Ulmus parvifolia
1666782
224763678
2008-07-10T09:08:55Z
Casliber
1381068
cat
{{Taxobox
| name = ''Ulmus parvifolia''
| image = Parvifolia leaves.jpg
| image_caption = Chinese Elm leaves, summer
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Dicotyledon|Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Rosales]]
| familia = [[Ulmaceae]]
| genus = ''[[elm|Ulmus]]''
| species = '''''Ulmus parvifolia'''''
| binomial = ''Ulmus parvifolia''
| binomial_authority = [[Nicolaus Joseph von Jacquin|Jacq.]]
| synonyms =
*''Microptelea parvifolia'' <small>Spach</small>
*''Planera parvifolia'' <small>Sweet</small>
*''Ulmus campestris'' var. ''chinensis'' <small>Loudon</small>
*''Ulmus chinensis'' <small>Persoon</small>
*''Ulmus parvifolia'' <small>Maxim., Franch. et Savatier, Forbes & Hemsl., Shirasawa</small>
*''Ulmus virgata'' <small>Roxburgh</small>
}}
'''''Ulmus parvifolia''''' <small>Jacq.</small>, the '''Chinese Elm''', is a [[species]] of [[elm]] native to [[China]], [[Japan]], [[North Korea]] and [[Vietnam]].<ref name=Fu> Fu, L., Xin, Y. & Whittemore, A. (2002). Ulmaceae, in Wu, Z. & Raven, P. (eds) ''Flora of China'', Vol. 5 (Ulmaceae through Basellaceae). Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, USA.http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/PDF/PDF05/Ulmus.pdf</ref>
It is a small to medium-sized [[deciduous]], [[semi-deciduous]] (rarely semi-[[evergreen]]) [[tree]] growing to 10-18 m tall with a slender trunk and crown. The leathery, lustrous green single-toothed [[leaf|leaves]] are small, 2-5 cm long by 1-3 cm broad, and often retained as late as December or even January in [[Europe]] and [[North America]]. The [[flower]]s are produced in early autumn, small and inconspicuous, with the [[seed]] maturing rapidly and dispersing by late autumn. The trunk has a handsome, flaking bark of mottled greys with tans and reds, giving rise to its other common name, the Lacebark Elm, although scarring from major branch loss can lead to large canker-like wounds.<ref name=Bean>Bean, W. J. (1981). ''Trees and shrubs hardy in Great Britain'', 7th edition. Murray, London.</ref><ref name=White>White, J & More, D. (2003). ''Trees of Britain & Northern Europe''. Cassell's, London.</ref><ref>http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus/uparvifolia.htm</ref><ref>[http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ULPU PLANTS Profile for Ulmus pumila (Siberian elm) | USDA PLANTS<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
One of the tree's major distinctions is its resistance to insect attack. It was adjudged as having the best pest resistance of about 200 taxa evaluated in elm trials at the Sunshine Nursery, [[Oklahoma]].<ref>http://www.greenbeam.com/rs/nm_pdfs/16338_013.pdf</ref> Moreover, ''U. parvifolia'' is one of the cold-hardiest of the Chinese species. In artificial freezing tests at the [[Morton Arboretum]].<ref name=Shirazi>Shirazi, A. M. & Ware, G. H. (2004). ''Evaluation of New Elms from China for Cold Hardiness in Northern Latitudes''. International Symposium on Asian Plant Diversity & Systematics 2004, [[Sakura]], [[Japan]].</ref> the [[LT50]] (temp. at which 50% of tissues die) was found to be - 34 °[[Celsius|C]].
==Cultivation and uses==
The tree is arguably the most ubiquitous of the elms, now found in all the continents except [[Antarctica]]. Of considerable horticultural merit, it was described by Hilliers as "one of the most splendid elms, having the poise of a graceful [[Nothofagus]]".<ref name=Hilliers'>''Hilliers' Manual of Trees & Shrubs'', 4th edition, [[1977]], David & Charles, Newton Abbot, England </ref> It was introduced to [[Europe]] at the end of the 18th century as an ornamental, and is found in many botanical gardens and arboreta. In the [[United States]], it appeared in the middle of the 19th century, and has proved very popular in recent years as a replacement for [[American Elm]]s killed by [[Dutch elm disease]]. The Chinese Elm is a tough landscape tree, hardy enough for use in harsh planting situations such as parking lots, in small planters along streets and in plazas or patios. In [[New Zealand]], it was found to be particularly suitable for windswept locations along the coast. Chinese Elms are frequently used in [[bonsai]]; they are considered a good choice for beginners owing to their high tolerance of pruning.
