United States presidential inauguration
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2008-06-08T20:01:00Z
66.72.200.20
rv vandalism
[[Image:US presidential inauguration 2005.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Inauguration Day 2005 on the west steps of the U.S. Capitol.]]
The '''swearing-in of the President of the United States''' occurs upon the commencement of a new term of a [[President of the United States]]. The [[United States Constitution]] mandates that the President make the following [[Oath of office#United States|oath or affirmation]] before he or she can "enter on the Execution" of the office of the presidency:
<blockquote>I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States.</blockquote>
The swearing-in traditionally takes place at noon on [[Inauguration Day]] at the [[United States Capitol]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], with the [[Chief Justice of the United States]] administering the oath. From the presidency of [[Martin Van Buren]] through [[Jimmy Carter]], the ceremony took place on the Capitol's East [[Portico]]. Since the 1981 inauguration of [[Ronald Reagan]], the ceremony has been held at the Capitol's West Front. The inauguration of [[William Howard Taft]] in 1909 and Reagan in 1985 were moved indoors at the Capitol due to cold weather. Until 1933, Inauguration Day was [[March 4]]. Since then, Inauguration Day has occurred on [[January 20]] (the 1933 [[ratification]] of the [[Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Twentieth Amendment]] changed the start date of the term).
Since Chief Justice [[Oliver Ellsworth]] swore in President [[John Adams]], no Chief Justice has missed the Inauguration Day swearing-in. When Inauguration Day has fallen on a Sunday, the Chief Justice has administered the oath to the President either on inauguration day itself or on the preceding Saturday privately and the following Monday publicly. Eight presidential deaths and [[Richard Nixon|Richard Nixon's]] [[resignation]] have forced the oath of office to be administered by other officials on other days. The [[War of 1812]] and [[World War II]] forced two swearing-ins to be held at other locations in Washington, D.C.
From 1789 through 2005, the swearing-in has been administered by 14 Chief Justices, one [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States|Associate Justice]], three [[United States federal judge|federal judges]], two [[New York]] state judges, and one [[notary public]]. Though anyone legally authorized to administer an oath may swear in a President, to date the only person to do so who was not a judge was John C. Coolidge, [[Calvin Coolidge]]'s father, a notary whose home the then-Vice President was visiting in 1923 when he learned of the death of President [[Warren G. Harding]].
==Inaugural Addresses of the Presidents of the United States==
The addresses are given each time that a [[President of the United States|President]] is [[inauguration|inaugurated]]. 55 addresses have been given by 37 presidents. [[George Washington]]'s second address was the shortest (135 words) and [[William Henry Harrison]] delivered the longest (8,495 words). Five presidents never gave an address: [[John Tyler|Tyler]], [[Millard Fillmore|Fillmore]], [[Andrew Johnson]], [[Chester A. Arthur|Arthur]], and [[Gerald Ford|Ford]]. In each of these cases, the incoming President was [[United States presidential line of succession|succeeding]] a President who had either [[resignation|resigned]], or died in office, and was subsequently not elected to a full term.
===Locations===
With only one exception, all of the addresses were given at the building housing the [[United States Congress]]. [[George Washington|Washington]] gave his first address at [[Federal Hall]] in [[New York City]] and his second address in [[Independence Hall (United States)|Congress Hall]] in [[Philadelphia]]. [[John Adams|Adams]] also gave his in Congress Hall in Philadelphia. [[Thomas Jefferson|Jefferson]] gave both of his addresses at the [[United States Capitol]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] and all addresses since then have been given there as well, except for [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]'s fourth address, which he gave at the [[White House]].
===Dates===
Presidents have delivered addresses on five different [[calendar date]]s in the year: April 30, March 4, March 5, January 20 and January 21. Washington gave his first address on [[April 30]], [[1789]] and he gave his second one on [[March 4]], [[1793]], which was the commencement date for presidential terms. This March 4 commencement date was changed to January 20 by the [[Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution]].
====Sunday exceptions====
From the years 1793 to 1933, the addresses were given on March 4 with only four exceptions. Because March 4 fell on a Sunday in each of their respective inaugural years, [[James Monroe|Monroe]], [[Zachary Taylor|Taylor]], [[Rutherford B. Hayes|Hayes]] and [[Woodrow Wilson|Wilson]] each gave an address on Monday, March 5. Since 1937, addresses have been given on January 20 with only three exceptions. Presidents [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower]] and [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] each gave an address on Monday, January 21.
