Ulmus pumila 3642692 225363106 2008-07-13T08:24:26Z Ficbot 5340240 robot Adding: [[fr:Ulmus pumila]] {{Taxobox | status = LC | name = ''Ulmus pumila'' | image = Ulmus pumila.jpg | image_caption = Cultivated Specimen<br>[[Morton Arboretum]] Acc. 325-70-4 | regnum = [[Plant]]ae | divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[Dicotyledon|Magnoliopsida]] | ordo = [[Rosales]] | familia = [[Ulmaceae]] | genus = ''[[Elm|Ulmus]]'' | species = '''''U. pumila''''' | binomial = ''Ulmus pumila'' | binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]] | synonyms = *''Ulmus campestris'' <small> L.</small> var. ''pumila'' <small>(L.) Maxim.</small> *''Ulmus humilis'' <small>Amman ex Steud.</small> *''Ulmus manshurica'' <small> Nakai</small> *''Ulmus pumila'' var. ''genuina'' <small> Skvort. </small> *''Ulmus pumila'' var. ''microphylla'' <small> Persoon</small> }} '''''Ulmus pumila''''' <small>L.</small>, the '''Siberian Elm''', is native to [[Turkestan]], eastern [[Siberia]], [[Mongolia]], [[Xizang]] ([[Tibet]]), northern [[China]], [[India]] (northern Kashmir) and [[Korea]] <ref name=Fu>Fu, L., Xin, Y. & Whittemore, A. (2002). Ulmaceae, in Wu, Z. & Raven, P. (eds) ''Flora of China'', Vol. 5 (Ulmaceae through Basellaceae). Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, USA. [http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/PDF/PDF05/Ulmus.pdf] </ref>. It is also known as the '''Asiatic Elm, Dwarf Elm''' and (erroneously) '''Chinese Elm'''. The tree has also been widely cultivated throughout [[Asia]], [[North America]] and, to a lesser extent, southern [[Europe]]. It is usually a small to medium-sized, often bushy, [[tree]] growing to 10 - 20 m tall, with a trunk up to 80 cm [[diameter at breast height|d.b.h]]. The [[leaf|leaves]] are [[deciduous]] in cold areas, but [[evergreen|semi-evergreen]] in warmer climates, < 7 cm long and < 3 cm broad, with an oblique base and a coarsely serrated margin, changing from dark green to yellow in [[autumn]]. The wind-dispersed fruit develops in a flat, oval membranous wing (:[[Samara (fruit)|samara]]) 1 - 1.5 cm long and notched at the outer end <ref name=Elwes>Elwes, H. J. & Henry, A. (1913). ''The Trees of Great Britain & Ireland''. Vol. VII. pp 1848&ndash;1929. Private publication. [http://fax.libs.uga.edu/QK488xE4/7tgbi/] </ref> <ref name=Rushforth>Rushforth, K. (1999). ''Trees''. Collins.</ref> <ref name=Huxley>Huxley, A. (1992). ''The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening''. Macmillan.</ref>. The tree is shortlived in temperate climates, rarely reaching more than 60 years of age, but in its native environment may live to between 100 and 150 years [http://www.northern.edu/natsource/TREESA1/Siberi1.htm]. [[Image:Ulmus pumila leaves.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Foliage]] ==Ecology== The Siberian elm has a high sunlight requirement and is not shade-tolerant. With adequate light it exhibits rapid growth. It is also fairly intolerant of wet ground conditions, growing better on well-drained soils. The species shows considerable variability in [[Dutch elm disease]] resistance <ref name=Smalley>Smalley, E. & Guries, R. P. ([[1993]]). Breeding elms for resistance to Dutch elm disease. ''Annual Review of Phytopathology'', 31, 325-352</ref>. While is very resistant to drought and severe cold, and able to grow on poor soils, its short period of [[dormancy]], flowering early in spring followed by continuous growth until the first frosts of autumn, <ref name=Geng>Geng, M. A. (1989). A provenance test with elm (Ulmus pumila L.) in China. ''Silvae Genetica'' 32 (2), 37-44.