United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti
2163239
225678721
2008-07-14T21:28:22Z
Mattisse
1386816
/* United Nations reports and resolutions */ delink dates
[[Image:EB Haiti.jpg|right|thumb|[[Brazilian Army]] troops before boarding for MINUSTAH [[peacekeeping]] mission.]]
The '''United Nations Stabilization Mission In Haiti''' ({{lang-fr|Mission des Nations Unies pour la stabilisation en Haïti}}), also known as '''MINUSTAH''', an [[acronym]] of the French translation, is a [[United Nations]] [[peacekeeping]] mission in [[Haiti]] that has been in operation since 2004. The mission's military component is led by the [[Brazilian Army]] and the [[Chilean army]]. The force commander is Brazilian. The current UN mission is authorized until October, 2008. As of May, 2008, the force was composed of a total of 9,055 uniformed personnel which included 7,174 troops and 1,881 police, supported by an international civilian personnel, a local civilian staff and United Nations Volunteers<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.un.org/depts/dpko/missions/minustah/facts.html
|title=Haiti - MINUSTAH - Facts and Figures
|publisher=un.org
|accessdate=2007-08-14
}}
</ref>
==Current status==
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Sas.JPG|thumb|Chilean [[Mowag Piranha]] 6X6 in the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in [[Haiti]].]] -->
[[Image:Casco azul con una niña.jpg|thumb|180px|rigth|[[Brazil]]ian MINUSTAH soldier with a Haitian girl.]]
Although the United Nations Stabilization Mission (MINUSTAH) has been in Haiti since 2004, it continues to struggle for control over the armed gangs. It maintains an armed checkpoint at the entrance to the [[shanty town]] of [[Cité Soleil]] and the road is blocked with armed vehicles.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.redcross.int/EN/mag/magazine2006_2/10-11.html
|title= Hoping for change in Haiti’s Cité-Soleil
|publisher=International Red Cross
|accessdate=2007-08-16
}}
</ref> In January 2006, two [[Jordan]]ian peacekeepers were killed in Cité Soleil.<ref>{{cite web
|year=2006
|month=January 18
|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4622772.stm
|title=Two UN soldiers killed in Haiti
|publisher=BBC News
|accessdate=2007-08-16
}}</ref> In October 2006 a heavily armed group of the [[Haitian National Police]] were able to enter Cité Soleil for the first time in three years and were able to remain one hour as armored UN troops patrolled the area. Since this is where the armed gangs take their kidnap victims, the police's ability to penetrate the area even for such a short time was seen as a sign of progress.<ref name="police">{{cite web
|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/caribbean/news/story/2006/10/061004_soleil.shtml
|title=Haiti police visit gang stronghold
|publisher=BBC Caribbean
|accessdate=2007-08-02
}}
</ref> The situation of continuing violence is similar in [[Port-au-Prince]]. Ex-soldiers, supporters of the ex-president, occupied the home of ex-president [[Jean-Bertrand Aristide]] against the wishes of the Haitian government.<ref>{{cite web
|year=2004
|month=December 16
|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4100091.stm
|title=Ex-soldiers occupy Aristide home
|publisher=BBC News
|accessdate=2007-08-16
}}</ref> Before Christmas 2006 the UN force announced that it would take a tougher stance against gang members in Port-au-Prince, but since then the atmosphere there has not improved and the armed roadblocks and barbed wire barricades have not been moved. After four people were killed and another six injured in a UN operation exchange of fire with criminals in Cité Soleil in late January 2007, the United States announced that it would contribute $20 million to create jobs in Cité Soleil.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=36772
|title=HAITI: Poor Residents of Capital Describe a State of Siege
|publisher=ipsnews
|accessdate=2007-08-02
}}
</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/caribbean/news/story/2007/02/070202_citesoleilaid.shtml
|title=US aid for Cite Soleil
