University of Cambridge 31796 226180216 2008-07-17T05:09:13Z N3r9 6359171 /* Research and teaching */ {{Infobox University |name = University of Cambridge |latin_name = Universitas Cantabrigiensis |image_name = Cambridge University Crest - flat.png |motto = ''Hinc lucem et pocula sacra'' ([[Latin]]) |mottoeng = From here, light and sacred draughts (literal)<br>From this place, we gain enlightenment and precious knowledge (non-literal) |established = c. 1209 |demonym = Cantabrigian |staff = 8,614<ref name="Facts and Figures 2008">{{cite web |url = http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/offices/planning/data/facts/poster_2008.pdf |title =Facts and Figures January 2008 |publisher=University of Cambridge |accessdate=2008-06-01}}</ref> |chancellor = [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|HRH The Duke of Edinburgh]] |vice_chancellor = [[Alison Richard|Professor Alison Richard]] |city = [[Cambridge]] |country = [[England]] |campus = |students = 18,396<ref name="HESA">{{cite web|url= http://www.hesa.ac.uk/dox/dataTables/studentsAndQualifiers/download/Table_0b_0405.xls|title= Table 0b - All students FTE by institution and level of study 2004/05|accessdate= 2008-06-01|format= [[Microsoft Excel]] spreadsheet|publisher= [[Higher Education Statistics Agency]]}}</ref> |undergrad = 12,018<ref name="HESA" /> |postgrad = 6,378<ref name="HESA" /> |endowment = £4.1 billion (2006, incl. colleges)<ref name="Press Release - Investments and Endowments Nov 2006">{{cite web |url = http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/news/press/dpp/2006112701 |title =Press Release - Investments and Endowments Nov 2006 |publisher=University of Cambridge |accessdate=2008-03-28}}</ref> |colours = {{color box|#A3C1AD}} [[Cambridge Blue (Colour)|Cambridge Blue]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/offices/communications/services/identityguidelines/guidelines-colour.pdf|title=Identity Guidelines - Colour|publisher=University of Cambridge Office of External Affairs and Communications|accessdate=2008-03-28}}</ref><table cellspacing="0" width="100%">{{scarf start}} {{cell|#A3C1AD}}{{cell|#003366}}{{cell|#A3C1AD}} </table> |athletics = The [[University Sporting Blue|Sporting Blue]] |type = [[public university|Public]] |affiliations = [[Russell Group]]<br/> [[Coimbra Group]]<br/> [[European University Association|EUA]]<br/> [[LERU]]<br/> [[International Alliance of Research Universities|IARU]] |website = http://www.cam.ac.uk |logo = [[Image:UniCamLogo.JPG|200px]] }} The '''University of Cambridge''' (often '''Cambridge University'''), located in [[Cambridge]], [[England]], is the [[List of oldest universities in continuous operation|second-oldest]] university in the [[Anglosphere|English-speaking world]]. It is [[University_of_Cambridge#Reputation|regarded]] as one of the world's leading academic institutions. The name is sometimes abbreviated as '''''Cantab.''''' in [[Post-nominal letters|post-nominals]], a shortened form of '''''Cantabrigiensis''''' (an adjective derived from '''''Cantabrigia''''', the Latinised form of [[Cambridge]]). The University grew out of an association of scholars in the city of Cambridge that was formed, [[University of Cambridge#Early history|early records suggest]], in 1209 by scholars leaving [[Oxford]] after a dispute with local townsfolk there.<ref>[http://www.cam.ac.uk/cambuniv/pubs/history/records.html A Brief History: Early records] from the university web site, retrieved [[4 September]] [[2007]].</ref> The universities of [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] and Cambridge are often jointly referred to as ''[[Oxbridge]]''. In addition to cultural and practical associations as a historic part of [[England|English]] society, the two universities also have a long [[Oxbridge rivalry|history of rivalry]] with each other. The University of Cambridge is a member of the [[Russell Group]], a network of research-led British universities; the [[Coimbra Group]], an association of leading European universities; the [[League of European Research Universities]]; and the [[International Alliance of Research Universities]]. It is also considered part of the [[Golden Triangle (UK universities)|"Golden Triangle"]], a geographical concentration of UK university research. Academically, Cambridge is consistently [[Academic Ranking of World Universities|ranked]] in the world's top 5 universities.