University of California
31921
225924950
2008-07-16T01:18:18Z
68.40.150.54
/* Los Alamos and Lawrence Livermore */
{{Infobox University
| name = University of California
| image = [[Image:UC seal.png|185px]]
| motto = ''Fiat lux'' ([[Latin]])
| mottoeng = [[Let there be light]]
| established = 1868
| type = [[Public university|Public]] [[university system]]
| endowment = [[United States Dollar|US$]]9.61 billion <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ucop.edu/treasurer/foundation/foundation.pdf | title=Annual Endowment Report, Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2007 | publisher=University of California Office of the President | accessdate=2008-05-21}}</ref>
| president = [[Mark Yudof]]
| city = [[Oakland, California|Oakland]]
| state = [[California]]
| country = [[United States|USA]]
| undergrad = 159,000
| colors = Blue & Gold
| grad = 32,000
| faculty = 13,335
| staff = 90,296
| campus = 10 campuses under direct control (9 with undergraduate and graduate schools, 1 professional/graduate only), 1 affiliated law school, 1 national laboratory
| website = [http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu www.UniversityofCalifornia.edu]
}}
{{portal|California|WPCF.svg}}
The '''University of California''' ('''UC''') is a [[public university]] system in the [[U.S. state|state]] of [[California]]. Under the [[California Master Plan for Higher Education]], the University of California is a part of the state's three-tier public [[higher education]] system, which also includes the [[California State University]] system and the [[California Community Colleges system]].
The University of California has a combined [[student]] body of more than 191,000 students, over 1,340,000 living [[alumni]], and a combined systemwide and campus endowment of just over [[United States Dollar|US$]]9.6 billion,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ucop.edu/treasurer/foundation/foundation.pdf | title=Annual Endowment Report, Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2007 | publisher=University of California Office of the President | accessdate=2008-05-21}}</ref> the [[List of U.S. colleges and universities by endowment|seventh largest]] in the United States.
Its first [[campus]], [[University of California, Berkeley|UC Berkeley]], was founded in 1868, while its tenth and newest campus, [[University of California, Merced|UC Merced]], opened in the fall of 2005. All campuses enroll both [[Undergraduate education|undergraduate]] and [[graduate school|graduate]] students, with two exceptions: the [[University of California, San Francisco]] campus enrolls only graduate and professional students in the [[Medicine|medical]] and health sciences, and the independently administered [[University of California, Hastings College of the Law]], [[San Francisco, California|San Francisco]] enrolls only graduate and professional students in legal studies.
The University of California's campuses boast large numbers of distinguished [[Faculty (university)|faculty]] in almost every field. Nine of its ten undergraduate campuses are ranked among the top 100, and six among the top 50 U.S. universities by both the [[U.S. News and World Report]] and the Academic Ranking of World Universities.<ref name=ARWU>{{cite web | url=http://ed.sjtu.edu.cn/ranking.htm | title=Academic Ranking of World Universities | year=2007 | author=Shanghai Jiao Tong University | publisher=Institute of Higher Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University | accessdate=2008-02-19}}</ref> The University is considered a model for public institutions across the [[United States]].<ref>[http://budget.ucop.edu/pres/200506/2005-06novregmtg.pdf 2005-06 Budget for Current Opeartions Presentation, November Regents Meeting 2004<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
==History==
[[Image:Berkeley glade afternoon.jpg|thumb|[[University of California, Berkeley|Berkeley]]]]
[[Image:Eastcampusentrajce.jpg|thumb|[[University of California, Davis|Davis]]]]
[[Image:Uc irvine8300001.jpg|thumb|[[University of California, Irvine|Irvine]]]]
[[Image:RHall.JPG|thumb|[[University of California, Los Angeles|Los Angeles]]]]
[[Image:Ucmercedscienceandengineeringbuilding.jpg|thumb|[[University of California, Merced|Merced]]]]
[[Image:UCR University Ave entrance.JPG|thumb|[[University of California, Riverside|Riverside]]]]
[[Image:Geisel library.jpg|thumb|[[University of California, San Diego|San Diego]]]]
[[Image:Mission Bay, UCSF.jpg|thumb|[[University of California, San Francisco|San Francisco]]]]
[[Image:Ucsbuniversitycenterandstorketower.jpg|thumb|[[University of California, Santa Barbara|Santa Barbara]]]]
[[Image:Cowell College.jpg|thumb|[[University of California, Santa Cruz|Santa Cruz]]]]
[[Image:Universityofcaliforniaofficeofthepresident.jpg|thumb|right|UC Office of the President in Oakland]]
In 1849, the state of California ratified its first constitution, which contained the express objective of creating a complete educational system including a state [[university]]. Taking advantage of the [[Morrill Land Grant Act]], the [[California Legislature]] established an Agricultural, Mining, and Mechanical Arts College in 1866. Although this institution was provided with sufficient funds, it lacked land.
Meanwhile, [[Congregational]] [[minister of religion|minister]] [[Henry Durant]], an alumnus of Yale, had established the private Contra Costa Academy, on [[June 20]], [[1853]] in [[Oakland, California]]. The initial site was bounded by Twelfth and Fourteenth Streets and Harrison and Franklin Streets in downtown Oakland. In turn, the Trustees of the Contra Costa Academy were granted a charter on [[April 13]], [[1855]] for a [[College of California]]. State Historical Plaque No. 45 marks the site of the [[College of California]] at the northeast corner of Thirteenth and Franklin Streets in Oakland. Hoping both to expand and raise funds, the [[College of California]]'s trustees formed the College Homestead Association and purchased 160 [[acre]]s (650,000 m²) of land in what is now [[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]] in 1866. But sales of new homesteads fell short.