|publisher=BBC Caribbean
|accessdate=2007-08-02
}}
</ref>
In early February 2007, 700 UN troops flooded Cité Soleil resulting in a major gun battle. Although the troop make regular forcible entries into the area, a spokesperson said this one was the largest attempted so far by the UN troops.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/caribbean/news/story/2007/02/070211_unhaiti.shtml
|title=UN troops flood into Haiti slum
|publisher=BBC New
|accessdate=2007-08-14
}}
</ref>
On [[28 July]] [[2007]], [[Edmond Mulet]], the UN Special Representative in Haiti and MINUSTAH Mission Chief, warned of a sharp increase in [[lynching]]s and other mob attacks in Haiti. He said MINUSTAH, which now has 9,000 troops there, will launch a campaign to remind people lynchings are a crime.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6920240.stm
|title=UN concerned at Haiti lynchings
|publisher=BBC News
|accessdate=2007-08-02
}}
</ref>
On [[2 August]] [[2007]], [[UN Secretary-General]] [[Ban Ki Moon]] arrived in Haiti due assess the role of the UN forces, announcing that he would visit Cité Soleil during his visit. He said that it was Haiti's largest slum and as such was the most important target for U.N. peace keepers in gaining control over the armed gangs. During his visit he announced an extension of the mandate of the UN forces in Haiti.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/caribbean/news/story/2007/08/070802_haitun.shtml
|title=UN chief visits Haiti
|publisher=BBC Caribbean
|accessdate=2007-08-15
}}
</ref>
President [[René Préval]] has expressed ambivalent feelings about the UN security presence, stating “if the Haitian people were asked if they wanted the UN forces to leave they would say yes.”<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/caribbean/news/story/2007/08/070802_haitun.shtml
|title=UN chief visits Haiti
|publisher=BBC Caribbean
|accessdate=2007-08-02
}}
</ref>Survivors frequently blame the UN peace keepers for deaths of relatives.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://observer.guardian.co.uk/world/story/0,,2047451,00.html
|title=Haiti's children die in UN crossfire
|publisher=Guardian Unlimited
|accessdate=2007-08-02
}}
</ref>
In April of 2008, Haiti was facing a severe food crisis as well as governmental destabilization to to Parliament's failure to ratify the president's choice of a prime minister. There were severe riots and the UN force fired rubber bullets in Port au Prince and the riot calmed.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7341683.stm
|title=BBC NEWS | Americas | Calm returns to Haiti after riots
|publisher=news.bbc.co.uk
|accessdate=2008-07-13}}
</ref> The head of MINUSTAH has called for a new government to be chosen as soon as possible. Meanwhile, the UN is providing emergency food.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7353712.stm
|title=BBC NEWS | Americas | UN appeals to Haitian politicians
|publisher=news.bbc.co.uk
|accessdate=2008-07-13}}</ref>
==United Nations reports and resolutions==
On 23 February, 2004, the [[United Nations Security Council]] was convened at the request of [[CARICOM]] for the first time in four years to address the deteriorating situation in Haiti.<ref name="UN_SPV4917_2004">{{UN document |docid=S-PV-4917 |date=[[26 February]] [[2004]] |type=Verbatim Report |body=Security Council |meeting=4917 |accessdate=2007-10-18}}</ref>
On 29 February, 2004, the [[United Nations Security Council|Security Council]] passed a resolution "taking note of the resignation of [[Jean-Bertrand Aristide]] as President of Haiti and the swearing-in of President [[Boniface Alexandre]] as the acting President of Haiti in accordance with the Constitution of Haiti" and authorized the immediate deployment of a Multinational Interim Force.<ref name="UN_SRES15292004">{{UN document |docid=S-RES-1529(2004) |type=Resolution |body=Security Council |year=2004 |resolution_number=1529 |accessdate=2007-10-18|date=[[29 February]] [[2004]]}}</ref>