<ref>{{cite web | title = Top 500 World Universities (1-99) | work = ARWU 2007 | url = http://ed.sjtu.edu.cn/rank/2007/ARWU2007_Top100.htm | accessdate = 2007-10-09 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = World University Rankings | work = The Times Higher Education Supplement (Requires subscription and log-in)| url = http://www.thes.co.uk/statistics/international_comparisons/2006/top_unis.aspx?window_type=popup | accessdate = 2007-10-09 }}</ref> It has traditionally been an academic institution of choice of the [[British Royal Family|Royal Family]] ([[Edward VII of the United Kingdom|King Edward VII]], [[George VI of the United Kingdom|King George VI]], [[Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester|Prince Henry of Gloucester]], [[Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh|Prince William of Gloucester and Edinburgh]] and [[Charles, Prince of Wales|Prince Charles]] were all undergraduates) and has produced [[Nobel prizes by university affiliation|82 Nobel Laureates]] to date. ==History== [[Roger of Wendover]] wrote that the University of Cambridge could trace its origins to a crime committed in 1209. Although not always a reliable source, the detail given in his contemporaneous writings lends them credence. Two Oxford scholars were convicted of the murder or manslaughter of a woman and were hanged by the town authorities with the assent of the King. In protest at the hanging, the [[University of Oxford]] went into voluntary suspension, and scholars migrated to a number of other locations, including the pre-existing school at Cambridge (Cambridge had been recorded as a “school” rather than university when John Grim held the office of Master there in 1201). These post-graduate researchers from Oxford started Cambridge’s life as a university in 1209. Cambridge’s status as a university is further confirmed by a decree in 1233 from [[Pope Gregory IX]] which awarded the ''[[ius non trahi extra]]'' (a form of legal protection) to the ''chancellor and universitas of scholars'' at Cambridge. After Cambridge was described as a ''[[studium generale]]'' in a letter by [[Pope Nicholas IV]] in 1290, and confirmed as such in a bull by [[Pope John XXII]] in 1318, it became common for researchers from other European [[medieval universities]] to come and visit Cambridge to study or to give lecture courses.<ref> {{cite book | last = Leedham-Green | first = Elizabeth | authorlink = Elizabeth Leedham-Green | title = [http://books.google.com/books?id=xvScOaG7mHYC&pg=PP1&ots=-Mo6y22m7W&dq=concise+history+of+the+university+of+cambridge&sig=ZVj-z9xrAkI9wygusLg9AdIlhUY A Concise History of the University of Cambridge] | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | year = 1996 | isbn = 0-521-43978-7 | pages = 1&ndash;4 }} </ref> ===Foundation of the Colleges=== [[Image:KingsCollegeChapelWest.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[Clare College, Cambridge|Clare College]] (left) and [[King's College, Cambridge|King’s College]] Chapel (centre), seen from [[The Backs]]]] Cambridge’s colleges were originally an incidental feature of the system. No college is as old as the university itself. The colleges were endowed fellowships of scholars. There were also institutions without endowments, called hostels. The hostels were gradually absorbed by the colleges over the centuries, but they have left some indicators of their time, such as the name of Garret Hostel Lane. [[Hugh Balsham]], [[Bishop]] of [[Ely]], founded [[Peterhouse, Cambridge|Peterhouse]] in 1284, Cambridge’s first college. Many colleges were founded during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, but colleges continued to be established throughout the centuries to modern times, although there was a gap of 204 years between the founding of [[Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge|Sidney Sussex]] in 1596 and [[Downing College, Cambridge|Downing]] in 1800. The most recent college established is [[Robinson College, Cambridge|Robinson]], built in the late 1970s. However, [[Hughes Hall, Cambridge|Hughes Hall]] only achieved full university college status in April 2007, making it the newest full college.