==Invasive species==
The tree can become invasive, notably in southern [[Africa]], and is known as one of the 'Nasty Nine' in [[Namibia]], where it was widely planted as a street tree, notably in [[Windhoek]]. The Chinese Elm has also shown [[invasive species]] tendencies in some gardens in North America.<ref>http://www.powellgardens.org/Forms/InvasivePlants.pdf</ref>
==Species & varieties==
*[[Ulmus parvifolia var. coreana|''Ulmus parvifolia'' var. ''coreana'']] <small>Nakai</small>
==Forms==
*''[[Ulmus parvifolia f. lanceolata]]'' <small>Ueki</small>
==Cultivars==
Numerous [[cultivar]]s have been raised, mostly in North America:
*[[Ulmus parvifolia 'A. Ross Central Park'|A. Ross Central Park (<tt>Central Park Splendor</tt>)]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'BSNUPF'|BSNUPF (<tt>Everclear</tt>)]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Burgundy'|Burgundy]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Burnley Select'|Burnley Select]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Catlin'|Catlin]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Chessins'|Chessins]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Churchyard'|Churchyard]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Cork Bark'|Cork Bark]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'D.B.Cole'|D.B.Cole]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Drake'|Drake]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Dwarf Weeper'|Dwarf Weeper]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Dynasty'|Dynasty]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Ed Wood'|Ed Wood]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Elsmo'|Elsmo]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Emer I' or 'Emerald Isle'|Emer I or Emerald Isle (<tt>Athena</tt>)]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Emer II' or 'Emerald Vase'|Emer II or Emerald Vase (<tt>Allee</tt>)]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Emerald Prairie'|Emerald Prairie]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Frosty'|Frosty]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Garden City Clone'|Garden City Clone]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Geisha'|Geisha]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Glory'|Glory]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Golden Rey'|Golden Rey]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Hallelujah'|Hallelujah]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Harzam'|Harzam (<tt>Harrison</tt>)]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Hokkaido'|Hokkaido]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Jade Empress'|Jade Empress]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'King's Choice'|King's Choice]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Littleleaf'|Littleleaf]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Lois Hole'|Lois Hole]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Matthew'|Matthew]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Milliken'|Milliken]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Nire-keyaki'|Nire-keyaki]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Ohio'|Ohio]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Orange Ribbon'|Orange Ribbon]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Pathfinder'|Pathfinder]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Pendens'|Pendens]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Prairie Shade'|Prairie Shade]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Red Fall'|Red Fall]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Sabamiki'|Sabamiki]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Sagei'|Sagei]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Seiju'|Seiju]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Select 380'|Select 380]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Sempervirens'|Sempervirens]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'State Fair'|State Fair]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Stone's Dwarf'|Stone's Dwarf]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Taiwan'|Taiwan]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'The Thinker'|The Thinker]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Todd'|Todd]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'UPMTF'|UPMTF (<tt>Bosque</tt>)]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Ware's'|Ware's]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Yarralumla'|Yarralumla (<tt>Yarralumla</tt>)]],[[Ulmus parvifolia 'Yatsubusa'|Yatsubusa]], [[Ulmus parvifolia 'Zettler'|Zettler (<tt>Heritage</tt>)]]
==Hybrid cultivars==
An autumn flowering species, whereas most other elms flower in spring, hybrids have accordingly been very few:
*[[Frontier (elm hybrid)|Frontier]]
Also ''U.'' '240' (''U. minor'' var. ''minor'' × ''U. parvifolia'') raised at [[Wageningen]] but never commercially released; a few specimens survive as part of the [[Brighton & Hove]] CC [[NCCPG]] Elm Collection at [[Stanmer Park]], planted in [[1965]].
==Arboreta etc. accessions==
;North America
*[[Arnold Arboretum]], acc. nos. 1353-73, 17917, 195-90, 197-90.
*[[Bartlett Tree Experts]], acc. nos. 5546, 8109.
*[[Brenton Arboretum]], [[Dallas Center]], [[Iowa]]. No details available.
*[[Brooklyn Botanic Garden]], [[New York]], acc. nos. 000880, 160001, 20020466, 850222, X00450, X00485, X02727, X02771.<ref>[http://www.bbg.org/cgi/bgbase/search.cgi Brooklyn Botanic Garden: Plant Records<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
*[[Fullerton Arboretum]], [[California State University]], acc. no. 80-036.<ref>http://arboretum.fullerton.edu/gardens/results.asp</ref>
*[[Chicago Botanic Garden]], [[Glencoe, Illinois|Glencoe]], [[Illinois]]. 2 trees, no other details available.