===Religion===
George Washington's second address is the only one to contain no mention of the [[God#Biblical definition of God|Christian God]]. Thirty-four of the 55 addresses contain the word "God." The addresses that refer to, but do not contain the word "God" instead say Giver of Good, [[Heaven#Heaven in Roman Catholicism|Heaven]], Almighty, [[divinity|Divine]], or [[Divine Providence#In Christian thought|Providence]]. The last president not to say "God" was [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] (second address).
==Details==
''Note: There is '''no''' requirement that any book, or in particular a book of sacred text, be used to administer the oath, and none is mentioned in the Constitution. Use of the Bible being customary for oaths, at least in the 18th and 19th centuries, a Bible was generally used. On some occasions, the particular passage to which it was opened has been recorded, as below.''
{|class="wikitable sortable" cellpadding=1 cellspacing=1
|- bgcolor=#cccccc
! Date !! President !! Location !! Administered by<ref name="Chief Justice">Individual named is the U.S. Chief Justice, unless otherwise indicated</ref> !! Scripture Verse<ref name="Scripture1">[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/pihtml/pibible.html Architect of the Capitol]</ref><ref name="Scripture2">[http://www.eadshome.com/OathScripture.htm Presidential Oaths of office and Bible verses used<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref name="Scripture3">[http://www.beliefnet.com/features/presidents_bibles.html Beliefnet.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
|-
|| [[April 30]], [[1789]] || [[George Washington]] ||Balcony of [[Federal Hall]]<br>[[New York City|New York]], [[New York]] || [[Robert Livingston (1746-1813)|Robert Livingston]]<ref>[[Chancellor]] of the State of [[New York]]</ref>||{{sourcetext|source=Bible|version=King James|book=Genesis|chapter=49|verse=13}}<ref name="Masonic">Masonic Bible</ref><ref>Opened at random due to haste.</ref><ref>Bowen, Clarence W. ''The History of the Centennial Celebration of the Inauguration of George Washington'', N.Y. 1892, p. 72</ref>
|-
|| [[March 4]], [[1793]] || [[George Washington]] || [[United States Senate|Senate]] Chamber<br>[[Independence National Historical Park|Congress Hall]]<br>[[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]] || [[William Cushing]]<ref>[[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court Associate Justice]]</ref>||
|-
|| [[March 4]], [[1797]] || [[John Adams]] || [[United States House of Representatives|House]] Chamber<br>[[Independence National Historical Park|Congress Hall]]<br>[[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]] || [[Oliver Ellsworth]]||
|-
|| [[March 4]], [[1801]] || [[Thomas Jefferson]] || [[United States Senate|Senate]] Chamber, U.S. Capitol || [[John Marshall]] ||
|-
|| [[March 4]], [[1805]] || [[Thomas Jefferson]] || [[United States Senate|Senate]] Chamber, U.S. Capitol || [[John Marshall]] ||
|-
|| [[March 4]], [[1809]] || [[James Madison]] || [[United States House of Representatives|House]] Chamber, U.S. Capitol || [[John Marshall]]||
|-
|| [[March 4]], [[1813]] || [[James Madison]] || [[United States House of Representatives|House]] Chamber, U.S. Capitol || [[John Marshall]]||
|-
|| [[March 4]], [[1817]] || [[James Monroe]] || In front of Old Brick Capitol<br>(1st & A Sts., N.E.)<br>now site of the [[United States Supreme Court building|Supreme Court Building]] || [[John Marshall]]||
|-
|| [[March 5]], [[1821]] || [[James Monroe]] || [[United States House of Representatives|House]] Chamber, U.S. Capitol || [[John Marshall]]||
|-