</ref> renders it vulnerable to frost damage. Moreover, like many other elms in North America it is highly susceptible to damage from many insects and parasites, including the [[elm leaf beetle]], [[powdery mildew]], cankers, [[aphids]], and [[leaf spot]]. However, it is the most resistant of all the elms to [[verticillium wilt]] <ref name=Pegg>Pegg, G. F. & Brady, B. L. (2002). ''Verticillium Wilts''. CABI Publishing. [[ISBN 0851995292]]</ref>. ;Invasiveness In North America it has become an [[invasive species]] from [[Utah]] east to [[Kansas]] and north to [[Ontario]]. It is found in abundance along railroads and in abandoned lots and on disturbed ground. The gravel along railroad beds provides ideal conditions for its growth: well-drained, nutrient poor soil, and high light conditions, and these beds provide corridors which facilitate its spread. Owing to its high sunlight requirements, it seldom invades mature forests, and is primarily a problem in cities and open areas <ref name=National>National Audubon Society (2002). ''Field Guide to North American Trees'', Western Region, p. 419-420</ref>. In [[South America]], the tree has spread across much of the Argentinian [[pampas]] <ref name=Villamil>Villamil, C. B., Zalba, S. M. ''Red de información sobre especies exóticas invasoras - I3N-Argentina'' Universidad Nacional del Sur Bahía Blanca, Argentina</ref>. ==Cultivation and uses== ''U. pumila'' was introduced to North America by [[Frans Nicholaas Meijer|Frank Meyer]] [http://asaweb.huh.harvard.edu:8080/databases/botanists?id=131899], who whilst in the employ of the [[USDA]] made several collecting expeditions to the [[Far East]]. The tree was initially cultivated at the USDA Experimental Station at [[Mandan, North Dakota|Mandan]], [[North Dakota]], where it flourished <ref name=Klingaman>Klingaman, G. (1999). Plant of the Week: Siberian Elm. ''Extension News'', University of Arkansas, Division of Agriculture.</ref>. It was consequently selected by the USDA for planting in shelter belts acoss the prairies in the aftermath of the [[Dustbowl]] disasters, where its rapid growth and tolerance for drought and cold initially made it a great success, however it later proved susceptible to numerous maladies. Attempts to find a more suitable cultivar were initiated in [[1997]] by the Plant Materials Center of the [[USDA]], which established experimental plantations at [[Akron, Colorado]] and [[Sidney, Nebraska]]. The study, no. 201041K, will conclude in 2020. As an [[ornamental]] it is a very poor tree, tending to be short-lived, with brittle wood and poor crown shape, but has nevertheless enjoyed some popularity owing to its rapid growth and provision of shade. The Siberian Elm has been described by Prof. Michael Dirr as "one of, if not ''the'', world's worst trees...a poor ornamental that does not deserve to be planted anywhere" <ref name=Dirr>Dirr, M. (1975). ''Manual of Woody Landscape Plants''. Stipes Publishing LLC. Champaign, Illinois.