<ref>http://www.varsity.co.uk/news/418/1/</ref> In [[medieval]] times, colleges were founded so that their students would [[Prayer|pray]] for the [[soul]]s of the founders. For that reason they were often associated with [[chapel]]s or [[abbey]]s. A change in the colleges’ focus occurred in 1536 with the [[Dissolution of the Monasteries|dissolution of the monasteries]]. King [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]] ordered the university to disband its Faculty of Canon Law and to stop teaching “[[scholastic philosophy]]”. In response, colleges changed their curricula away from canon law and towards the [[classics]], the [[Bible]], and [[mathematics]]. ===Mathematics=== From the time of [[Isaac Newton]] in the later 17th century until the mid-19th century, the university maintained a strong emphasis on mathematics. Study of this subject was compulsory for graduation, and students were required to take an exam for the [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree, the main first degree at Cambridge in both arts and science subjects. This exam is known as a [[Tripos]]. Students awarded [[British undergraduate degree classification|first-class honours]] after completing the mathematics Tripos were named [[Wrangler (University of Cambridge)|wranglers]]. The [[Cambridge Mathematical Tripos]] was competitive and helped produce some of the most famous names in British science, including [[James Clerk Maxwell]], [[William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin|Lord Kelvin]], and [[John Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh|Lord Rayleigh]]. However, some famous students, such as [[G. H. Hardy]], disliked the system, feeling that people were too interested in accumulating marks in exams and not interested in the subject itself. Although diversified in its research and teaching interests, Cambridge today maintains its strength in mathematics. The [[Isaac Newton Institute]], part of the university, is widely regarded as the UK’s national research institute for mathematics and theoretical physics. Cambridge alumni have won eight [[Fields Medal]]s and one [[Abel Prize]] for mathematics. The University also runs a special [[CASM|Certificate of Advanced Studies in Mathematics]] course. ===Contributions to the advancement of science=== Many of the most important scientific discoveries and revolutions were made by Cambridge alumni. These include: * Understanding the [[scientific method]], by [[Francis Bacon]] * The [[Newton's laws of motion|laws of motion]], by [[Sir Isaac Newton]] * The discovery of the [[electron]], by [[J. J. Thomson]] * The [[Atomic_nucleus|splitting of the atom]] by [[Sir John Douglas Cockcroft|Sir John Cockcroft]] and [[Ernest Walton]] * The unification of [[electromagnetism]], by [[James Clerk Maxwell]] * The discovery of [[hydrogen]], by [[Henry Cavendish]] * [[Evolution]] by [[natural selection]], by [[Charles Darwin]] * The [[Turing machine]], the basis of modern computers, by [[Alan Turing]] * The structure of [[DNA]], by [[Francis Crick]] and [[James D. Watson]] ===Women’s education=== Originally all students were male. The first colleges for women were [[Girton College, Cambridge|Girton College]] (founded by [[Emily Davies]]) in 1869 and [[Newnham College, Cambridge|Newnham College]] in 1872. The first women students were examined in 1882 but attempts to make women full members of the university did not succeed until 1947. Although Cambridge did not give degrees to women until this date women were in fact allowed to study courses, sit examinations, and have their results recorded from the nineteenth century onwards. In the twentieth century women could be given a “titular degree”; although they were not denied recognised qualifications, without a full degree they were excluded from the governing of the university. Since students must belong to a college, and since established colleges remained closed to women, women found admissions restricted to colleges established only for women. Starting with Churchill College, all of the men’s colleges began to admit women between 1960 and 1988. One women’s college, Girton, also began to admit men, but the other women’s colleges did not follow suit. In the academic year 2004–5, the university’s student gender ratio, including post-graduates, was male 52%: female 48% <ref>Source: Cambridge University Reporter, [http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/reporter/2004-05/special/19/]</ref>. {{wide image|Kings College Cambridge Great Court Panorama.jpg|1500px|Great Court of King's College}} ==Organisation== Cambridge is a [[collegiate university]], with its main functions divided between the central departments of the university and 31 [[Colleges of the University of Cambridge|colleges]]. In general, the departments perform research and provide centralised lectures to students, while the colleges are responsible for the domestic arrangements and welfare of undergraduate students, graduate students, post-doctoral researchers and some University staff. The colleges also provide most of the small group teaching for undergraduates, referred to as [[Tutorial|supervisions]]. The 31 colleges are technically institutions independent of the university itself and enjoy considerable autonomy. For example, colleges decide