|| [[March 4]], [[1825]] || [[John Q. Adams]] || [[United States House of Representatives|House]] Chamber, U.S. Capitol || [[John Marshall]]|| None<ref>Used a book of US law instead of a Bible [http://fpc.state.gov/fpc/40871.htm]</ref>
|-
|| [[March 4]], [[1829]] || [[Andrew Jackson]] || East Portico, U.S. Capitol || [[John Marshall]]|| Unknown
|-
|| [[March 4]], [[1833]] || [[Andrew Jackson]] || [[United States House of Representatives|House]] Chamber, U.S. Capitol || [[John Marshall]]||
|-
|| [[March 4]], [[1837]] || [[Martin Van Buren]] || East Portico, U.S. Capitol || [[Roger B. Taney]]|| {{sourcetext|source=Bible|version=King James|book=Proverbs|chapter=3|verse=17}}<ref>Files of the Legislative Reference Service, Library of Congress</ref>
|-
|| [[March 4]], [[1841]] || [[William H. Harrison]] || East Portico, U.S. Capitol || [[Roger B. Taney]]||
|-
|| [[April 6]], [[1841]] || [[John Tyler]] || Brown's Hotel<br>6th St. & [[Pennsylvania Avenue|Pennsylvania Ave.]], N.W.<br>[[Washington, D.C.]] || [[William Cranch]]<ref name="Cranch">Chief Judge of the [[United States circuit court|U.S. Circuit Court for the District of Columbia]]</ref>||
|-
|| [[March 4]], [[1845]] || [[James K. Polk]] || East Portico, U.S. Capitol || [[Roger B. Taney]]|| Unknown
|-
|| [[March 5]], [[1849]] || [[Zachary Taylor]] || East Portico, U.S. Capitol || [[Roger B. Taney]]|| Unknown
|-
|| [[July 10]], [[1850]] || [[Millard Fillmore]] || [[United States House of Representatives|House]] Chamber, U.S. Capitol || [[William Cranch]]<ref name="Cranch" />||
|-
|| [[March 4]], [[1853]] || [[Franklin Pierce]] || East Portico, U.S. Capitol || [[Roger B. Taney]]|| None<ref name="Affirmed">Affirmed instead of swearing the oath.</ref><ref name="NoKiss">Did not kiss Bible.</ref>
|-
|| [[March 4]], [[1857]] || [[James Buchanan]] || East Portico, U.S. Capitol || [[Roger B. Taney]]||
|-
|| [[March 4]], [[1861]] || [[Abraham Lincoln]] || East Portico, U.S. Capitol || [[Roger B. Taney]]|| <ref>Opened at random.</ref>
|-
|| [[March 4]], [[1865]] || [[Abraham Lincoln]] || East Portico, U.S. Capitol || [[Salmon P. Chase]]|| {{sourcetext|source=Bible|version=King James|book=Matthew|chapter=7|verse=1}}, {{sourcetext|source=Bible|version=King James|book=Matthew|chapter=18|verse=7}}, {{sourcetext|source=Bible|version=King James|book=Revelation|chapter=16|verse=7}}<ref>Wright, John. ''Historic Bibles in America'', N.Y. 1905, p. 46</ref>
|-
|| [[April 15]], [[1865]] || [[Andrew Johnson]] || Kirkwood Hotel<br>12th St. & [[Pennsylvania Avenue|Pennsylvania Ave.]], N.W.<br>[[Washington, D.C.]] || [[Salmon P. Chase]]|| {{sourcetext|source=Bible|version=King James|book=Proverbs|chapter=21}}
|-
|| [[March 4]], [[1869]] || [[Ulysses S. Grant]] || East Portico, U.S. Capitol || [[Salmon P. Chase]]||
|-
|| [[March 4]], [[1873]] || [[Ulysses S. Grant]] || East Portico, U.S. Capitol || [[Salmon P. Chase]]|| {{sourcetext|source=Bible|version=King James|book=Isaiah|chapter=11|verse=1|range=-3}}<ref name="USG">List compiled by Clerk of the Supreme Court, 1939</ref>
|-
|| [[March 3]], [[1877]] || [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] || Red Room, [[White House]] (privately) || [[Morrison Waite|Morrison R. Waite]]|| None<ref name="NoBook">Did not swear on any book.</ref>
|-
|| [[March 5]], [[1877]] || [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] || East Portico, U.S. Capitol (publicly) || [[Morrison Waite|Morrison R. Waite]]|| {{sourcetext|source=Bible|version=King James|book=Psalms|chapter=118|verse=11|range=-13}}<ref name="USG" />
|-
|| [[March 4]], [[1881]] || [[James A. Garfield]] || East Portico, U.S. Capitol || [[Morrison Waite|Morrison R. Waite]]|| {{sourcetext|source=Bible|version=King James|book=Proverbs|chapter=21|verse=1}}<ref name="USG" /><ref name="JAG">One source (The Chicago Daily Tribune, Sept. 23, 1881, p. 5) says that Garfield and Arthur used the same passage, but does not indicate which one.</ref>
