>Danada Charm</tt>)]], [[Morton Stalwart (Commendation)|Morton Stalwart (<tt>Commendation</tt>)]], [[New Horizon (elm hybrid)|New Horizon]], [[Patriot (elm cultivar)|Patriot]], [[Rebone (elm cultivar)|Rebone]], [[Repura (elm cultivar)|Repura]], [[Revera (elm cultivar)|Revera]], [[Sapporo Autumn Gold (elm hybrid)|Sapporo Autumn Gold]].
The species has also been crossed with Dutch hybrids by the Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante (IPP) in [[Florence]], [[Italy]]. Three clones are currently (2007) under evaluation in Italy, and [[England]] by ''[[Butterfly Conservation]]'': FL 601, FL 610 and FL 626.
==Arboreta etc. accessions==
;North America
*[[Arnold Arboretum]], acc. nos. 4119 (from cult. material), 917-78, wild collected in Korea.
*[[Brenton Arboretum]], [[Dallas Center]], [[Iowa]], as ''U. wilsoniana''. No details available.
*[[Brooklyn Botanic Garden]] [http://www.bbg.org/cgi/bgbase/search.cgi], [[New York]], acc. no. 780251 (as ''U. japonica'').
*[[Chicago Botanic Garden]], [[Glencoe, Illinois|Glencoe]], [[Illinois]]. 1 tree in the West Collections Area, listed as ''U. propinqua'' var. ''suberosa''.
*[[Dawes Arboretum]] [http://www.dawesarb.org/collectionsgardens/plant-search.asp], [[Newark, Ohio|Newark]], [[Ohio]]. 1 tree, no acc. details available.
*[[Holden Arboretum]], acc. nos. 80-664 (unrecorded provenance), 97-126, wild collected in Korea.
*[[Morton Arboretum]] acc. nos. 514-39, 679-62, 680-62, 354-U, also two others under the synonyms of ''U. propinqua'' <small>Koidz.</small> or Cork Bark Elm (acc. no. 53-96), and ''U. propinqua'' <small>Koidz.</small> var. ''suberosa'', collected from the [[Nei Mongol Zizhiqu]] Autonomus Region, [[China]], (acc. no. 52-95).
;Europe
*[[Brighton & Hove]] City Council, [[UK]], [[NCCPG]] elm collection [http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/index.cfm?request=c1108042]
*Grange Farm, [[Sutton St. James]], [[Spalding]], [[Lincolnshire]], [[UK]], (as ''Ulmus japonica'') acc. no. 514
*Great Fontley Farm, [[Fareham]], [[UK]], ''[[Butterfly Conservation]]'' Elm Trials plantation, Home Field J6, (planted 2002, grown from seed collected from the Great Elm, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan).
*Hortus Botanicus Nationalis, [[Salaspils]], [[Latvia]] acc. nos. 18128,29,30,31.
*[[Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh]], [[UK]], (as ''U. japonica''), acc. no. 19031053.
*[[Royal Botanic Garden]] [[Kew]], [[UK]] acc. nos. 1995-581, 1995-1305
*[[Royal Horticultural Society]] Gardens, [[Wisley]] (as ''U. japonica''), no details available.
*[[Sir Harold Hillier Gardens]], [[UK]], (as ''U. japonica''), acc. nos. 1977.5234, 1977.5972, 1977.6373, 1982.4019, all trees 12 m - 14 m in height.
*[[Thenford]] House arboretum, Oxfordshire, [[UK]], no details available.
==Nurseries==
;North America
*Sunshine Nursery [http://www.sunshinenursery.com/catalogue.htm], [[Clinton, Oklahoma|Clinton]], [[Oklahoma]]
;Europe
Only as cultivar; see [[Ulmus 'Prospector'|'Prospector']]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
*[http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ulda USDA Plant Guide: Ulmus davidiana]
[[Category:Ulmaceae|Elm, Japanese]]
[[ko:느릅나무]]
[[ja:ハルニレ]]