which students they are to admit, and appoint their own [[fellow]]s (senior members). In Cambridge, “the university” often refers to the University as distinct from the colleges. ===Central administration=== The current [[Chancellor (education)|Chancellor]] of the university is the [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|Duke of Edinburgh]]. The current [[Vice-Chancellor]] is [[Alison Fettes Richard|Professor Alison Richard]]. The office of Chancellor, which is held for life, is mainly ceremonial, while the Vice-Chancellor is ''de facto'' the principal academic and administrative officer. The University's internal governance is carried out almost entirely by its own members, with little external representation on its governing bodies with the exception of the Audit Committee. The governing body of the University is the [[Regent House]] (composed of resident senior members of the University and the Colleges, together with the Chancellor, the [[High Steward (academia)|High Steward]], the Deputy High Steward, and the Commissary{{Fact|date=October 2007}}). The University Council is the principal executive and policy-making body of the University, and is subject to Regent House. Since January 2005, the membership of the Council has included two external members.<ref>[http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/reporter/2004-05/weekly/5984/1.html Reporter 15/12/04: Annual Report of the Council for 2003-04<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The General Board of the Faculties is responsible, subject to the Regent House and to the responsibilities of the Council, for the academic and educational policy of the University.<ref>[http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/reporter/current/weekly/6071/17.html "Developing governance by building on good practice: a green paper issued by the University Council"], [[25 April]] [[2007]]</ref> The Cambridge Reporter Regent House and The Senate consists of all holders of the [[Master of Arts (Oxbridge and Dublin)|MA]] degree or higher degrees. It elects the Chancellor and the High Steward; until their abolition in 1950, it elected Members to the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] for the [[Cambridge University (UK Parliament constituency)|Cambridge University constituency]], but otherwise it has not had a major role since 1926.{{Fact|date=October 2007}} ===Colleges=== [[Image:Cam colls from johns.jpg|thumb|right|250px|View over [[Trinity College, Cambridge|Trinity College]], [[Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge|Gonville and Caius]], [[Trinity Hall, Cambridge|Trinity Hall]] and [[Clare College, Cambridge|Clare College]] towards [[King's College, Cambridge|King’s College]] Chapel, seen from [[St John's College, Cambridge|St John’s College]] chapel. On the left, just in front of Kings College chapel, is the University [[Senate House (University of Cambridge)|Senate House]]]] {{main|Colleges of the University of Cambridge}} The University of Cambridge currently has 31 [[Colleges within UK Universities|colleges]], of which three admit only women ([[Murray Edwards College, Cambridge|Murray Edwards]], [[Newnham College, Cambridge|Newnham]] and [[Lucy Cavendish College, Cambridge|Lucy Cavendish]]). The remaining 28 are mixed, [[Magdalene College, Cambridge|Magdalene]] being the last all-male college to begin admitting women in 1988. Two colleges admit only [[postgraduate]]s ([[Clare Hall, Cambridge|Clare Hall]] and [[Darwin College, Cambridge|Darwin]]), and four more admit mainly [[mature student]]s or [[graduate student]]s ([[Hughes Hall, Cambridge|Hughes Hall]], [[Lucy Cavendish College, Cambridge|Lucy Cavendish]], [[St Edmund's College, Cambridge|St Edmund’s]] and [[Wolfson College, Cambridge|Wolfson]]). The other 25 colleges admit both [[undergraduate]] and postgraduate students. Colleges are not required to admit students in all subjects, with some colleges choosing not to offer subjects such as [[architecture]] or [[history of art]], but most offer close to the complete range. Some colleges maintain a bias towards certain subjects, for example with [[Churchill College, Cambridge|Churchill]] leaning towards the [[science]]s and [[engineering]]<ref>''[http://www.chu.cam.ac.uk/the_college/info/ Information about Churchill College]'', [[Churchill College, Cambridge|Churchill College]] [[website]], updated [[29 September]] [[2007]], retrieved [[7 January]] [[2008]]</ref>, while others such as [[St Catharine's College, Cambridge|St Catharine's College]] aim for a balanced intake <ref>''[http://www.cam.ac.uk/admissions/undergraduate/colleges/stcatharines/ About St. Catharine's College]'', [[University of Cambridge]] [[website]]</ref>. Costs to students (accommodation and food prices) vary considerably from college to college.