University 31794 225794862 2008-07-15T13:00:00Z Jb-adder 214630 /* Cost */ Subst: ''See also'' -> {{See also}} {{otheruses}} [[Image:Oxfordceremony.jpg|thumb|right|[[Graduation|Degree ceremony]] at the [[University of Oxford]]. The Pro-Vice-Chancellor in [[Master of Arts (Oxbridge and Dublin)|MA]] gown and hood, [[Proctor]] in official dress and new [[Doctor of Philosophy|Doctors of Philosophy]] in scarlet full dress. Behind them, a [[bedel]], another Doctor and Bachelors of Arts and Medicine.]] {{portal}} A '''university''' is an institution of [[higher education]] and [[research]], which grants [[academic degree]]s in a variety of subjects. A university provides both [[undergraduate education]] and [[postgraduate education]]. The word ''university'' is derived from the [[Latin]] ''universitas magistrorum et scholarium'', roughly meaning "community of teachers and [[academia|scholars]]".<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=5vgGE8_CGOEC&pg=PA748&lpg=PA748&dq=community+of+teachers+and+scholars+universitas+magistrorum+et+scholarium&source=web&ots=Q-K88OdXyH&sig=YqFluZHNcSWstv1oApgs34cMUdQ Google eBook of '''''Encyclopedia Britannica''''']</ref> ==History== ===Early history=== {{see|List of oldest universities in continuous operation}} [[Image:Laurentius de Voltolina 001.jpg|thumb|left|Representation of a university class in the 1350s]] The original Latin word "universitas", first used in time of renewed interest in Classical [[Classical Greece|Greek]] and [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] tradition, tried to reflect this feature of the [[Academy#The original Academy|Academy of Plato]] (established 385 BC). The term "academia" is sometimes extended to a number of educational institutions of non-Western antiquity, including [[History of China|China]], [[History of India|India]] and [[History of Iran|Persia]]: *Academies such as [[Shang Hsiang]], and later [[Taixue]] and [[Guozijian]], succeeded by the medieval [[Academies (Shuyuan)|Academies of Classical Learning]] *[[Taxila]]<ref name=Needham>[[Joseph Needham]] (2004), ''Within the Four Seas: The Dialogue of East and West'', Routledge, ISBN 0415361664:<br>{{quote|"When the men of Alexander the great came to Taxila in India in the fourth century BC they found a university there the like of which had not been seen in Greece, a university which taught the three Vedas and the eighteen accomplishments and was still existing when the Chinese pilgrim Fa-Hsien went there about AD 400."}}</ref> in [[Gandhara]] and the Buddhist [[Nalanda University]]<ref>"Nalanda". [[Microsoft Encarta]] (2007).<br>{{quote|Nalanda, Bihār State, India, an ancient seat of learning, probably founded in the 5th century AD. It flourished until the 12th century and at its height had 2000 teachers and 10,000 students. Teachings included the study of the Buddhist scriptures of both the Mahayana and Theravada schools, the Vedas, philosophy, mathematics, logic, theology, and medicine. Attendance was free, since the university was supported by revenue and food donations collected from local villages.... The site now lies in ruins, but excavation work has revealed a complex of lecture halls, dormitories, gardens, and many stupas, in addition to stone images of the Buddha.}}</ref> in [[Bihar]], [[India]] (5th century BC) *The [[Sassanid]] [[Academy of Gundishapur]] was founded in the 5th century. The [[University of Constantinople]], founded as an institution of higher learning in [[425]] and reorganized as a corporation of students in [[849]] by the regent [[Bardas]] of emperor [[Michael III]], is considered by some to be the earliest institution of higher learning with some of the characteristics we associate today with a university (research and teaching, auto-administration, academic independence, et cetera). If a university is defined as "an institution of higher learning" then it is preceded by several others, including the Academy that it was founded to compete with and eventually replaced. If the original meaning of the word is considered "a corporation of students" then this could be the first example of such an institution.<ref>Professor Jerome Bump, [http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~bump/OriginUniversities.html The Origin of Universities], [[University of Texas at Austin]]</ref> If the definition of a university is assumed to mean an institution of higher education and research which issues [[academic degree]]s at all levels ([[Bachelor's degree|bachelor]], [[Master's degree|master]] and [[doctorate]]) like in the modern sense of the word, then the medieval [[Madrasah]]s known as ''Jami'ah'' ("university" in [[Arabic language|Arabic]]) founded in the 9th century would be the first examples of such an institution.