Unconventional warfare
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2008-06-25T19:12:43Z
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{{history of war}}
'''Unconventional warfare''' (abbreviated '''UW''') is the opposite of [[conventional warfare]]. Where conventional warfare is used to reduce an opponent's [[military]] capability, unconventional warfare is an attempt to achieve military victory through acquiescence, capitulation, or clandestine support for one side of an existing conflict.
On the surface, UW contrasts with [[conventional warfare]] in that: forces or objectives are covert or not well-defined, tactics and weapons intensify environments of subversion or intimidation, and the general or long-term goals are [[coercion|coercive]] or [[Subversion (politics)|subversive]] to a political body.
==Objectives==
The general objective of unconventional warfare is to instill a belief that peace and security are not possible without compromise or concession. Specific objectives include inducement of war weariness, curtailment of civilian [[standard of living|standards of living]] and [[civil liberty|civil liberties]] associated with greater security demands, economic hardship linked to the costs of war; hopelessness to defend against assaults, fear, depression, and disintegration of [[morale]]. The ultimate goal of this type of [[war]]fare is to motivate an enemy to stop attacking or resisting even if it has the ''ability'' to continue. Failing this, a secondary objective can be to emasculate the enemy before a conventional attack.
==Methods and organization==
Unconventional warfare targets civilian population and political bodies directly, seeking to render the military proficiency of the enemy irrelevant. Limited [[conventional warfare]] tactics can be used unconventionally to demonstrate might and power, rather than to substantially reduce the enemy's ability to fight. In addition to the coercive use of traditional weapons, armaments that primarily target civilians can be used: [[atomic weapons]], urban [[incendiary device]]s, [[White phosphorus (weapon)|white phosphorus]] or other such weapons. [[Special forces]], inserted behind an enemy's front line, can be used unconventionally to spread subversion and propaganda, to aid native resistance fighters, and to ultimately build environments of fear and confusion. Tactics of destroying non-military infrastructure and [[blockade|blockading]] civilian staples are used to decrease the morale of civilians and, when applicable, also the soldiers in the field through concern for their families. [[Globalization]] dissenters broadly criticize the managed-trade system as a planet-wide version of the [[Circumvallation|blockading tactic]] of unconventional warfare.
==Definitions and organization==
{{details|Unconventional warfare (U.S. Department of Defense doctrine)}}
[[Image:Simpleguorg.jpg|right|thumb|Unconventional warfare structure by guerilla organizations.]]
The [[United States Department of Defense]] defines UW as a broad spectrum of military and paramilitary operations, normally of long duration, predominantly conducted through, with, or by indigenous or surrogate forces who are organized, trained, equipped, supported, and directed in varying degrees by an external source. It includes, but is not limited to, [[guerrilla warfare]], [[subversion]], [[sabotage]], [[Intelligence (information gathering)|intelligence activities]], and [[Extraction (military)|unconventional assisted recovery]]. Organization varies by culture and type of conflict. In the ''People's Wars'' conflicts of Vietnam and China, a clear structure of rural bases, different troop types and leadership by a strong centralized political group or party prevailed. In other conflicts the pattern is more fragmented, and unconventional warfare need not rely on rural bases at all. Generally, organization is divided into political or military wings.
==See also==
* [[Asymmetric warfare]]
* [[Coercion]]
* [[Conventional warfare]]
* [[Fourth generation warfare]]
* [[Gladio]]
* [[Guerrilla warfare]]
* [[Irregular military]]
* [[Low-intensity operations]]
*[[NLF and PAVN strategy, organization and structure]]
*[[NLF and PAVN logistics and equipment]]
*[[NLF and PAVN battle tactics]]
* [[Operation Phantom Fury]]
* [[Partisan (military)]]
* [[Psychological warfare]]
* [[Resistance movement]]
* [[Special forces]]
* [[Terrorism]]
* [[Unrestricted Warfare (book)]]
* A seminal work on unconventional [[stay-behind]] warfare is Major [[Hans von Dach]]'s ''[[Der Totale Widerstand]] ([[Total Resistance (book)]])''.
==External links==
*[http://insurgencyresearchgroup.wordpress.com/ Insurgency Research Group] - Multi-expert blog dedicated to the study of insurgency and the development of counter-insurgency policy.
* [http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/academic/history/marshall/military/mil_hist_inst/w/warfr5.asc Allied war terminology (File #5a)]
* [http://www.goarmy.com/special_forces/unconventional_warfare.jsp goarmy.com/special_forces/unconventional_warfare]
* [http://www.highbeam.com/library/docfree.asp?DOCID=1G1:78397582&ctrlInfo=Round18%3AMode18c%3ADocG%3AResult&ao= Unconventional Warfare: Definitions from 1950 to the Present]
* [http://www.statecraft.org/index.html Instruments of Statecraft: U.S. Guerrilla Warfare, Counterinsurgency, and Counterterrorism, 1940-1990]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4808342.stm Pentagon plans cyber-insect army]
[[Category:Warfare by type]]
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