</ref>. Yet in the USA during the 1950s, the tree was also widely promoted as a fast growing hedging substitute for [[Privet]], and as a consequence is now commonly found in nearly all states <ref name=Klingaman>Klingaman, G. (1999). Plant of the Week: Siberian Elm. ''Extension News'', University of Arkansas, Division of Agriculture.</ref>. In the [[UK]], its popularity has been almost exclusively as a [[bonsai]] subject, and mature trees are largely restricted to arboreta. Introduced into [[Spain]] in the 16th century, and later [[Italy]], it has naturally hybridized with the [[Field Elm]] ''U. minor''. In Italy it was widely used in viniculture, notably in the [[Po]] valley, to support vines until the 1950s, when the demands of mechanization made it unsuitable. ==Subpecies & varieties== One variety is recognized: [[Ulmus pumila var. arborea|var. ''arborea'']] <small>Litv.</small>. ==Cultivars== Valued for the high resistance of some clones to [[Dutch elm disease]], over a dozen selections have been made to produce hardy ornamental cultivars, although several may no longer be in cultivation: *[[Ulmus 'Ansaloni'|Ansaloni]], [[Ulmus 'Aurescens'|Aurescens]], [[Ulmus 'Chinkota'|Chinkota]], [[Ulmus 'Dropmore'|Dropmore]], [[Ulmus 'Green King'|Green King]], [[Ulmus 'Hansen'|Hansen]], [[Ulmus 'Harbin'|Harbin]], [[Ulmus 'Manchu'|Manchu]], [[Ulmus 'Mr. Buzz'|Mr. Buzz]], [[Ulmus 'Park Royal'|Park Royal]], [[Ulmus 'Pendula' (Siberian elm cultivar)|Pendula]], [[Ulmus 'Pyramidalis Fiorei'|Pyramidalis Fiorei]], [[Ulmus 'Variegata' (Siberian elm cultivar)|Variegata]] ==Hybrid cultivars== The species has been widely hybridized in the [[USA]] and [[Italy]] to create robust trees of more native appearance with high levels of resistance to Dutch elm disease: *[[Arno (elm hybrid)|Arno]], [[Cathedral (elm hybrid)|Cathedral]], [[Coolshade (elm hybrid)|Coolshade]], [[Fiorente (elm hybrid)|Fiorente]], [[Homestead (elm hybrid)|Homestead]], [[Lincoln (elm cultivar)|Lincoln]], [[Ulmus 'Morton Plainsman'|Morton Plainsman (<tt>Vanguard <small>TM</small></tt>)]], [[Ulmus 'Morton Stalwart'|Morton Stalwart (<tt>Commendation <small>TM</small></tt>)]], [[New Horizon (elm hybrid)|New Horizon]], [[Plinio (elm cultivar)|Plinio]], [[Regal (elm hybrid)|Regal]], [[Rosehill (elm hybrid)|Rosehill]], [[San Zanobi (elm cultivar)|San Zanobi]], [[Urban (elm cultivar)|Urban]], [[Willis (elm hybrid)|Willis]]. Also ''U.'' '260' (''Ulmus × hollandica'' 'Vegeta' × ''Ulmus pumila'') raised at [[Wageningen]] but never commercially released; a few specimens survive as part of the [[Brighton & Hove]] CC [[NCCPG]] Elm Collection at Happy Valley Park, [[Woodingdean]]; Crespin Way, Hollingdean (10 trees), The Highway, Moulsecoomb (1 tree) and Royal Pavilion Gardens (1 tree). ==Arboreta etc accessions== ;North America *[[Arnold Arboretum]], acc. nos. 17923, 638-79, 673-87. *[[Denver Botanic Gardens]], acc. no. 900534. *[[Holden Arboretum]], acc. nos. 99-868, 72-218 *[[Longwood Gardens]], acc. no. 1962-0512. *[[Morton Arboretum]], acc. nos. 542-49, [http://www.cirrusimage.com/tree_Siberian_Elm.htm 325-70], 53-74, 172-U. *[[UBC Botanical Garden and Centre for Plant Research]] acc. no. 027560-0284-1989. ;Europe *[[Brighton & Hove]] City Council, [[UK]], [[NCCPG]] Elm