Governor [[Frederick Low]] favored the establishment of a state university based upon the [[University of Michigan]] plan, and thus in one sense may be regarded as the founder of the University of California. In 1867, he suggested a merger of the existing College of California with the proposed state university. The College's trustees agreed to merge with the state college to their mutual advantage, but under one condition — that there not be simply a "Agricultural, Mining, and Mechanical Arts College," but "a complete university." Accordingly, the Organic Act, establishing the University of California, was signed into [[law]] by Governor [[Henry H. Haight]] (Low's successor) on [[March 23]], [[1868]].
The University of California's second president, [[Daniel Coit Gilman]], opened the [[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]] campus in September 1873. Earlier that year, Toland Medical College in San Francisco had agreed to become the University's "Medical Department"; it later evolved into [[University of California, San Francisco|UCSF]]. In 1878, the University established its first [[law school]] in San Francisco with a US$100,000 gift from [[Serranus Clinton Hastings]]; it is now [[University of California, Hastings College of the Law|Hastings College of the Law]].
In 1905, the Legislature established a "University Farm School" which would be located at [[Davis, California|Davis]] and in 1907 a "Citrus Experiment Station" at [[Riverside, California|Riverside]] as adjuncts to the College of Agriculture at Berkeley. In 1959, the Legislature promoted the "Farm" and "Experiment Station" to the rank of "general campus," creating, respectively, [[UC Davis]] and [[UC Riverside]].
In 1919, the Legislature arranged for an existing [[normal school]] in [[Los Angeles]] to become the University's "Southern Branch." In turn, the Southern Branch became [[University of California, Los Angeles|UCLA]] in 1927. In 1944, the former [[Santa Barbara State College]]--renamed [[UC Santa Barbara]]--became the third general-education campus of the University of California system.
The [[San Diego, California|San Diego]] campus was founded as a marine station in 1912 and became [[University of California, San Diego|UCSD]] in 1959. Campuses were established at [[Santa Cruz, California|Santa Cruz]] and [[Irvine, California|Irvine]] in 1965. [[University of California, Merced|UC Merced]] opened in fall 2005.
The [[California Master Plan for Higher Education]] of 1960 established that UC select from the top 12.5% (1/8<sup>th</sup>) of graduating high school seniors in California. Prior to the promulgation of the Master Plan, UC was to select from the top 15%. The university doesn't follow all tenets of this plan such as no campus is to exceed 27,500 in enrollment to ensure quality. Three campuses- Berkeley, UCLA, and Davis all currently enroll over 30,000.
==Academics==
UC researchers and faculty are responsible for 5,505 inventions and 2,497 patents. UC researchers create 3 new inventions per day.<ref>University of California, Office of the President, Press Release, September 28, 2005.[http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/2005/sep28.html]</ref>
The University of California and most of its campuses are members of the [[Association of American Universities|Association of American Universities (AAU)]]. Collectively, the system counts among its faculty (as of 2002):
*389 members of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences|Academy of Arts and Sciences]]
*5 [[Fields Medal]] recipients
*19 [[Fulbright Program|Fulbright]] Scholars
*25 [[MacArthur Fellows]]
*254 members of the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]]
*91 members of the [[National Academy of Engineering]]
*13 [[National Medal of Science]] Laureates
*32 [[Nobel Prize|Nobel]] laureates. [[List of Nobel laureates|Nobel laureates]] are present at all campuses except [[University of California, Davis|Davis]], [[University of California, Merced|Merced]], [[University of California, Riverside|Riverside]], and [[University of California, Santa Cruz|Santa Cruz]]. The largest number received by any University{{cite web | author= | title=Nobel Laureates and Universities | url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/universities.html | publisher=The Nobel Foundation | date=2008 | accessdate=2008-03-06}}
*106 members of the [[Institute of Medicine]]
Eight campuses operate on the quarter system, while Berkeley and Merced are on the semester system. However, the [[David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA]] and all UC law schools operate on the semester system.
===UC Libraries===
{{main article|University of California Libraries}}
At 34 million items<ref>[http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/cultural/libraries.html University of California Cultural Resources - Libraries]. Accessed January 26, 2008.</ref>, the University of California [[library]] system contains the third largest collection in the world, after the [[Library of Congress]] and the [[British Library]].{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Each campus maintains its own library catalog and also participates in the systemwide union catalog, MELVYL. Besides on-campus libraries, the UC system also maintains two regional library facilities (one each for Northern and Southern California) which each accept older items from all UC campus libraries in their respective region. As of 2007, Northern Regional Library Facility is home to 4.7 million volumes, while SRLF is home to 5.7 million.
==Governance==
The University of California is governed by the [[Regents of the University of California]], as required by the current [[California Constitution|Constitution of the State of California]]. Eighteen regents are appointed by the [[Governor of California|governor]] for 12-year terms. One member is a student appointed for a one-year term. There are also 7 ''[[List of Latin phrases (A–E)#E|ex officio]]'' members — the Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Speaker of the Assembly, Superintendent of Public Instruction, president and vice president of the Alumni Associations of UC, and the UC President. According to a recent report issued by the [[Western Association of Schools and Colleges]], the UC system has "significant problems in governance, leadership and decision making," with much "confusion about the roles and responsibilities of the university president, the regents and the 10 campus chancellors with no clear lines of authority and boundaries."<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/02/12/BAPOV0C6G.DTL | title=UC criticized for poor governance, controls | work=San Francisco Chronicle |accessdate=2008-02-12 | last=Schevitz | first=Tanya | date=12 February 2008}}</ref>
The Academic Senate, made up of faculty members, is empowered by the Regents to set academic policies. In addition, the system-wide faculty chair and vice-chair sit on the Board of Regents as non-voting members.