On 30 April, 2004, MINUSTAH was established and given its mandate with a military component of up to 6,700 troops.<ref name="UN_SRES15422004">{{UN document |docid=S-RES-1542(2004) |type=Resolution |body=Security Council |year=2004 |date=[[30 April]] [[2007]]|resolution_number=1542 |accessdate=2007-10-18}}</ref>
In July the General Assembly authorized the financing of the mission with $200 million<ref name="UN_ARES58311">{{UN document |docid=A-RES-58-311 |type=Resolution |body=General Assembly |session=58 |resolution_number=311 | date=[[30 July]] [[2004]]|accessdate=2007-10-18}}</ref> which followed a donors' conference in Washington DC.<ref name="UN_SPRST200432_page2">{{UN document |docid=S-PRST-2004-32 |type=Presidential Statement |body=Security Council |year=2004 |highlight=rect_229,555_813,687 |page=2 |accessdate=2007-10-18| date=[[10 September]] [[2004]]}}</ref>
The first progress report from MINUSTAH was released at the end of August.<ref name="UN_S2004698">{{UN document |docid=S-2004-698 |type=Document |body=Security Council |year=2004 |document_number=698 |accessdate=2007-10-18|date=[[30 August]] [[2004]]}}</ref>
In September the interim president of Haiti, Boniface Alexandre, spoke to the [[United Nations General Assembly]] in support of MINUSTAH.<ref>{{ UN document |docid=A-59-PV.6 |body=General Assembly |type=Verbatim Report |session=59 |meeting=6 |page=8 |anchor=pg008-bk07 |date=[[22 September]] [[2004]] |meetingtime=15:00 |speakername=President Alexandre | speakernation=Haiti |accessdate=2007-10-18 }}</ref>
In November there was a second report,<ref name="UN_S2004908">{{UN document |docid=S-2004-908 |type=Document |body=Security Council |year=2004 |document_number=908 |accessdate=2007-10-18|title=Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations
Stabilization Mission in Haiti|date=[[18 November]] [[2004]]}}</ref> and the Security Council mandate for MINUSTAH.<ref name="UN_SPV5090_2004">{{UN document |docid=S-PV-5090 |date=[[29 November]] [[2004]] |type=Verbatim Report |body=Security Council |meeting=5090 |accessdate=2007-10-18}}</ref>
The mandate has most recently been extended by the Security Council until October 2008.<ref name="UN_SRES17802007">{{UN document |docid=S-RES-1780(2007) |type=Resolution |body=Security Council |year=2007 |resolution_number=1780 |accessdate=2007-10-18|date=[[15 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref>
== Background ==
:''See also: [[2004 Haitian coup d'état]]''
According to its mandate from the UN [[United Nations Security Council|Security Council]], MINUSTAH is required to concentrate the use of its resources, including civilian police, on increasing security and protection during the electoral period and to assist with the restoration and maintenance of the rule of law, public safety and public order in Haiti.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=17082&Cr=Haiti&Cr1
|title=Haiti: former Senator detained after UN mission finds illegal weapons
|publisher=un.org
|accessdate=2007-08-14
}}
</ref> Critics argue that the mission's main purpose is to suppress popular opposition to the interim government and to give an impression of legitimacy to the imperialist agenda of [[France]], [[Canada]], and the [[U.S.]], the three countries responsible for orchestrating the [[2004 Haiti rebellion|overthrow of the Aristide government]] in 2004. MINUSTAH was established by UN Security Council Resolution 1542 on [[30 April]] [[2004]] because the Security Council deemed the situation in Haiti to be a threat to international peace and security in the region.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.un.org/depts/dpko/missions/minustah/mandate.html
|title= Haiti - MINUSTAH - Mandate
|publisher=United Nations
|accessdate=2007-08-15
}}
</ref> In 2004, UN peacekeepers stormed [[Cité Soleil]] in an attempt to gain control of the area and end the anarchy.<ref>{{cite web
|year=2004
|month=December 15
|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4096841.stm
|title=UN peacekeepers storm Haiti slum
|publisher=BBC News
|accessdate=2007-08-16
}}</ref>
[[Image:Usmc Haiti 2004.jpg|thumb|left|U.S. Marines patrol the streets of Port-au-Prince in March 2004.]]