Collection[http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/index.cfm?request=c1108042]. *Grange Farm, [[Sutton St. James]], [[Spalding]], [[Lincolnshire]], [[UK]], acc. no. 521. *[[Hergest Croft Gardens]], [[Kington, Herefordshire|Kington]], [[Herefordshire]], UK. One tree, no accession details available. *Hortus Botanicus Nationalis, [[Salaspils]], [[Latvia]] acc. nos. 18162,3,4. *[[Mote Park]], [[Maidstone]], UK. UK champion 22 m high, 66 cm [[d.b.h.]] in [[1995]]. <ref name=Johnson>Johnson, Owen (ed.) (2003). ''Champion Trees of Britain & Ireland''. Whittet Press, [[ISBN 9781873580615]].</ref>. *[[Royal Botanic Garden]], [[Wakehurst Place]], [[UK]], acc. no. 2000-4449. *[[Strona Arboretum]] [http://arboretum.sggw.pl/wykaz_u.html], University of Life Sciences, [[Warsaw]], [[Poland]]. 2 trees, no accession details available. *[[Westonbirt Arboretum]] [http://www.forestry.gov.uk/forestry/infd-62qk8w],[[Tetbury]], [[Gloucestershire|Glos.]], [[UK]], two trees planted 1981 (no acc. nos.). ;Australasia *Alma Park, [[St Kilda, Victoria]], [[Australia]], one specimen, listed on the [[National Trust of Australia|National Trust]] of Victoria's Significant Tree Register. *[[Eastwoodhill Arboretum]] [http://www.eastwoodhill.org.nz/gardens--collection/collection.aspx?Type=&G=Ulmus], [[Gisborne]], [[New Zealand]], 2 trees, details not known. ==Nurseries== ;North America *Cumberland Mountain Nursery, [[Beersheba Springs]], TN. [http://www.cumberlandmountainnursery.com/] *Mingo Nursery, [[Winchester, Tennessee|Winchester]], TN. [http://www.mingonursery.com/] ;Europe *Beeches Nursery, [[Saffron Walden]], [[UK]], [http://www.beechesnursery.co.uk]. *Jardineria Sils [http://www.jardineriasils.com/productes.asp?ordre=u], Sils, [[Girona]], [[Spain]]. *Norfields, [[Usk]], [[Monmouthshire]], [[UK]], [http://www.norfields.co.uk]. *UmbraFlor [http://www.umbraflor.it], [[Spello]], [[Italy]] *Weasdale Nursery, [[Kirkby Stephen]], [[UK]], [http://www.weasdale.com]. ;Australasia *Established Tree Planters Pty. Ltd., [[Wandin, Victoria]], Australia. [http://establishedtrees.com.au] ==Seed suppliers== *B and T World Seeds, Paguignan, 34210 Aigues-Vives, France [http://www.b-and-t-world-seeds.com/alaCart.asp] *Chiltern Seeds, Bortree Stile, Ulverston, Cumbria, LA12 7PB, England [http://www.chilternseeds.co.uk] *Lawyer Nursery, Montana Highway, 6625 West Plains, MT., USA [http://www.lawyernursery.com/maggies/specsd.htm] *Sandeman Seeds, 7 Route de Burosse, 64350 Lalongue, France [http://www.sandemanseeds.com/acatalog/Trees_and_shrubs_Ulmus.html] *Sheffield's Seeds Co. Inc. [http://www.sheffields.com/products/simple_search], [[New York]], [[USA]]. ==References== {{Commons|Ulmus pumila}} {{reflist}} ==External links== *[http://www.plant-materials.nrcs.usda.gov/pubs/kspmctr6729.pdf] See pages 42,43. Evaluation of the Siberian Elm (Ulmus pumila), USDA. *[http://www.cirrusimage.com/tree_Siberian_Elm.htm Siberian Elm, ''Ulmus pumila''] Diagnostic photographs; specimen at [[Morton Arboretum]] *[http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ULPU USDA Plant Guide: ''Ulmus pumila''] *[http://www.fao.org//docrep/006/ad110e/ad110e01.htm] Notes on Elm in the Korqin Sandy Lands, Northeast China. [[Category:Ulmaceae|Elm, Siberian]] [[Category:Flora of Kashmir]] [[fr:Ulmus pumila]] [[ko:비술나무]] [[it:Ulmus pumila]]