Originally the President was directly in charge of the first campus, Berkeley, and in turn, all other UC locations (with the exception of Hastings College of the Law) were controlled by the Berkeley campus. In 1952, the system was reorganized so that day-to-day "[[chief executive officer]]" functions for each campus were transferred to [[Chancellor (education)|Chancellor]]s who were entrusted with a high degree of autonomy. In turn, all Chancellors (again, with the exception of Hastings) report as equals to the UC President. Today, the UC Office of the President and the Office of the Secretary of the Regents of the University of California share an office building in downtown Oakland which serves as the UC system's [[headquarters]].
Besides substantial six-figure incomes, the UC President and all UC chancellors enjoy a number of controversial perks, such as free housing in the form of university-maintained mansions.<ref>Tanya Schevitz & Todd Wallack, [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2005/11/14/MNGDFFO0JJ1.DTL "Free mansions for people of means: UC system spends about US$1 million yearly on upkeep"], ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'', 14 November 2005, A9.</ref> In 1962, Anson Blake's will donated his 10 acre estate ([[Blake Garden, Kensington|Blake Garden]]) and mansion (Blake House) in [[Kensington, California|Kensington]] to the University of California's Department of Landscape Architecture. In 1968, the Regents decided that Blake House would become the official residence of the UC President. As of 2005, it currently costs around US$300,000 per year to maintain Blake Garden and Blake House; the latter, built in 1926, is a {{convert|13239|sqft|m2|sing=on}} mansion with a view of San Francisco Bay.<ref>''Ibid.''</ref> Also, all UC chancellors live for free in a mansion on or near campus that is usually known as University House. UCSD's mansion has been closed due to its age and poor condition, but the university plans to replace it.
===UC Presidents===
{|
|valign="top"|
*1868-1869 [[Henry Durant]]
*1869-1870 [[John LeConte]]
*1870-1872 [[Henry Durant]]
*1872-1875 [[Daniel Coit Gilman]]
*1881-1885 [[W.T. Reid]]
*1885-1888 [[Edward S. Holden]]
*1888-1890 [[Horace Davis]]
*1890-1899 [[Martin Kellogg]]
*1899-1919 [[Benjamin Ide Wheeler]]
*1919-1923 [[David Prescott Barrows]]
*1923-1930 [[William Wallace Campbell]]
|valign="top"|
*1930-1958 [[Robert Gordon Sproul]]
*1958-1967 [[Clark Kerr]]
*1967 [[Harry R. Wellman]]
*1967-1975 [[Charles J. Hitch]]
*1975-1983 [[David S. Saxon]]
*1983-1992 [[David P. Gardner]]
*1992-1995 [[Jack W. Peltason]]
*1995-2003 [[Richard C. Atkinson]]
*2003-2008 [[Robert C. Dynes]]
*2008-''present'' [[Mark Yudof]]
|}
On 13 August 2007, President Dynes announced that he will step down effective June 2008, or until his replacement is selected. However, he also announced that Provost Wyatt (Rory) Hume will take over as the system's chief operating officer, effective immediately. Three state lawmakers had publicly demanded his resignation for his handling of the executive pay compensation scandal that stemmed from UC system Provost M.R.C. Greenwood's violation of UC conflict-of-interest rules. (She had created a management job at UC headquarters for a friend with whom she owned rental property, and a subordinate, Winston Doby, improperly helped create an highly-paid year-long internship for her son at UC Merced.)<ref>
{{citation
|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/08/14/MNVNRHPJA.DTL
|title=Dynes quitting as head of UC - presided over compensation scandal
|publisher=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]
|accessdate=2008-02-09
|last=Jones
|first=Carolyn
|date=[[August 14]], [[2007]]
}}
</ref><ref>
{{citation
|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/08/14/MNBDRHFDO.DTL
|title=Dynes' tenure
|newspaper=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]
|accessdate=2008-02-09
|date=[[August 14]], [[2007]]
|last=
|first=
}}
</ref><ref name= "Conflict of interest">
{{citation
|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2005/12/22/MNG60GBT611.DTL
|title=Conflict of interest found for UC provost / Despite violations, she got paid leave and offer of new job
|newspaper=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]
|accessdate=2008-02-09
|last1=Schevitz
|first1=Tanya
|last2=Wallack
|first2=Todd
|date=[[December 22]], [[2005]]
}}
</ref>
Incoming President Mark Yudof is due to take over on [[June 16]] [[2008]].<ref>{{Citation | last = Gordon | first = Larry | title = New UC chief will start in June | newspaper = Los Angeles Times | pages = B4 | year = 2008 | date = April 4}}</ref>
===Finances===
The state of California currently spends US$3.3 billion or 3.2% of its annual budget on the UC system. In May 2004, UC President [[Robert C. Dynes]] and CSU Chancellor [[Charles B. Reed]] struck a private deal, called the "Higher Education Compact," with Governor [[Schwarzenegger]]. They agreed to slash spending by about a billion dollars (about a third of the University's core budget for academic operations) in exchange for a funding formula lasting until 2011. The agreement calls for modest annual increases in state funds (but not enough to replace the loss in state funds Dynes and Schwarzegger agreed to), private fundraising to help pay for basic programs, and large student fee hikes, especially for graduate and professional students. A detailed analysis of the Compact by the Academic Senate "Futures Report" indicated, despite the large fee increases, the University core budget would not recover to the levels it was at in 2000.<ref>{{cite paper | author=Committee on Planning and Budget | title=Current Budget Trends and The Future of the University of California | version= | format=.PDF | publisher=University of California | url=http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/senate/committees/ucpb/futures.report0506.pdf | date=May 2006 | accessdate=2008-03-06}}</ref> Undergraduate student fees have risen 90% from 2003 to 2007.<ref>{{cite news | last=Paddock | first= Richard C. | title=Less to bank on at state universities | url=http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-compact7oct07,0,5052218,full.story?coll=la-home-center | work=The Los Angeles Times | date=6 October 2007 | accessdate=2007-10-06}}</ref>
The First District Court of Appeal in San Francisco recently ruled that the University of California owes nearly US$40 million dollars in refunds to about 40,000 students who were promised that their tuition fees would be held steady but were hit with increases when the state ran short of money in 2003.<ref>{{cite news | last=Egelko | first= Bob | title=UC owes millions in refunds to students, appeals court rules| url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/11/03/BAAOT5MKR.DTL | publisher= [[San Francisco Chronicle]] | date=[[November 3]], [[2007]] | accessdate = 2007-11-03}}</ref>
===Faculty pay===
Salaries for UC faculty increased in late 2007 and are slightly higher than in the [[California State University]] system. As of September, 2007 instructors earn up to $53,200, assistant professors up to $80,300, associate professors up to $97,100 and full professors up to $164,700.<ref name="Bailey">{{cite web|url=http://www.dailynexus.com/article.php?a=14471|title=Bailey, A. (September 27, 2007). Regents Approve Plan to Increase Faculty Wages. ''Daily Nexus''.|accessdate=2007-11-26}}</ref>
==Campuses and rankings==
At present, the UC system officially describes itself as a "ten campus" system consisting of the campuses listed below except Hastings.<ref>{{cite web | author= | title=UC Campuses | url=http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/campuses/welcome.html | publisher=University of California | date=13 August 2006| accessdate=2008-03-06}}</ref> Only campuses under the direct control of the Regents and President are included in the official count.