{{Fact|date=October 2007}} Others maintain much more informal reputations, such as for the students of Kings College to hold left-wing and Liberal political views <ref>[http://www.cusu.cam.ac.uk/prospective/prospectus/alternativeprospectus.pdf]</ref>, or Robinson College's attempts to minimise its environmental impact <ref>[http://www.societies.cam.ac.uk/cuecs/current_projects/LT/downloads/07-08/VARSITY_LTarticle08.JPG]</ref>. There are several historical colleges which no longer exist, such as [[King's Hall, Cambridge|King’s Hall]] (founded in 1317) and [[Michaelhouse, Cambridge|Michaelhouse]] which were combined by [[Henry VIII of England|King Henry VIII]] to establish [[Trinity College, Cambridge|Trinity]] in 1546, Gonville Hall which was founded in 1348 and then re-founded in 1557 as [[Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge|Gonville & Caius]], and God's House which was re-founded as [[Christ's College, Cambridge|Christ's]] in 1505. There are also several theological colleges in Cambridge, (for example [[Westminster College, Cambridge|Westminster College]] and [[Ridley Hall, Cambridge|Ridley Hall Theological College]]) that are loosely affiliated with the university through the [[Cambridge Theological Federation]]. ===Research and teaching=== [[Image:FitzwilliamMuseum.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The [[Fitzwilliam Museum]], the art and antiquities museum of the University of Cambridge]] The principal method of teaching at Cambridge [[Colleges of the University of Cambridge|colleges]] is the supervision. These are typically weekly hour-long sessions in which small groups of students - usually between one and three - meet with a member of the university's teaching staff or a doctoral student. Students are normally required to complete an essay or assignment in advance of the supervision, which they will discuss with the supervisor during the session, along with any concerns or difficulties they have had with the material presented in that week's lectures. Lectures at Cambridge are often described as being almost a mere 'bolt-on' to these supervisions. Students typically receive two or three supervisions per week. This [[pedagogy|pedagogical]] system is often cited as being unique to Cambridge and [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] (where “supervisions” are known as “tutorials”) Cambridge University has research departments and teaching faculties in most academic disciplines. Cambridge tends to have a slight bias towards [[science|scientific]] subjects, but it also has a number of strong [[humanities]] and [[social sciences|social science]] faculties. All research and lectures are conducted by University Departments. The colleges are in charge of giving or arranging most supervisions, student accommodation, and funding most extracurricular activities. During the 1990s Cambridge added a substantial number of new specialist research laboratories on several University sites around the city, and major expansion continues on a number of sites <ref>[http://www.cam.ac.uk/building/]</ref>. ''See also [[:Category:Departments of the University of Cambridge]] and Departments in the University of Cambridge <ref>[http://www.cam.ac.uk/cambuniv/finding/addresses/dept_a.html Departments in the University of Cambridge]''</ref>. ===Finances=== In late 2006, the total financial endowment of the university and the colleges was estimated at £4.1 billion (US$7.9 billion): £1.2 billion tied directly to the university, £2.9 billion to the colleges. <ref>[http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/news/press/dpp/2006112701] – Cambridge University press release</ref> This endowment is arguably the largest in Europe. Oxford (including its colleges) is possibly ranked second, having reported an endowment valued at £3.9bn in mid-2006. <ref>[http://www.admin.ox.ac.uk/gwp/whitepaper.pdf]</ref> The [[Central European University]] in [[Budapest]] has the third largest endowment, with an estimated €400 million in 2005. Each college is an independent charitable institution with its own endowment, separate from that of the central university endowment. If ranked on a [[United States|US]] university endowment table using figures reported in 2006, Cambridge would rank sixth or seventh (depending on whether one includes the [[University of Texas System]] – which incorporates nine full scale universities and six health institutions), or fourth in a ranking compared with only the eight [[Ivy League]] institutions.