*[[Holden Arboretum]], acc. nos. 57-1241, 80-665, 84-1214, 90-323.
*[[Longwood Gardens]], acc. nos. 1957-1058, 1959-1500, 1960-1138, 1991-0981.
*[[Missouri Botanical Garden]], [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]], acc. nos. 1986-0108, 1986-0276, 1986-0277, 1987-0019, 199-3195, 1996-3462.
*[[Morris Arboretum]], [[University of Pennsylvania]], acc. no. 32-0052-A.<ref>[http://www.business-services.upenn.edu/arboretum/living2.html The Morris Arboretum of the University of Pennsylvania<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
*[[Morton Arboretum]], acc. nos. 991-27, 772-54, 1231-57, 558-83, 52-96.
*[[New York Botanical Garden]], acc. nos. 195/56, 486/91, 68072.
*[[Phipps Conservatory and Botanic Gardens]], acc. no. 99/0542
*[[Scott Arboretum]], acc. nos. 83-006, 83-058, 91-050, 2001-212UN.
*[[Smith College]], acc. no. 42894.
;Europe
*[[Brighton & Hove]] City Council, [[UK]], [[NCCPG]] Elm Collection.<ref>[http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/index.cfm?request=c1108042 Brighton & Hove City Council - national elm collection annual report<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
*[[Cambridge Botanic Garden]] [http://www.botanic.cam.ac.uk/], [[University of Cambridge]], [[UK]], no accession details available.
*[[Dyffryn Gardens]], [[Glamorgan]], UK champion, 13 m high, 37 cm [[d.b.h.]], last surveyed [[1997]] <ref name=Johnson>Johnson, Owen (ed.) (2003). ''Champion Trees of Britain & Ireland''. Whittet Press, [[ISBN 9781873580615]].</ref>.
*Grange Farm, [[Sutton St. James]], [[Spalding]], [[Lincolnshire]], [[UK]], acc. no. 516.
*Hortus Botanicus Nationalis, [[Salaspils]], [[Latvia]] acc. nos. 18150, 18151.
*[[Royal Botanic Gardens Kew]], acc. nos. 1979-1613, 1979-1614, 1982-8479, 1982-8505, 1982-6280, 1982-6284, 2002-137, 2003-1267, 2005-1076.
*[[Royal Botanic Gardens]] [[Wakehurst Place]], acc. nos. 1969-33664, 1969-35133, 1973-21049, 1973-21525.
*[[Royal Horticultural Society]] Gardens, [[Wisley]], [[UK]]. No details available.
*[[Strona Arboretum]], University of Life Sciences, [[Warsaw]], [[Poland]].
*[[Thenford]] House arboretum, [[Banbury]], [[UK]]. No details available.
*[[University of Copenhagen]] Botanic Garden, acc. nos. S1956-1338, S1997-1304.
*[[Westonbirt Arboretum]],[[Tetbury]], [[Gloucestershire|Glos.]], [[UK]], planted 1981 (no acc. no.).<ref>[http://www.forestry.gov.uk/forestry/infd-62qk8w Forestry Commission - The Forestry Commission - The National Arboreta<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
;Australasia
*[[Eastwoodhill Arboretum]], [[Gisborne]], [[New Zealand]], 9 trees, details not known.<ref>[http://www.eastwoodhill.org.nz/gardens--collection/collection.aspx?Type=&G=Ulmus Eastwoodhill | National Arboretum of New Zealand<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
==Nurseries==
Widely available in North America, Europe, and Australasia.
==Images==
<gallery>
Image:Ulmus parvifolia, juvenile.jpg|Ulmus parvifolia Juvenile
Image:Ulmus Parvifolia.JPG|Ulmus Parvifolia Bonsai
</gallery>
==External links==
*http://fletcher.ces.state.nc.us/programs/nursery/metria/metria11/warren/elm.htm
The Status of Elms in the Nursery Industry in 2000, by Warren, K., and Schmidt,
J. Frank & Son Co. (2002).
==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Ulmaceae|Elm, Chinese]]
[[Category:Plants used in bonsai]]
[[de:Chinesische Ulme]]
[[fr:Orme de Chine]]
[[ko:참느릅나무]]
[[ja:アキニレ]]