Although affiliated with the UC system, the [[Hastings College of Law]] is ''not'' controlled by the Regents or President; it has a separate board of directors and must seek funding directly from the Legislature. However, under the California Education Code, the [[Juris Doctor]] from Hastings is awarded in the name of the Regents and bears the signature of the President.<ref>{{cite web | author=State of California | title=California Education Code Section 92203 | url=http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cacodes/edc/92200-92215.html | work=California Education Code | publisher=FindLaw | date=2008 | accessdate=2008-03-06}}</ref> Furthermore, Education Code section 92201 states that Hastings "is affiliated with the University of California,
and is the law department thereof."<ref>{{cite web | author=State of California | title=Education Code section 92201 | url=http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cacodes/edc/92200-92215.html | work=California Education Code | publisher=FindLaw | date=2008 | accessdate=2008-03-06}}</ref>
Some campuses are more well known around the world than others, especially Berkeley and UCLA. According to UCLA's ''[[Daily Bruin]]'' campus [[newspaper]], UCLA is so well-known in Asia that the university has licensed its trademark to 15 UCLA-branded stores across [[East Asia]].<ref>Menaka Fernando, [http://www.dailybruin.ucla.edu/news/2005/apr/05/ucla-name-la-lifestyle-marketa/ "UCLA name, L.A. lifestyle marketable overseas"], ''The Daily Bruin'', 5 April 2005.</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Campus
! Acreage <ref>{{cite paper | author=University of California Office of the President | title=UC Profile | version= | format=.PDF | publisher=University of California Office of the President | url=http://www.ucop.edu/images/ucprofile.pdf | date= | accessdate=2008-06-12}}</ref>
! Founded
! Enrollment <ref>{{cite paper | author=Department of Information Resources and Communications | title=Statistical Summary of Students and Staff | version= | format=.PDF | publisher=University of California | url=http://www.ucop.edu/ucophome/uwnews/stat/statsum/fall2006/statsumm2006.pdf | date=Fall2006 | accessdate=2008-03-06}}</ref>
! Operations <ref name=annual2006>{{cite paper | author=Budget Office | title=Annual Report | version= | format=.PDF | publisher=University of California | url=http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/annualreport/2006/UC%20Financial%20Report%202006.pdf | date= | accessdate=2008-03-06}}</ref>
! Athletics Nickname
!USNews <ref>{{cite news | author= | title=America's Best Colleges 2008 | url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/usnews/edu/college/rankings/brief/t1natudoc_brief.php | work=US News and World Report | date=2008 | accessdate=2008-03-06}}</ref>
! [[Academic Ranking of World Universities|ARWU]] <ref name=ARWU/>
! [[National Science Foundation|NSF]]<ref>{{cite web | author=Division of Science Resources Statistics | title=Academic Institutional Profiles | url=http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/profiles/ranking.cfm?ess=1&sort=a | publisher=National Science Foundation | date=2004 | accessdate=2008-03-06}}</ref>
! Wash. Monthly <ref name="The Washington Monthly College Rankings 2007">{{cite paper | author=Nick Baumann; David Freedlander; Oliver Haydock; Zachary Roth | title=The Washington Monthly College Rankings 2007 | url=http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2007/0709.natlrankings.pdf | format=.PDF | publisher=The Washington Monthly | date=9 July 2007 | accessdate=2008-03-06}}</ref>
! NCAA Category
|---
| [[UC Berkeley|Berkeley]]
| 1,600
| 1868
| 33,558
| 1.59 billion
| [[California Golden Bears|Golden Bears]]
| 21
| 3
| 13
| 3
| Div I [[Pacific 10 Conference|Pac-10]]
|---
| [[UC Davis|Davis]]
| 3,697
| 1959
| 29,637
| 2.27 billion
| [[Aggies]]
| 42
| 43
| 17
| 8
| Div I [[Big West Conference|Big West]]
|---
| [[UC Hastings College of the Law|Hastings]]
| <sub>''not known''</sub>
| 1878
| 1,300
| <sub>''not known''</sub>
| <sub>''none''</sub>
| 36 (Law school only) <ref>{{cite news | title=America's Best Graduate Schools: Law Schools | url=http://grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/usnews/edu/grad/rankings/law/brief/lawrank_brief.php
| work=USNews and World Report | date=2007 | accessdate=2008-03-06}}</ref>
| <sub>''not ranked''</sub>
| NA
| NA
| NA
|---
| [[UC Irvine|Irvine]]
| 1,400
| 1965
| 25,024
| 1.42 billion
| [[UC Irvine Athletics|Anteaters]]
| 44
| 45
| 59
| 49
| Div I [[Big West Conference|Big West]]
|---
| [[UC Los Angeles|Los Angeles]]
| 419
| 1882
| 37,221
| 3.39 billion
| [[UCLA Bruins|Bruins]]
| 25
| 13
| 2
| 2
| Div I [[Pacific 10 Conference|Pac-10]]
|---
| [[UC Merced|Merced]]