<ref name=Makdisi>{{citation|last=Makdisi|first=George|title=Scholasticism and Humanism in Classical Islam and the Christian West|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|volume=109|issue=2|date=April-June 1989|pages=175-182 [175-77]}}</ref><ref name=Alatas/> The [[University of Al Karaouine]] in [[Fez, Morocco]] is thus recognized by the [[Guinness World Records|Guinness Book of World Records]] as the oldest degree-granting university in the world with its founding in 859 by the princess Fatima al-Fihri.<ref>''The Guinness Book Of Records'', 1998, p. 242, ISBN 0-5535-7895-2</ref> Also in the 9th century, [[Bimaristan]] medical schools were founded in the [[Islamic Golden Age|medieval Islamic world]], where medical degrees and [[diploma]]s were issued to students of [[Islamic medicine]] who were qualified to be a practicing [[Doctor of Medicine]].<ref name=Alatas/><ref>[[John Bagot Glubb]]: {{quote|By Mamun's time medical schools were extremely active in Baghdad. The first free [[public hospital]] was opened in Baghdad during the [[Caliphate]] of [[Harun al-Rashid|Haroon-ar-Rashid]]. As the system developed, physicians and surgeons were appointed who gave lectures to [[Medical school|medical students]] and issued [[diploma]]s to those who were considered qualified to practice. The first hospital in Egypt was opened in 872 AD and thereafter public hospitals sprang up all over the empire from [[Al-Andalus|Spain]] and the [[Maghrib]] to [[History of Iran|Persia]].}} ([[cf.]] [http://www.cyberistan.org/islamic/quote2.html Quotations on Islamic Civilization])</ref> [[Al-Azhar University]], founded in [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]] in 975, was a ''Jami'ah'' university which offered a variety of post-graduate degrees (''[[Ijazah]]''),<ref name=Alatas/> and had individual [[Faculty (university)|faculties]]<ref>{{citation|title=A History of Christian-Muslim Relations|first=Hugh|last=Goddard|year=2000|publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]]|isbn=074861009X|page=99}}</ref> for a theological [[seminary]], [[Sharia|Islamic law]] and [[Fiqh|jurisprudence]], [[Arabic grammar]], [[Islamic astronomy]], [[early Islamic philosophy]], and [[logic in Islamic philosophy]].<ref name=Alatas>{{citation|title=From Jami`ah to University: Multiculturalism and Christian–Muslim Dialogue|first=Syed Farid|last=Alatas|journal=Current Sociology|volume=54|issue=1|pages=112-32}}</ref> ===Medieval universities=== [[Image:University of Salamanca.jpg|thumb|right|The [[University of Salamanca]] in [[Spain]], founded 1218]] {{main|Medieval university}} The first higher education institution in [[Middle Ages|medieval Europe]] was the [[University of Constantinople]], followed by the [[University of Salerno]] (9th century), the [[Preslav Literary School]] and [[Ohrid Literary School]] in the [[Bulgarian Empire]] (9th century). The first degree-granting universities in Europe were the [[University of Bologna]] (1088), the [[University of Paris]] (c. 1150, later associated with the [[Sorbonne]]), the [[University of Oxford]] (1167), the [[University of Cambridge]] (1209), the [[University of Salamanca]] (1218), the [[University of Montpellier]] (1220), the [[University of Padua]] (1222), the [[University of Naples Federico II]] (1224), and the [[University of Toulouse]] (1229).<ref>[http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~bump/OriginUniversities.html THE ORIGIN OF UNIVERSITIES]</ref><ref> and Coimbra university founded in Lisbon and was based there in 1290-1308, 1338-54, and 1377-1537.[http://www.academicapparel.com/caps/College-University-History.html Medieval Universities And the Origin of the College]</ref> Some scholars such as George Makdisi,<ref name=Makdisi/> John Makdisi<ref>{{citation|last=Makdisi|first=John A.|title=The Islamic Origins of the Common Law|journal=[[North Carolina Law Review]]|year=1999|date=June 1999|volume=77|issue=5|pages=1635-1739}}</ref> and Hugh Goddard<ref>{{citation|title=A History of Christian-Muslim Relations|first=Hugh|last=Goddard|year=2000|publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]]|isbn=074861009X|page=99}}</ref> argue that these medieval universities were influenced in many ways by the medieval [[Madrasah]] institutions in [[Al-Andalus|Islamic Spain]], the [[Emirate of Sicily]], and the Middle East (during the [[Crusades]]). The earliest universities in Western Europe were developed under the aegis of the [[Catholic Church]], usually as cathedral schools or by [[papal bull]] as [[Studium Generale|Studia Generali]] (NB: The development of cathedral schools into Universities actually appears to be quite rare, with the University of Paris being an exception - see Leff, ''Paris and Oxford Universities''), later they were also founded by Kings ([[Charles