In 2004, independent human rights organizations accused MINUSTAH and the [[Haitian National Police]] (HNP) of collaborating in numerous atrocities against civilians.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.law.miami.edu/cshr/CSHR_Report_02082005_v2.pdf
|title=Haiti: Human Rights Investigation November 11 - 21, 2004
|publisher=Miami Law
|accessdate=2007-08-15
}}
</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAMR360602004?open&of=ENG-HTI
|title=Haiti: Amnesty International calls on the transitional government to set up an independent commission of enquiry into summary executions attributed to members of the Haitian National Police
|publisher=Amnesty International
|accessdate=2007-08-15
}}
</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.law.harvard.edu/programs/hrp/CAP/Text/Haiti_English_Final.pdf
|title=Document currently not found
|publisher=Harvard Law
|accessdate=2007-08-15
}}
</ref> The UN, after repeatedly denying having taken the lives of any civilians, later admitted that civilians may have been killed, but argued that this was not intentional, and that it occurred as a by-product of their crackdown on what they call "gangs". They also said that the UN and MINUSTAH deeply regretted any loss of life during the operation.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://news.independent.co.uk/world/americas/article337553.ece
|title= UN admits civilians may have died in Haiti peacekeeping raid
|publisher= The Independent
|accessdate=2007-08-15
}}
</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/missions/minustah/pb060705e.pdf
|title=MINUSTAH Statement Relating to the Operation Conducted on 05 July 2005 at Cite Soleil
|publisher=UN United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti
|accessdate=2007-08-15
}}
</ref>
In early 2005, MINUSTAH force commander Lieutenant-General [[Augusto Heleno Ribeiro Pereira]] testified at a congressional commission in [[Brazil]] that "we are under extreme pressure from the international community to use violence,” citing Canada, France, and the United States.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.zmag.org/content/print_article.cfm?itemID=6995§ionID=55
|title=Canada plays big role in propping up Haiti regime
|publisher=ZNet
|accessdate=2007-08-15
}}
</ref> Later in the year, he resigned, and on [[1 September]] [[2005]], was replaced by [[General]] [[Urano Teixeira da Matta Bacellar]] as force commander of MINUSTAH. On [[7 January]] [[2006]], Bacellar was found dead in his hotel room.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4590700.stm
|title=Haiti UN mission chief found dead
|publisher=BBC News
|accessdate=2007-08-15
}}
</ref> His interim replacement, [[Chile]]an General Eduardo Aldunate Hermann has been criticized for having been trained at the [[School of the Americas]], and for having served in the brutal forces of [[Augusto Pinochet]]. <!-- [http://www.plenglish.com/Article.asp?ID=%7B562AC5FB-5E4E-49FC-8A06-6B2F81DE4315%7D&language=EN] -->
In October 2005, the lawyer of the family of [[Carmelo Soria]], a Spanish diplomat assassinated in 1976, lodged a request with the Chilean judicial system demanding that the General Eduardo Aldunate Herman be heard in the Soria case. According to former [[DINA]] agent Carlos Labarca Sanhueza's judicial testimony, General Herman was part of the ''[[Brigada Mulchén]]'' special DINA unit involved in Soria's assassination <ref name=Herman> [http://www.cooperativa.cl/p4_noticias/antialone.html?page=http://www.cooperativa.cl/p4_noticias/site/artic/20051011/pags/20051011122922.html Familia de Carmelo Soria pidió que se interrogue a militar a cargo de tropas en Haití], ''[[Radio Cooperativa]]'', 11 October 2005 {{es icon}}</ref>. According to Carmelo Soria's daughter, General Herman was also involved in the assassination of DINA biochemist [[Eugenio Berrios]], found dead in 1995 <ref name=Herman/>.
On [[17 January]] [[2006]], it was announced that Brazilian General [[José Elito Carvalho de Siqueira]] would be the permanent replacement for Bacellar as the head of the United Nations' Haiti force.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4624962.stm
|title=New peacekeeping head for Haiti
|publisher=BBC News
|accessdate=2007-08-15
}}
</ref>
On [[14 February]] [[2006]], in [[Security Council Resolution 1658]], the United Nations Security Council extended MINUSTAH's mandate until [[15 August]] [[2006]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2006-02/15/content_4180775.htm
|title=Security Council calls on Haitians to refrain from violence
|publisher=China View
|accessdate=2007-08-15
}}
</ref>
MINUSTAH is also a precedent as the first mission in the region to be led by the [[Brazil]]ian military, and almost entirely composed of, [[Latin American]] forces, particularly from [[Brazil]], [[Argentina]], [[Chile]], [[Bolivia]], [[Ecuador]] and [[Uruguay]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.focal.ca/pdf/Latam_military.pdf
|title=The Changing Role of the Military in Latin America
|publisher=Focal
|accessdate=2007-08-15
}}</ref>
Since [[1 September]] [[2007]], the mission has been led by [[Tunisia]]n [[Hédi Annabi]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.minustah.org/articles/639/1/Prise-de-fonction-du-nouveau-Representant-special-du-Secretaire-general-des-Nations-Unies-pour-Haiti-et-Chef-de-la-MINUSTAH/PIOPR347FR2007.html
|title=Prise de fonction du nouveau Représentant spécial du Secrétaire général des Nations Unies pour Haïti et Chef de la MINUSTAH
|publisher=MINUSTAH
|accessdate=2007-08-31
}}</ref>
==6 July 2005 Incident==
[[Image:Riot PetionVille.jpg|13KB|thumb|left| [[Chilean]] helicopter during the 2006 elections (Photo: Patrick André Perron)]]
On [[6 July]] [[2005]], MINUSTAH carried out a raid in the [[Cité Soleil]] section of [[Port-au-Prince]]. MINUSTAH spokespeople claimed that the raid targeted a base of illegally armed rebels led by [[Dread Wilme]]. Reports from pro-[[Lavalas]] sources, as well as journalists such as [[Kevin Pina]], contend that the raid targeted civilians and was an attempt to destroy the popular support for [[Haiti]]'s exiled former leader, [[Aristide|Jean-Bertrand Aristide]], before scheduled upcoming elections.