|-
|| [[September 20]], [[1881]] || [[Chester A. Arthur]] || Residence<br>123 Lexington Avenue<br>[[New York City]] (privately) || [[John R. Brady]]<ref>Judge, [[New York Supreme Court]]</ref>|| None<ref name="NoBook" />
|-
|| [[September 22]], [[1881]] || [[Chester A. Arthur]] || Office of the [[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]]<br>U.S. Capitol (publicly) || [[Morrison Waite|Morrison R. Waite]]|| {{sourcetext|source=Bible|version=King James|book=Psalms|chapter=31|verse=1|range=-3}}<ref name="USG" /><ref name="JAG" />
|-
|| [[March 4]], [[1885]] || [[Grover Cleveland]] || East Portico, U.S. Capitol || [[Morrison Waite|Morrison R. Waite]]|| {{sourcetext|source=Bible|version=King James|book=Psalms|chapter=112|verse=4|range=-10}}<ref>Opened at random by Chief Justice</ref>
|-
|| [[March 4]], [[1889]] || [[Benjamin Harrison]] || East Portico, U.S. Capitol || [[Melville Fuller|Melville W. Fuller]]|| {{sourcetext|source=Bible|version=King James|book=Psalms|chapter=121|verse=1|range=-6}}<ref name="USG" />
|-
|| [[March 4]], [[1893]] || [[Grover Cleveland]] || East Portico, U.S. Capitol || [[Melville Fuller|Melville W. Fuller]]|| {{sourcetext|source=Bible|version=King James|book=Psalms|chapter=91|verse=12|range=-16}}
|-
|| [[March 4]], [[1897]] || [[William McKinley]] || In front of Original Senate Wing<br>U.S. Capitol || [[Melville Fuller|Melville W. Fuller]]|| {{sourcetext|source=Bible|version=King James|book=2 Chronicles|chapter=1|verse=10}}<ref>Bible given to him by Methodist church congregation</ref>
|-
|| [[March 4]], [[1901]] || [[William McKinley]] || East Portico, U.S. Capitol || [[Melville Fuller|Melville W. Fuller]]|| {{sourcetext|source=Bible|version=King James|book=Proverbs|chapter=16}}<ref name="USG" />
|-
|| [[September 14]], [[1901]] || [[Theodore Roosevelt]] || [[Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural National Historic Site|Ansley Wilcox House]]<br>[[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]], [[New York]] || [[John R. Hazel]]<ref>[[U.S. District Court for the Western District of New York|U.S. District Judge (Western District of New York)]]</ref>|| None<ref name="NoBook" />
|-
|| [[March 4]], [[1905]] || [[Theodore Roosevelt]] || East Portico, U.S. Capitol || [[Melville Fuller|Melville W. Fuller]]|| {{sourcetext|source=Bible|version=King James|book=James|chapter=1|verse=22|range=-23}}<ref name="USG" />
|-
|| [[March 4]], [[1909]] || [[William Howard Taft|William H. Taft]] || [[United States Senate|Senate]] Chamber, U.S. Capitol || [[Melville Fuller|Melville W. Fuller]]|| {{sourcetext|source=Bible|version=King James|book=1 Kings|chapter=3|verse=9|range=-11}}<ref name="USG" />
|-
|| [[March 4]], [[1913]] || [[Woodrow Wilson]] || East Portico, U.S. Capitol || [[Edward Douglass White|Edward D. White]]|| <ref name="USG" />
|-
|| [[March 4]], [[1917]] || [[Woodrow Wilson]] || President's Room, U.S. Capitol (privately) || [[Edward Douglass White|Edward D. White]]||
|-
|| [[March 5]], [[1917]] || [[Woodrow Wilson]] || East Portico, U.S. Capitol (publicly) || [[Edward Douglass White|Edward D. White]]||
|-
|| [[March 4]], [[1921]] || [[Warren G. Harding]] || East Portico, U.S. Capitol || [[Edward Douglass White|Edward D. White]]|| <ref name="USG" />
|-
|| [[August 3]], [[1923]] || [[Calvin Coolidge]] || His father's residence<br>[[Plymouth, Vermont|Plymouth]], [[Vermont]] || [[John C. Coolidge]]<ref>His father, a [[notary public]].</ref>||
|-
|| [[March 4]], [[1925]] || [[Calvin Coolidge]] || East Portico, U.S. Capitol || [[William Howard Taft|William H. Taft]]||