University in Prague]], [[Jagiellonian University|Jagiellonian University in Krakow]]) or municipal administrations ([[University of Cologne]], [[University of Erfurt]]). In the early medieval period, most new universities were founded from pre-existing schools, usually when these schools were deemed to have become primarily sites of higher education. Many historians state that universities and cathedral schools were a continuation of the interest in learning promoted by monasteries. In Europe, young men proceeded to university when they had completed their study of the [[trivium (education)|trivium]]–the preparatory arts of [[grammar]], [[rhetoric]], and [[dialectic]] or [[logic]]–and the [[quadrivium]]: [[arithmetic]], [[geometry]], [[music]], and [[astronomy]]. (See [[Degrees of the University of Oxford]] for the history of how the trivium and quadrivium developed in relation to degrees, especially in [[anglophone]] universities). Outside of Europe, there were many notable institutions of learning throughout history. In [[China]], there was the famous [[Hanlin Academy]], established during the [[Tang Dynasty]] (618-907 AD), and was once headed by the Chancellor [[Shen Kuo]] (1031-1095), a famous Chinese scientist, inventor, mathematician, and statesman.{{Fact|date=December 2007}} ===Modern universities=== [[Image:Coimbra University Tower 2.jpg|left|thumb|The tower of the [[University of Coimbra]], the oldest [[Portugal|Portuguese]] university]] {{main|History of European research universities}} The end of the medieval period marked the beginning of the transformation of universities that would eventually result in the modern research university. Many external influences, such as eras of [[Renaissance humanism|humanism]], [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]], [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]], and revolution, shaped research universities during their development. By the 18th century, universities published their own [[academic journal|research journals]], and by the 19th century, the German and the French university models had arisen. The German, or Humboldtian model, was conceived by [[Wilhelm von Humboldt]] and based on [[Friedrich Schleiermacher]]’s liberal ideas pertaining to the importance of [[Freedom (philosophy)|freedom]], [[seminar]]s, and [[laboratory|laboratories]] in universities.{{Fact|date=December 2007}} The French university model involved strict discipline and control over every aspect of the university. Universities concentrated on science in the 19th and 20th centuries, and they started to become accessible to the masses after 1914. Until the 19th century, [[religion]] played a significant role in university curriculum; however, the role of religion in research universities decreased in the 19th century, and by the end of the 19th century, the German university model had spread around the world. The British also established universities worldwide, and [[higher education]] became available to the masses not only in Europe. In a general sense, the basic structure and aims of universities have remained constant over the years.{{Fact|date=December 2007}} ==Organization== [[Image:University of Sydney Main Quadrangle.jpg|thumb|right|The [[University of Sydney]] is [[Australia]]'s oldest university.]] Although each institution is differently organized, nearly all universities have a board of trustees; a president, [[chancellor (education)|chancellor]], or [[rector]]; at least one vice president, vice-chancellor, or vice-rector; and deans of various divisions. Universities are generally divided into a number of academic departments, schools or [[faculty (university)|faculties]]. [[Public university]] systems are ruled over by government-run higher education boards. They review financial requests and budget proposals and then allocate funds for each university in the system. They also approve new programs of instruction and cancel or make changes in existing programs. In addition, they plan for the further coordinated growth and development of the various institutions of higher education in the state or country. However, many public universities in the world have a considerable degree of financial, research and pedagogical autonomy. [[private university|Private universities]] are privately funded and generally have a broader independence from state policies. Despite the variable policies, or cultural and economic standards available in different geographical locations create a tremendous disparity between universities around the world and even inside a country, the universities are usually among the foremost research and advanced training providers in every society. Most universities not only offer courses in subjects ranging from the [[natural