| 2,160 <ref> {{cite news | author= UC Merced public relations dept | title= UC Merced Modifies Plans for Future Campus Development | url= http://www.ucmerced.edu/news_articles/10052007_uc_merced_modifies_plans.asp | work=UC Merced press release | date=2007 | accessdate=2008-06-12}}</ref>
| 2005
| 878
| 0.07 billion
| Golden Bobcats
| <sub>''not ranked''</sub>
| <sub>''not ranked''</sub>
| NA
| NA
| NA
|---
| [[UC Riverside|Riverside]]
| 1,160
| 1954
| 16,622
| 0.46 billion
| Highlanders
| 96
| 102-150
| 115
| 15
| Div I [[Big West Conference|Big West]]
|---
| [[UC San Diego|San Diego]]
| 2,124
| 1960
| 25,938
| 2.08 billion
| Tritons
| 38
| 14
| 7
| 4
| Div II [[California Collegiate Athletic Association|CCAA]]
|---
| [[UC San Francisco|San Francisco]]
| 135
| 1873
| 4,174
| 2.48 billion
| Bears
| 5 (Medical School only) <ref>{{cite news | author= | title=America's Best Graduate Schools: Medical Schools | url=http://grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/usnews/edu/grad/rankings/med/brief/mdrrank_brief.php | work=USNews and World Report | date=2007 | accessdate=2008-03-06}}</ref>
| 18
| 5
| NA
| NA
|---
| [[UC Santa Barbara|Santa Barbara]]
| 990
| 1944
| 21,016
| 0.62 billion
| [[UCSB Gauchos|Gauchos]]
| 44
| 35
| 96
| 36
| Div I [[Big West Conference|Big West]]
|---
| [[UC Santa Cruz|Santa Cruz]]
| 2,950
| 1965
| 15,012
| 0.45 billion
| Banana Slugs
| 79
| 102-150
| 124
| 76
| Div III independent
|}
UCLA, Berkeley, and Santa Cruz were named in the top 20 gay-friendly campuses in the nation by ''[[The Advocate]]'' magazine.<ref>{{cite news | author=Bruce C. Steele | coauthor=Neal Broverman | title=College made easy| url=http://www.advocate.com/currentstory1_w.asp?id=35308 | work=The Advocate | date=29 August 2006| accessdate=2008-03-06}}</ref>
UC Berkeley, UCLA, UCSD, and UC Davis were named by the magazine ''Washington Monthly'' as four of top 10 campuses in the country based on social mobility and community service.<ref>{{cite news | author=The Editors | title=National Universities: College Rankings | url=http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2006/0609.national.html | work=The Washington Monthly | date=17 April 2007 | accessdate=2008-03-06}}</ref>
===Fictional campuses===
Several characters in the television series ''[[Buffy the Vampire Slayer (TV series)|Buffy the Vampire Slayer]]'' attend the "University of California, Sunnydale", located in the fictional city of [[Sunnydale|Sunnydale, California]]. UC Sunnydale appears to be a composite of several UC schools: two of UC Sunnydale's dormitories are named "Kresge" and "Stevenson" (which are actual colleges on the campus of [[University of California, Santa Cruz|UC Santa Cruz]]), many of the UC Sunnydale external scenes were actually filmed at [[University of California, Los Angeles|UCLA]], and "Sunnydale" itself is located in the approximate geographic position of [[Santa Barbara, California|Santa Barbara]].
One episode of the [[FX]] crime drama, [[The Shield]], made reference to UC Northridge, which might actually have been [[California State University Northridge]].
==Administration==
While the UC campuses are operated fairly efficiently, some—especially UC Berkeley—do have a reputation among their students and alumni for mediocre [[customer service]].<ref>Tanya Schevitz, [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2001/05/06/MN176023.DTL "UC Berkeley's lack of services leaves many undergrads to sink or swim: 'Little fish in a big pond,' "]
''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'', 6 May 2001, A1.</ref><ref>Diane Curtis, "UC Charged With Research Before Teaching," ''L.A. Daily News'', 13 May 1990, N4.</ref> The most common symptoms are the long lines which students often must stand in to get even the simplest administrative tasks accomplished, the long wait times before phone calls are answered, and the overcomplicated paperwork that is often required. In August 1990, UC Berkeley attempted to ease the tedium of standing in line by setting up televisions which showed comedians making jokes about standing in line.<ref>Renee Koury, "Cal Trying To Lighten Up," ''San Jose Mercury News'', 18 August 1990, 1B.</ref>
===Labor unions===
Most UC employees beside faculty and administration are represented by [[labor union]]s. Unions in the UC system include:
*[[University Professional and Technical Employees]] [[UPTE]] - health care, technical and research workers
*[[Coalition of University Employees]] (CUE) - clericals
*[[University Council-American Federation of Teachers]] [[UC-AFT]] - faculty and librarians
*[[United Auto Workers]] [[UAW]] - Academic student employees
*[[American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees]] [[AFSCME]] - service workers and patient care technical employees.