|-
|| [[March 4]], [[1929]] || [[Herbert Hoover|Herbert C. Hoover]] || East Portico, U.S. Capitol || [[William Howard Taft|William H. Taft]]|| None<ref name="NoBook" /><ref name="USG" />
|-
|| [[March 4]], [[1933]] || [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] || East Portico, U.S. Capitol || [[Charles Evans Hughes|Charles E. Hughes]]||
|-
|| [[January 20]], [[1937]] || [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] || East Portico, U.S. Capitol || [[Charles Evans Hughes|Charles E. Hughes]]||
|-
|| [[January 20]], [[1941]] || [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] || East Portico, U.S. Capitol || [[Charles Evans Hughes|Charles E. Hughes]]||
|-
|| [[January 20]], [[1945]] || [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] || South Portico, [[White House]] || [[Harlan Fiske Stone|Harlan F. Stone]]||
|-
|| [[April 12]], [[1945]] || [[Harry S. Truman]] || Cabinet Room, [[White House]] || [[Harlan Fiske Stone|Harlan F. Stone]]||
|-
|| [[January 20]], [[1949]] || [[Harry S. Truman]] || East Portico, U.S. Capitol || [[Fred M. Vinson|Frederick M. Vinson]]||
|-
|| [[January 20]], [[1953]] || [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] || East Portico, U.S. Capitol || [[Fred M. Vinson|Frederick M. Vinson]]||
|-
|| [[January 20]], [[1957]] || [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] || East Room, [[White House]] (privately) || [[Earl Warren]]||
|-
|| [[January 21]], [[1957]] || [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] || East Portico, U.S. Capitol (publicly) || [[Earl Warren]]||
|-
|| [[January 20]], [[1961]] || [[John F. Kennedy]] || East Portico, U.S. Capitol || [[Earl Warren]]||
|-
|| [[November 22]], [[1963]] || [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] || Conference room on<BR> SAM 26000 ([[Air Force One]])<ref>SAM 26000, this [[airplane]]'s proper designation, is now at the [[National Museum of the United States Air Force]] at [[Wright-Patterson Air Force Base]] near [[Dayton, Ohio|Dayton]], [[Ohio]]. Officially, "[[Air Force One]]" is an [[air traffic control]] [[call sign]] for any [[U.S. Air Force]] aircraft carrying the President, though it has informally been extended to the aircraft maintained for that purpose (including SAM 26000).</ref><br>[[Dallas Love Field|Love Field]], [[Dallas, Texas|Dallas]], [[Texas]] || [[Sarah T. Hughes]]<ref>[[U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Texas|U.S. District Judge (Northern District of Texas)]]</ref>|| None<ref>No Bible was found aboard the plane, so Pres. Kennedy's Roman Catholic [[Missal]], which was found in a drawer, was used.</ref><ref>Mooney, Booth. ''The Lyndon Johnson Story'', p. 1</ref>
|-
|| [[January 20]], [[1965]] || [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] || East Portico, U.S. Capitol || [[Earl Warren]]||
|-
|| [[January 20]], [[1969]] || [[Richard M. Nixon]] || East Portico, U.S. Capitol || [[Earl Warren]]||
|-
|| [[January 20]], [[1973]] || [[Richard M. Nixon]] || East Portico, U.S. Capitol || [[Warren Burger|Warren E. Burger]]||
|-
|| [[August 9]], [[1974]] || [[Gerald R. Ford]] || East Room, [[White House]] || [[Warren Burger|Warren E. Burger]]||
|-
|| [[January 20]], [[1977]] || [[Jimmy Carter|James E. Carter]] || East Portico, U.S. Capitol || [[Warren Burger|Warren E. Burger]]||
|-
|| [[January 20]], [[1981]] || [[Ronald Reagan|Ronald W. Reagan]] || West Front, U.S. Capitol || [[Warren Burger|Warren E. Burger]]||
|-
|| [[January 20]], [[1985]] || [[Ronald Reagan|Ronald W. Reagan]] || North Entrance Hall<br>[[White House]] (private,<br>but televised) || [[Warren Burger|Warren E. Burger]]||
|-