sciences]], [[engineering]], [[architecture]] or [[medicine]], to [[sports science]]s, [[social science]]s, [[law]] or [[humanities]], they also offer many amenities to their student population including a variety of places to eat, banks, bookshops, print shops, job centres, and bars. In addition, universities have a range of facilities like [[library|libraries]], sports centers, [[students' union]]s, [[computer lab]]s, and [[laboratory|research laboratories]]. In a number of countries, major classic universities usually have their own [[botanical garden]]s, [[astronomical observatories]], [[business incubators]] and [[university hospital]]s. ==Universities around the world== [[Image:Techseal2667.jpg|thumb|left|[[Texas Tech University]] in [[Lubbock, Texas]], [[United States|US]]]] {{see also|List of colleges and universities by country}} The funding and organisation of universities varies widely between different countries around the world. In some countries universities are predominantly funded by the state, while in others funding may come from donors or from fees which students attending the university must pay. In some countries the vast majority of students attend university in their local town, while in other countries universities attract students from all over the world, and may provide university accommodation for their students.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.carnegiefoundation.org/classifications/index.asp?key=798|title=Basic Classification Technical Details|publisher=Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching|accessdate=2007-03-20}}</ref> {{-}} ==Classification== [[Image:Brooks Hall UGA.jpg|thumb|right|Brooks Hall, home of the Terry College of Business at the [[University of Georgia]] in [[Athens, Georgia]], US]] Across the world there are very differing standards of legal definition of the term "university" and formal accreditation of institutions. For example at one end of the scale there is no legal definition of the term in the United States.{{Fact|date=December 2007}} At the other, in the United Kingdom an institution can only use the term if it has been granted by the [[Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council|Privy Council]], under the terms of the [[Further and Higher Education Act 1992]].<ref name="privy">{{cite web |url=http://www.privy-council.org.uk/output/Page27.asp |title=Higher Education |accessdate=2007-12-06 |author= |date= |work= |publisher=[[Privy Council Office (United Kingdom)|Privy Council Office]]}}</ref> In many regions of the world, a university is any institution of [[higher education]] and [[research]] which grants autonomously a range of [[academic degree]]s in several fields, from [[bachelor's degree]]s to [[doctorate degree]]s, including [[masters' degree]]s, as well as [[honoris causa]] degrees and [[agrégation]]/[[habilitation]] diplomas in the places where these are used. Independently performed research conducted by universities includes both [[fundamental research]] and [[applied research]]. ==Colloquial usage== Colloquially, the term '''university''' may be used to describe a phase in one's life: "when I was at university…" (in the United States and Ireland, '''college''' is used instead: "when I was in college..."). See the [[College#British and American usage contrasted|college]] article for further discussion. In Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the [[German speaking countries]] "university" is often contracted to "uni". In New Zealand and in South Africa it is sometimes called "varsity", which was also common usage in the UK in the 19th century. ==Criticism== {{globalize|section}} [[David Graeber]] in his 2004 study ''[[Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology]]'' claimed that the university functions as a hierarchical disciplining device that places graduates in [[state]] and [[corporation|corporate]] [[bureaucracies]].<ref>[http://www.prickly-paradigm.com/paradigm14.pdf full PDF version of "Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology"]</ref> [[Richard Vedder]], an [[Ohio University]] professor and member of the [[Commission on the Future of Higher Education]], has been a vocal critic of how institutions of higher education, including the universities, are financed. In his 2004 book, "Going Broke by Degree," Vedder says that tuition increases have rapidly outpaced inflation; that productivity in higher education has fallen or remained stagnant; and that third-party tuition payments from government or private sources have insulated students from bearing the full cost of their education, allowing costs to rise more rapidly.