*[[California Nurses Association]] [[CNA]] - Nurses
*[[Society of Professionals, Scientists and Engineers]] [http://www.spse.org] - UC Scientists and Engineers at [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]]
<ref>http://www.caldisorientation.org/2007/LaborAtCal?highlight=%28unions%29</ref>
==Admissions==
Each UC school handles admissions separately, but a student wishing to apply for undergraduate admission uses one application for all UCs. If it is not already in electronic form, the application is then scanned into a computer and distributed to the individual campus undergraduate admission offices. Graduate and professional school admissions are handled directly by each department or program to which one applies.
Prior to 1986, students who wished to apply to a UC for undergraduate study could only apply to one campus. If the student was rejected at that campus, but otherwise met the UC minimum eligibility requirements, he or she would be ''redirected'' to another campus with available space. For students who did not wish to be redirected, the application fee was returned. In 1986, that system was changed to the current "multiple filing" system, in which a student can apply to as many or as few UC campuses as he or she wants on one application, paying a fee for each campus. This system significantly increased the numbers of applications to the Berkeley and Los Angeles campuses, since students could choose which campus they wanted to attend after they received acceptance letters, without the fear of being redirected to a campus they did not want to attend.
The University of California accepts fully eligible students from among the top eighth of California public high school graduates through regular statewide admission, or the top 4% of any given high school class through Eligibility in the Local Context (see below). All eligible California high school students who apply are accepted to the University, though not necessarily to the campus of choice.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Eligible students who are not accepted to the campus(es) of their choice are placed in the "referral pool", where campuses with open space may offer admission to those students; in 2003 10 percent of students who received an offer through this referral process accepted it.<ref>{{cite press release
|url=http://www.ucop.edu/news/archives/2004/sep03.htm
|title= Freshman admission of GTO students
|publisher=University of California Office of the President
|accessdate=2008-03-21
|last=
|first=
}}
</ref> In 2007, about 4,100 UC-eligible students who were not offered admission to their campus of choice were referred to UCR and UC Merced, the system's newest campus.<ref>{{cite web | last=Agha | first=Marisa | title=UC system fall '07 freshman admission numbers up | publisher=The Press Enterprise |
url=http://www.pe.com/localnews/highereducation/stories/PE_News_Local_C_ucadmit06.3bbf195.html | date=5 April 2007 | accessdate= 2007-08-22}}</ref>
Undergraduate admissions are conducted on a two-phase basis. In the first phase, students are admitted based solely on academic achievement. This accounts for between 50 to 75% of the admissions. In the second phase, the university conducts a "comprehensive review" of the student's achievements, including extracurricular activities, essay, family history, and life challenges, to admit the remainder. Very rarely, students who do not qualify for regular admission are "admitted by exception." In 2002, 2% of these exceptions were granted.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
The process for determining admissions varies. At some campuses, such as [[UC Davis|Davis]], [[UC Santa Barbara|Santa Barbara]], [[UC San Diego|San Diego]], and [[UC Santa Cruz|Santa Cruz]], a point system is used to weight [[Grade (education)|grade point average]], SAT Reasoning or ACT scores, and SAT Subject scores, while at [[UC Berkeley|Berkeley]], [[UC Irvine|Irvine]], and [[UCLA|Los Angeles]], academic achievement is examined in the context of the school and the surrounding community.
[[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|Race]], [[gender]], [[nationality|national origin]], and [[Ethnic group|ethnicity]] have not been used as UC admission criteria since the passing of [[California Proposition 209 (1996)|Proposition 209]]. However, this information is collected for statistical purposes.
===Eligibility in the Local Context===
Eligibility in the Local Context, commonly referred to as ELC, is met by applicants ranked in the top four percent of their high school class in terms of performance on an 11-unit pattern of UC-approved high school courses. Beginning with fall 2007 applicants, ELC will also require a UC-calculated GPA of at least 3.0. Fully eligible ELC students are guaranteed a spot at one of UC's undergraduate campuses, though not necessarily at their first-choice campus or even to a campus to which they applied.<ref>{{cite web | author= | title=Undergraduate Admissions: Local Eligibility | url=http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/admissions/undergrad_adm/paths_to_adm/freshman/local_eligibility.html | publisher=University of California | date=31 May 2007 | accessdate=2008-03-06}}</ref>
=== Statistics: Freshman Admission Profile (Fall 2008)===
Published by the University of California:<ref>{{cite web | title=UC system fall '08 freshman admission numbers | publisher=University of California ||url=http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/admissions/ITU.pdf}}
</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Campus
!Applicants
!Admits
!Admit Rate
!GPA Avg
!ACT
!SAT Reading
!SAT Math
!SAT Writing
!SAT Composite
|-
|[[UC Berkeley]]
|48,462
|10,382
|21.4%
|4.18
|29
|665
|696
|674
|2034
|-
|[[UC Davis]]
|40,612
|21,256
|52.3%
|3.94
|27
|604
|642
|614
|1860
|-
|[[UC Irvine]]
|42,429
|20,429
|48.5%
|3.95
|26
|594
|639
|606
|1839
|-
|[[UC Los Angeles]]
|55,406
|12,574
|22.7%
|4.15
|29
|653
|686
|664
|2003
|-
|[[UC Merced]]
|10,425
|8,544
|82.0%
|3.54
|23
|537
|577
|540
|1654
|-
|[[UC Riverside]]
|22,390
|16,816
|75.9%
|3.58
|23
|536
|576
|544
|1656
|-
|[[UC San Diego]]
|47,407
|19,010
|40.1%
|4.07
|28
|630
|671
|642
|1943
|-
|[[UC Santa Barbara]]
|47,073
|23,166
|49.2%
|3.94
|27
|606
|633
|616
|1855
|-
|[[UC Santa Cruz]]
|27,839
|20,267
|72.8%
|3.70
|25
|583
|602
|587
|1772
|}
==Peripheral enterprises==
The University of California has a long tradition of involvement in many enterprises that are often geographically or organizationally separate from its general campuses, including national laboratories, observatories, hospitals, continuing education programs, hotels, conference centers, an airport, and an art institute.