Estimates on the number of fatalities range from five to as high as 80, with the higher numbers being claimed by those reporting that the raid targeted civilians. All sources agree that no MINUSTAH personnel were killed. All sources also agree that [[Dread Wilme]] (birthname "Emmanuel Wilmer") was killed in the raid. MINUSTAH spokespeople called [[Dread Wilme|Wilme]] a "gangster." Other sources, such as the pro-[[Aristide]] Haitian Lawyers Leadership Network call [[Dread Wilme|Wilme]] a community leader and a [[martyr]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.margueritelaurent.com/pressclips/haitianlawyers.html
|title=Haitian Lawyers Leadership Network
|publisher=
|accessdate=2007-08-15
}}
</ref>
The incident became a focal point for groups who oppose the MINUSTAH occupation of [[Haiti]] and who support the return of President [[Aristide]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.redcross.int/EN/mag/magazine2006_2/10-11.html
|title= Hoping for change in Haiti’s Cité-Soleil
|publisher=International Red Cross
|accessdate=2007-08-16
}}
</ref> MINUSTAH has also been accused by opponents of standing by and allowing the Haitian National Police to commit atrocities and massacres against Lavalas supporters and Haitian citizens opposed to the current occupation.
On [[6 January]] [[2006]], UN mission head Juan Gabriel Valdés announced that MINUSTAH forces would launch another raid on Cité Soleil. Dismissing fears by human rights groups that more civilians will be killed, Valdés said, "We are going to intervene in the coming days. I think there'll be collateral damage but we have to impose our force, there is no other way."<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.ijdh.org/articles/article_halfhourforhaiti_1-10-06.htm
|title=Half-Hour for Haiti: Stop “Collateral Damage” in Cite Soleil
|publisher=Institute for Justice and Democracy in Haiti
|accessdate=2007-08-15
}}
</ref>
==Mission Composition==
[[Image:Minustah.png|thumb|Map of MINUSTAH deployment in December 2006]]
Heads of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti:
*[[Juan Gabriel Valdés]] of [[Chile]], August 2004 to May 2006.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2004/sga881.doc.htm
|title=Juan Gabriele Valdes appointed special representative and head of UN Mission in Haiti
|publisher=www.un.org
|accessdate=2008-07-13}}</ref>
*[[Edmond Mulet]] of [[Guatemala]], June 2006 to August 2007.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2006/sga1007.doc.htm
|title=Secretary-General appoints Edmond Mulet of Guatemala his special representative in Haiti
|publisher=www.un.org
|accessdate=2008-07-13}}</ref>
*[[Hédi Annabi]] of [[Tunisia]], September 2007 to date.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2007/sga1081.doc.htm
|title=Secretary-General appoints Hédi Annabi OF Tunisa Special Representative, Head of United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti
|publisher=www.un.org
|accessdate=2008-07-13}}</ref>
Force commanders of the MINUSTAH military component:
*[[Augusto Heleno Ribeiro Pereira]], Brazil, 2004 to August 2005
*[[Urano Teixeira da Matta Bacellar]], Brazil, September 2005 to January 2006.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4205630.stm
|title=BBC NEWS | Americas | New commander leads Haiti force
|publisher=news.bbc.co.uk
|accessdate=2008-07-13}}</ref>
*[[Eduardo Aldunate Herman]], Chile, January 2006 (interim appointment).