<ref> {{cite web | first =Richard| last = Vedder| title =Going Broke by Degree: Why College Costs Too Much| publisher = American Enterprise Institute | date = July 2004 | url= http://www.aei.org/books/bookID.780,filter.all/book_detail2.asp}}</ref> == Cost == {{Expand|section|date=April 2008}} {{See also|Tuition}} Although not a factor in the early sense of a university, a typical modern higher education institution is fee-charging. The amount it takes to attend a university varies from country to country. Often, a student must find some form of [[Student financial aid|financial aid]] to afford the costs of attending a university. ==Under pressure== In some countries, in some political systems, universities are controlled by political and/or religious authorities, who forbid certain fields and/or impose certain other fields. Sometimes national or racial limitations exist - for students, staff, research. ===Nazi universities=== {{Main|Nazi university}} Books from university libraries, written by anti-Nazi or Jewish authors, were burned in places (''e.g.'', [[Humboldt University of Berlin#Third Reich|in Berlin]]) in 1933, and the curricula were subsequently modified. Jewish professors and students were expelled according to the [[racial policy of Nazi Germany]], see also the [[Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service]]. [[Martin Heidegger]] became the rector of [[Freiburg University]], where he delivered a number of Nazi speeches. On August 21, 1933 Heidegger established the Führer-principle at the university, later he was appointed Führer of Freiburg University. [[University of Poznań]] was closed by the Nazi Occupation in 1939. 1941–1944 a German university worked there. [[University of Strasbourg]] was transferred to [[Clermont-Ferrand]] and Reichsuniversität Straßburg existed 1941–1944 [http://edoc.mpg.de/46786]. Nazi universities ended in 1945. ===Soviet universities=== [[Image:Moskau Uni.jpg|thumb|right|[[Moscow State University]] at [[Sparrow Hills]] is the largest educational building in the world.]] Soviet type universities existed in the [[Soviet Union]] and in other countries of the [[Eastern Bloc]]. Medical, technical, economical, technological and arts faculties were frequently separated from universities (compare the [[List of institutions of higher learning in Russia]]). Soviet ideology was taught divided into three disciplines: [[Scientific Communism]], [[Marxism-Leninism]] and Communist [[Political Economy]], and was introduced as part of many courses, eg. teaching [[Karl Marx]]' or [[Vladimir Lenin]]'s views on energy or history. [[Sciences]] were supported, but the [[humanities]] curbed. In 1922, the Bolshevik government expelled some 160 prominent intellectuals on the [[Philosophers' ship]], later some professors and students were killed or worked in [[Gulag]] camps. Communist economy was preferred, liberal ideas criticized or ignored. [[Genetics]] was degradated to [[Lysenkoism]] from the middle of the 1930s to the middle of the 1960s. Communist parties controlled or influenced universities. The leading university was the [[Moscow State University]]. After [[Joseph Stalin]]'s death, universities in some Communist countries obtained more freedom. The [[Peoples' Friendship University of Russia|Patrice Lumumba Peoples' Friendship University]] provided higher education as well as a training ground for young communists from [[developing countries]]. ==Gallery== <gallery> Image:Universityofbath indoor tennis courts arp.jpg|<center>Indoor [[tennis]] courts, [[University of Bath]], [[Somerset]], [[England]]</center> Image:<center>Universidade Federal do Parana 4 Curitiba Parana.jpg|[[Universidade Federal do Paraná]], [[Curitiba]], [[Brazil]] Image:CIAP Building ITESM.jpg|CIAP building, [[Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education]], [[Monterrey]], [[Mexico]] Image:Itu_ydy.jpg|[[Istanbul Technical University]], [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]] Image:FlTechMillerBldgCLOSE.jpg|The Miller Building, [[Florida Institute of Technology]], [[Melbourne, Florida]], [[US]] Image:BirminghamUniversityChancellorsCourt.jpg| The [[Aston Webb]] building, [[University of Birmingham]], [[UK]] Image:Sherman Hall.jpg|Sherman Hall, [[Western Illinois University]], [[Macomb, Illinois]], [[US]] Image:Mandeville.jpg|Mandeville Hall, [[Saint Joseph's University]], [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]], [[US]] Image:Old College Main Entrance.jpg|Old College at [[Aberystwyth University]]. Established in 1872, it is one of the oldest intitutes of higher education In [[Wales]] and the [[United Kingdom]] Image:University of Edinburgh, Old College.jpg|[[Old College, University of Edinburgh|Old College]] University of Edinburgh </gallery> ==See also== {{wikiversity}} <div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> * [[Catholic university]] * [[College application]] * [[Corporate