|| [[January 21]], [[1985]] || [[Ronald Reagan|Ronald W. Reagan]] || Rotunda, U.S. Capitol (public) || [[Warren Burger|Warren E. Burger]]||
|-
|| [[January 20]], [[1989]] || [[George H. W. Bush]] || West Front, U.S. Capitol || [[William Rehnquist]]||
|-
|| [[January 20]], [[1993]] || [[Bill Clinton|William J. Clinton]] || West Front, U.S. Capitol || [[William Rehnquist]]||{{sourcetext|source=Bible|version=King James|book=Galatians|chapter=6|verse=8}}
|-
|| [[January 20]], [[1997]] || [[Bill Clinton|William J. Clinton]] || West Front, U.S. Capitol || [[William Rehnquist]]||
|-
|| [[January 20]], [[2001]] || [[George W. Bush]] || West Front, U.S. Capitol || [[William Rehnquist]]|| None - Bible closed
|-
|| [[January 20]], [[2005]] || [[George W. Bush]] || West Front, U.S. Capitol || [[William Rehnquist]]||
|- bgcolor=#cccccc
! <span style="display:none">ZZZ</span>Date !! <span style="display:none">ZZZ</span>President !! <span style="display:none">ZZZ</span>Location !! <span style="display:none">ZZZ</span>Administered by<ref name="Chief Justice"/> !! Scripture Verse<ref name="Scripture1"/><ref name="Scripture2"/><ref name="Scripture3"/>
|}
==Trivia==
{{Trivia|date=April 2008}}
*[[William H. Taft]] is the only former President to become Chief Justice, and in that capacity he administered the oath of office to both [[Calvin Coolidge]] (in 1925) and [[Herbert Hoover]] (in 1929).
*Most presidents have taken the oath with their left hand on a Bible and some presidents have even selected a specific Biblical verse to place their hand on.
*Though Reagan's initial swearing-in at the White House for his second term is properly styled as "private" (since it was not open to the public), it was televised. The same location was used later in the day when, with a [[National Football League]] official present (and in uniform), Reagan made the televised coin toss to open [[Super Bowl XIX]].
*President Zachary Taylor refused to take the inaugural oath on Inauguration Day, 1849, because it fell on a Sunday. He took the oath of office one day later, on March 5, 1849.
*Chief Justice Roger Taney swore in more men as presidents than any other Chief Justice with seven: Martin Van Buren, William Henry Harrison, James Polk, Zachary Taylor, Franklin Pierce, James Buchanan and Abraham Lincoln. John Marshall administered more oaths of office with nine, but only swore in five men since Jefferson, Madison, Monroe and Jackson had won re-elections and were inaugurated twice.
*President George H. W. Bush spent $30 million on his inaugural celebration, a 20th century record.
==Further reading ==
*Inaugural Addresses of the Presidents of the United States (ISBN 1-58734-025-9)
==See also==
*[[:Category:United States presidential inaugural addresses]]
*[[Inauguration]]
*[[State of the Union Address]]
*[[President of the United States]]
==External links==
{{wikisourcecat|U.S. Presidency Inaugural Addresses}}
{{commonscat}}
*[http://www.bartleby.com/124/ Full texts of all U.S. Inaugural Addresses at Bartleby.com]
*[http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/pihtml/pioaths.html Presidential Oaths of Office] ([[Library of Congress]])
*[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/pihtml/pibible.html Bibles and Scripture Passages Used by Presidents in Taking the Oath of Office, Library of Congress]
*{{youtube|tQhWtRW-KKA}} Video of inaugurations from Franklin D. Roosevelt - George W. Bush
{{-}}
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Lists of Presidents of the United States}}
[[Category:United States presidential history]]
[[Category:United States presidential succession]]
[[Category:Presidency of the United States|Inaugurations]]
[[Category:State ritual and ceremonies|United States President Inaugurations]]