*[[José Elito Carvalho Siqueira]], Brazil, January 2006 to January 2007.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.unis.unvienna.org/unis/pressrels/2006/sga975.html
|title=Secretary-General Appoints Lieutenant General José Elito Siqueira Carvalho new Force Commander of UN Mission in Haiti
|publisher=www.unis.unvienna.org
|accessdate=2008-07-13}}</ref>
*[[Carlos Alberto Dos Santos Cruz]], Brazil, January 2007 to date.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=21192&Cr=haiti&Cr1=
|title=Haiti: Brazilian general to be new Force Commander for UN peacekeeping mission
|publisher=www.un.org
|accessdate=2008-07-13}}</ref>
Countries contributing military personnel:
:Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Croatia, Ecuador(an engineering company embedded in the Chilean force.), France, Guatemala, Jordan, Nepal, Morocco, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Spain, Sri Lanka, United States and Uruguay.<ref name="unfacts"/>
Countries contributing police/civilian personnel:
:Argentina, Benin, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, DR Congo, Egypt, El Salvador, France, Grenada, Guinea, Jordan, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritius, Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Romania, Russian Federation, Rwanda, Senegal, Spain, Sri Lanka, Togo, Turkey, United States and Uruguay.<ref name="unfacts">{{cite web
|year=
|month=
|url=http://www.un.org/depts/dpko/missions/minustah/facts.html
|title=United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti
|publisher=United Nations
|accessdate=2007-11-25
}}</ref>
==See also==
*[[List of UN peacekeeping missions]]
*[[List of countries where United Nations peacekeepers are currently deployed]]
== Notes ==
{{reflist|2}}
==References==
*[https://listhost.uchicago.edu/pipermail/Haiti-news/2005-July/000790.html From Reuters Alertnet]
*[http://www.haitiaction.net/News/HIP/7_12_5.html HaitiAction.net], a pro-[[Aristide]] site
*[http://outofhaiti.ca/ Canada out of Haiti], an anti-occupation site
*[http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/pr/2005/07-05-2005.cfm The [[Doctors Without Borders|Doctors without Borders]] press release indicating that civilians have been targets of the violence in Haiti]
*[http://www.williambowles.info/haiti-news/2005/haiti_report_060705.html A digest of [[Haiti]]an news reports for [[6 July]] [[2005]]]
*[http://haitisupport.gn.apc.org/fea_news_main.html Another digest of [[Haiti]]an news reports, including coverage of the protests after the raid]
*[http://www.williambowles.info/haiti-news/2005/soleil_update.html A report from the US Labor and Human Rights delegation to [[Haiti]]]
* [http://www.thepowerhour.com/news/haiti_killings.htm The Power Hour], a pro-[[Lavalas]] site
==External links==
{{commonscat|MINUSTAH}}
*[http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/missions/minustah/ Official MINUSTAH website]
*[http://www.minustah.org/ Official Website] (French language)
*[http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/missions/minustah/ United Nations' Mission Website]
*[http://www.state.gov/p/io/fs/2004/48612.htm U.S. State Department - Bureau of International Affairs' Fact Sheet]
*[http://www.nepalpolice.gov.np/minustah_mission_in_UN.php Nepal Police - Documentation of Nepal's contribution to MINUSTAH]
*[http://www.haiti.ejercito.mil.ar/ Argentine Military - Documentation of Argentine Army's contribution to MINUSTAH]
*[http://www.fuerzaaerea.mil.ar/misiones/haiti.html Argentine Military - Documentation of Argentine Air Force's contribution to MINUSTAH]
*[http://www.ara.mil.ar/La_Armada/MediosyCapacidades/infanteria/misiones/minustah.htm Argentine Military - Documentation of Argentine Navy's contribution to MINUSTAH]
*[http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/pko/minustah.html Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Documentation of Japan's contribution to MINUSTAH]
*[http://www.defence.lk/PrintPage.asp?fname=20061207_02 Ministry of Defence - Sri Lanka's contribution to MINUSTAH]
*[http://www.pbase.com/perrona/haiti_photo_haiti Photo Minustah & Haiti]
*[http://www.ijdh.org/articles/article_halfhourforhaiti_1-10-06.htm Institute for Justice and Democracy in Haiti]
[[Category:United Nations operations in North America|Haiti]]
[[Category:History of Haiti]]
[[Category:United Nations Security Council mandates|1542]]
[[de:Mission des Nations Unies pour la stabilisation en Haïti]]
[[es:Misión de Estabilización de las Naciones Unidas en Haití]]
[[fr:Mission des Nations unies pour la stabilisation en Haïti]]
[[it:MINUSTAH]]
[[pl:MINUSTAH]]
[[pt:Missão das Nações Unidas para a estabilização no Haiti]]
[[zh:联合国海地稳定化任务组]]