===National laboratories===
[[Image:UC campuses and labs.png|thumb|300px|This map shows the locations of the ten UC campuses and the national laboratories associated with UC. A third national laboratory associated with UC is in [[Los Alamos, New Mexico]].]]
The University of California directly manages and operates one [[United States Department of Energy National Laboratories|United States Department of Energy National Laboratory]]:
* [[Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory]] (LBNL) ([[Berkeley, California]])
UC is a limited partner in two separate private companies, that manage and operate two other Department of Energy national laboratories:
* [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] (LANL) ([[Los Alamos, New Mexico]]) operated by [[Los Alamos National Security]], LLC.
* [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory]] (LLNL) ([[Livermore, California]]) operated by [http://llnsllc.com Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC].
====Laboratory missions====
'''Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory''' conducts unclassified research across a wide range of scientific disciplines with key efforts in fundamental studies of the universe; quantitative biology; nanoscience; new energy systems and environmental solutions; and the use of integrated computing as a tool for discovery.
'''Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory''' uses advance science and technology to ensure that the US’s nuclear weapons remain safe, secure, and reliable. LLNL also has major research programs in supercomputing and predictive modeling, energy and environment, bioscience and biotechnology, basic science and applied technology, counter proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, and homeland security. It is also home to the most powerful supercomputers in the world.
'''Los Alamos National Laboratory''' focuses most of its work on ensuring the safety and reliability of the US's nuclear weapons. Other work at LANL involves research programs into preventing the spread of weapons of mass destruction and US national security, such as protection of the US homeland from terrorist attack.
The UC's ties to the three laboratories have occasionally sparked controversy and protest, because all three laboratories have been intimately linked with the development of [[nuclear weapon]]s. During the [[World War II]] [[Manhattan Project]], Lawrence Berkeley Lab developed the electromagnetic method for separation of uranium isotopes used to develop the first atomic bombs. The Los Alamos and Lawrence Livermore labs have been involved in designing the nation's nuclear weapons from inception until the shift into [[stockpile stewardship]] after the close of the [[Cold War]].
Historically the two national laboratories in Berkeley and Livermore named after [[Ernest O. Lawrence]], have had very close relationships on research projects, as well as sharing some business operations and staff. In fact, [[LLNL]] was not officially severed administratively from [[LBNL]] until the early 1970s. They also have much deeper ties to the university than the Los Alamos Lab, a fact seen in their respective original names; the University of California Berkeley Radiation Laboratory and the University of California Radiation Laboratory at Livermore.
====Los Alamos and Lawrence Livermore====
The University of California's ties to the labs have so far outlasted all periods of internal controversy. However, in 2003, the U.S Department of Energy for the first time opened the [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] (LANL) contract for bidding by other vendors. UC entered into a partnership with [[Bechtel Corporation]], [[BWXT]], and the [[Washington Group International]], and together they created a private company called [[Los Alamos National Security, LLC]] (LANS). The only other bidder on the LANL contract was a [[Lockheed-Martin]] Corporation-created company that included, among others, the [[University of Texas System]]. In December 2005, a seven-year contract to manage the laboratory was awarded to the Los Alamos National Security, LLC.<ref>{{cite news
| last=Broad | first=William J.| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/22/national/22alamos.html |title=California Is Surprise Winner in Bid to Run Los Alamos | work=New York Times | date=22 December 2005 | accessdate=2008-02-10}}</ref>
On June 1, 2006, the University of California ended its direct involvement in operating Los Alamos National Laboratory, and management control of the laboratory was taken over by [[Los Alamos National Security, LLC]]. Approximately 95% of the former 10,000 UC employees at LANL were rehired by LANS to continue working at LANL.
On October 1, 2007, the University of California ended its direct involvement in operating the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Management control of the laboratory was taken over by [http://www.llnsllc.com Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC], a limited liability company whose members are Bechtel National, the University of California, Babcock and Wilcox, the Washington Division of URS Corporation, Battelle Memorial Institute, and The Teaxs A&M University System.
Other than UC appointing three members to the two separate board of directors (each with eleven member) that oversee LANS and LLNS, UC now has virtually no responsibility or direct involvement in either LANL or LLNL. UC policies and regulations that apply to UC campuses and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in California no longer apply to LANL and LLNL, and the LANL and LLNL Directors no longer report to the UC Regents or UC Office of the President.
===High-performance networking===
The University of California is a founding and charter member of [[CENIC]], the Corporation for Education Network Initiatives in California, the nonprofit organization which provides extremely high-performance Internet-based networking to California's K-20 research and education community.
===Other national research centers===
The University of California also works with the [[NASA Ames Research Center]] at [[Moffett Federal Airfield]] in California. In September 2003, a ten-year contract valued at more than US$330 million was awarded to the UC to establish and operate a University Affiliated Research Center (UARC) — the largest grant ever awarded the University. [[UC Santa Cruz]] manages the UARC for the University of California, with the goal of increasing the science output, safety, and effectiveness of [[NASA]]'s missions through new technologies and scientific techniques. Since 2002, the [[NSF]]-funded [[San Diego Supercomputer Center]] at [[UC San Diego]] has been managed by the University of California, taking over for the previous manager, [[General Atomics]].
===Observatories===
The University of California manages two [[Observatory|observatories]] as a multi-campus research unit headquartered at its [[Santa Cruz, California|Santa Cruz]] campus.
*[[Lick Observatory]] atop [[Mount Hamilton (California)|Mount Hamilton]], in the [[Diablo Range]] just east of [[San Jose, California|San Jose]].