universities]] * [[Higher education timeline]] * [[Institute of technology|Institutes of technology (and Polytechnics)]] * [[International university]] * [[List of academic disciplines]] * [[List of colleges and universities]] * [[List of oldest universities in continuous operation]] * [[Land-grant university]] * [[Medieval university|Medieval universities, including list of]] * [[Muslim educational institutions]] * [[Nation (university corporation)|Nation]] * [[Pontifical university]] * [[Private university]] * [[Public university]] * [[Publish or perish]] * [[Research I university]] * [[School and university in literature]] * [[Underground education in Poland during World War II]] * [[University of the Third Age]] * [[University ranking]] * [[Urban university]] * [[Vocational university]] * [[Wikipedia:Wikiportal/University|Wikiportal/University]] * [[Widening participation]] </div> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Bibliography== *Stanley Aronowitz, ''The Knowledge Factory''. Boston: Beacon, 2000. ISBN 0807031224 *Clyde W. Barrow, ''Universities and the Capitalist State: Corporate Liberalism and the Reconstruction of American Higher Education, 1894–1928'', University of Wisconsin Press 1990 ISBN 0-299-12400-2 *Sigmund Diamond, ''Compromised Campus: The Collaboration of Universities with the Intelligence Community, 1945–1955'', [[Oxford University Press]] 1992 ISBN 0-195-05382-6 *Olaf Pedersen, ''The First Universities : Studium Generale and the Origins of University Education in Europe'', [[Cambridge University Press]], 1998 ISBN 0-521-59431-6 *Bill Readings, [http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/REAUNI.html''The University in Ruins'']. Harvard University Press, 1996. ISBN 0-674-92953-5. *Thomas F. Richards, ''The Cold War Within American Higher Education: Rutgers University As a Case Study'',Pentland Press 1998 ISBN 1-571-97108-4 *Walter Ruegg (ed), ''A History of the University in Europe'', Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (3 vols) ISBN 0-521-36107-9 (vol 3 reviewed by Laurence Brockliss in the ''Times Literary Supplement'', no 5332, [[10 June]] [[2005]], pages 3–4) ==Related terms== : [[academia]] - [[academic rank]] - [[academy]] - [[admission]] - [[alumnus]] - [[aula]] - [[polytechnic]] - [[wiktionary:brain farm|Brain farm]] - [[Bologna process]] - [[business schools]] - [[Grandes écoles]] - [[campus]] - [[college]] - [[college and university rankings]] - [[dean (education)|dean]] - [[academic degree|degree]] - [[diploma]] - [[discipline]] - [http://wiktionary.org/wiki/Dissertation dissertation] - [[Faculty (university)|faculty]] - [[fraternities and sororities]] - [[graduate student]] - [[graduation]] - [[Ivory Tower]] - [[lecturer]] - [[medieval university]] - [[medieval university (Asia)]] - [[mega university]] - [[perpetual student]] - [[professor]] - [[provost (education)|provost]] - [[rector]] - [[research]] - [[scholar]] - [[senioritis]] - [[student]] - [[tenure]] - [[Town and Gown]] - [[tuition]] - [[undergraduate]] - [[universal access]] - [[university administration]] {{Schools}} [[Category:Educational stages]] [[Category:Higher education]] [[Category:Universities and colleges| ]] [[Category:School types]] [[Category:Youth]] [[af:Universiteit]] [[ar:جامعة]] [[an:Unibersidat]] [[az:Universitet]] [[bn:বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]] [[bar:Uni]] [[bs:Univerzitet]] [[bg:Университет]] [[ca:Universitat]] [[cv:Университет]] [[cs:Univerzita]] [[co:Università]] [[cy:Prifysgol]] [[da:Universitet]] [[de:Universität]] [[et:Ülikool]] [[el:Πανεπιστήμιο]] [[es:Universidad]] [[eo:Universitato]] [[eu:Unibertsitate]] [[fa:دانشگاه]] [[fr:Université]] [[fy:Universiteit]] [[fur:Universitât]] [[ga:Ollscoil]] [[gan:大學]] [[gl:Universidade]] [[ko:대학]] [[hi:विश्वविद्यालय]] [[hr:Sveučilište]] [[io:Universitato]] [[id:Universitas]] [[ia:Universitate]] [[is:Háskóli]] [[it:Università]] [[he:אוניברסיטה]] [[ka:უნივერსიტეტი]] [[la:Universitas]] [[lv:Universitāte]] [[lb:Universitéit]] [[lt:Universitetas]] [[hu:Egyetem]] [[ms:Universiti]] [[nah:Huēyitlamachticalli]] [[nl:Universiteit]] [[ja:大学]] [[nap:Univerzità]] [[no:Universitet]] [[nn:Universitet]] [[nrm:Euniversitaé]] [[oc:Universitat]] [[uz:Universitet]] [[pms:Università]] [[pl:Uniwersytet]] [[pt:Universidade]] [[ro:Universitate]] [[qu:Yachay suntur]] [[ru:Университет]] [[sm:Iunivesitē]] [[sq:Universiteti]] [[scn:Università]] [[si:විශ්ව විද්‍යාලය]] [[simple:University]] [[sk:Univerzita]] [[sl:Univerza]] [[sh:Univerzitet]] [[fi:Yliopisto]] [[sv:Universitet]] [[tl:Pamantasan]] [[te:విశ్వవిద్యాలయం]] [[th:มหาวิทยาลัย]] [[tg:Донишгоҳ]] [[tr:Üniversite]] [[tk:Uniwersitet]] [[uk:Університет]] [[vec:Università]] [[vls:Universiteit]] [[wuu:大学]] [[yi:אוניווערסיטעט]] [[yo:Yunifasiti]] [[zh-yue:大學]] [[zh:大學]]