*[[Keck Observatory]] at the 4,145 meter (13,600 ft) summit of [[Mauna Kea]] in [[Hawai'i]].
The Astronomy Department at the [[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]] campus manages the [[Hat Creek Radio Observatory]] in [[Shasta County, California|Shasta County]].
===Hospitals===
The University of California has [[medical school]]s at Davis, Irvine, Los Angeles, San Diego, and San Francisco. UCSF is consistently ranked in the Top 10 nationwide, UCLA and UCSD in the Top 15, by ''[[U.S. News and World Report]]''. The affiliated teaching hospitals are also highly regarded, with [[UCLA Medical Center]] ranked No. 1 on the West Coast by ''[[U.S. News and World Report]]''.
In the latter half of the 20th century, the UC hospitals became the core of full-fledged regional health systems; they were gradually supplemented by many outpatient clinics, offices, and institutes. Three UC hospitals are actually county hospitals which were sold to UC, which means that UC has come to play a major role in providing healthcare to the indigent. The medical hospitals operated by UC Irvine (acquired in 1976), UC Davis (acquired in 1978), and UC San Diego (acquired in 1984), each began as the respective county hospitals of [[Orange County, California|Orange County]], [[Sacramento County, California|Sacramento County]], and [[San Diego County, California|San Diego County]].
===UC Extension===
For over a century, the University has operated a continuing education program for working adults and professionals. At present, UC Extension enrolls over 500,000 students each year in over 17,000 courses. One of the reasons for its large size is that UC Extension is a dominant provider of [[Continuing Legal Education]] and [[Continuing Medical Education]] in California.
===UC Agriculture and Natural Resources===
The University of California division of [http://ucanr.org/index.cfm/ Agriculture and Natural Resources] plays an important role in the State's agriculture industry, as mandated by the UC's legacy as a land-grant institution. In addition to conducting agriculture research, every county in the state has a field office with county farm advisors. The county offices also support [[4-H]] programs and have nutrition, family and consumer sciences advisors who assist local government.
===UC Natural Reserve System===
The [[University of California Natural Reserve System|NRS]] was established in January 1965 to provide UC faculty with large areas of land in which they could conduct long-term ecosystem research without having to worry about outside disturbances like tourists. Today, the NRS manages 35 reserves which together encompass more than {{convert|130000|acre|km2}}.
===Travel and conference facilities===
*UC Berkeley's California Alumni Association operates travel excursions for alumni (and their families) under its "BearTreks" brand. BearTreks is unusual in that the tour guides are usually Berkeley professors. CAA also operates an exclusive resort in the Sierra Nevada, the Lair of the Golden Bear, also just for Cal alumni and their families.
*UCLA operates both its own on-campus [[hotel]], the UCLA Guest House, and a lavish conference center at [[Lake Arrowhead, California|Lake Arrowhead]]. During the summer, the conference center hosts the Bruin Woods vacation programs for UCLA alumni and their families.
*The University Inn and Conference Center, located in downtown Santa Cruz, is owned and operated by UC Santa Cruz.
*The UC system's Education Abroad program has two foreign campuses to support UC students: California House in [[London]] and La Casa de la Universidad de California in [[Mexico City]]. There is also a [[UC Washington Center]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]
===University Airport===
[[UC Davis]] operates the [[University Airport]] as a utility airport for air shuttle service in the contractual transportation of university employees and agricultural samples.
===Seaport===
UCSD owns a seaport, the Nimitz Marine Facility, which is just south of Shelter Island on [[Point Loma]], San Diego. The port is used as an operating base for all of its oceanographic vessels and platforms.
===Other affiliated institutions===
*[[University of California, Hastings College of the Law]]
*[[Kearney Research and Extension Center]]
* Continuing Education of the Bar [http://www.ceb.com]
==See also==
{{div col|cols=2}}
*[[California Community Colleges]]
*[[California Master Plan for Higher Education]]
*[[California State University]]
*[[Colleges and universities]]
*[[Innovative Vector Control Consortium]]
*[[University of California Natural Reserve System]]
*[[University of California Police Department]]
*[[University of California Students Association]]
*[[UC Washington Center|University of California Washington Center]]
{{div col end}}
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
==Further reading==
*{{cite book | last=Stadtman | first=Verne A. | coauthors= | title=The University of California 1868-1968 | location=New York | publisher=McGraw-Hill Book Co. | year=1970 | isbn=}}
*{{cite book | last=Stadtman | first=Verne A. | title=A Centennial Publication of the University of California | location=New York | publisher=McGraw-Hill Book Co. | year=1970 | isbn=}}
==External links==
{{Commons|Category:University of California|University of California}}
* [http://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/ Official Website]
{{UCPresidents}}
{{University of California}}
[[Category:Education in California|University of California system]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1868]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in California]]
[[Category:University of California|*]]
[[de:University of California]]
[[es:Universidad de California]]
[[eo:Universitato de Kalifornio]]
[[fa:دانشگاه کالیفرنیا]]
[[fr:Université de Californie]]
[[gl:Universidade de California]]
[[ko:캘리포니아 대학교]]
[[id:Universitas California]]
[[it:Università della California]]
[[he:אוניברסיטת קליפורניה]]
[[hu:Kaliforniai Egyetem]]
[[nl:Universiteit van Californië]]
[[ja:カリフォルニア大学]]
[[no:University of California]]
[[pl:Uniwersytet Kalifornijski]]
[[pt:Universidade da Califórnia]]
[[ru:Калифорнийский университет]]
[[fi:Kalifornian yliopisto]]
[[sv:University of California]]
[[th:มหาวิทยาลัยแคลิฟอร์เนีย]]
[[vi:Đại học California]]
[[tr:Kaliforniya Üniversitesi]]
[[zh-yue:加利福尼亞大學]]
[[zh:加利福尼亞大學]]