<ref>[http://www.nacubo.org/documents/research/2006NES_Listing.pdf] &mdash; NACUBO report</ref> Comparisons between Cambridge's endowment and those of other top US universities are however inaccurate because being a state-funded public university, Cambridge receives a major portion of its income through education and research grants from the British Government. In 2006, it was reported that approximately one third of Cambridge’s income comes from UK government funding for teaching and research, with another third coming from other research grants. Endowment income contributes around 6%.<ref>[http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0e712684-7d85-11db-9fa2-0000779e2340.html Cambridge turns to City to lead fund] ''[[Financial Times]]'', November 26 2006</ref> In 2005, the Cambridge 800th Anniversary Campaign <ref>[http://www.foundation.cam.ac.uk/800-home.php Cambridge 800th Anniversary Campaign]</ref> was launched, aimed at raising £1 billion by 2012 – the first US-style university fundraising campaign in Europe. £663 million of funds have been secured to date. ==Reputation== [[Image:Mathmo results.jpg|right|thumb|190px|Results for the [[Cambridge Mathematical Tripos]] are read out inside [[Senate House (University of Cambridge)|Senate House]] and then tossed from the balcony.]] Historically, Cambridge University has produced most of Britain’s prominent scientists and mathematicians, including [[Isaac Newton]], [[Charles Darwin]], [[Niels Bohr]], [[Ernest Rutherford]], [[J. J. Thomson]], [[Frederick Sanger]], [[James D. Watson]], [[Stephen Hawking]], [[Alan Turing]], [[Fred Sanger]], [[William Harvey]], [[Paul Dirac]], [[Jane Goodall]] and [[James Clerk Maxwell]]. Officially, affiliates of Cambridge University have won a total of 82 [[Nobel Prize|Nobel Prizes]], and 8 [[Fields Medal|Fields Medals]], more than any other university in the world, and more than any country in the world except the United Kingdom and the United States. Seventy of these Nobel Laureates also attended Cambridge as undergraduate or graduate students. In addition to a long and distinguished tradition in mathematics and the sciences, Cambridge University has educated 15 [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Ministers]], including [[Robert Walpole]] (First Prime Minister of Great Britain), [[Charles Watson-Wentworth]], [[Spencer Perceval]], [[Arthur Balfour]] and [[Stanley Baldwin]]. At least 23 Heads of State have attended Cambridge University, including 3 Prime Ministers of India ([[Manmohan Singh]], [[Rajiv Gandhi]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]), 2 Prime Ministers of Singapore ([[Lee Kuan Yew]] and [[Lee Hsien Loong]]), [[Stanley Bruce]] (Prime Minister of Australia) and [[Margrethe II]] of Denmark (Queen Regnant of Denmark). Cambridge University has also been the academic institution of choice of the [[British Royal Family|Royal Family]] traditionally ([[Edward VII of the United Kingdom|King Edward VII]], [[George VI of the United Kingdom|King George VI]], [[Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester|Prince Henry of Gloucester]], [[Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh|Prince William of Gloucester and Edinburgh]] and [[Charles, Prince of Wales|Prince Charles]] were all undergraduates). According to [[UCAS]], Cambridge and Oxford are the most academically selective universities in the United Kingdom &ndash; there is a special national admissions process which sets [[Oxbridge]] apart from other British universities. Traditionally, Cambridge applicants have had to fill the Cambridge Application Form (CAF) in addition to UCAS although this will no longer be necessary for entry beginning 2009, being replaced with a more standard supplementary information form, in line with other universities in the UK.<ref name="Applying to Cambridge is to become simpler">{{cite web |url=http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/news/dp/2008021504 |title=Applying to Cambridge is to become simpler}}</ref> In the most recent British Government [[Research Assessment Exercise]] in 2001,<ref>[http://education.guardian.co.uk/RAE/story/0,,618278,00.html] &ndash; Report in ''The Guardian''</ref> Cambridge was ranked first in the country. In 2005, it was reported that Cambridge produces more PhDs per year than any other British university (over 30% more than second placed Oxford).<ref>[http://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/research/story/0,,1575165,00.html] &mdash; Report in ''The Guardian''</ref> In 2006, a [[Thomson Scientific & Healthcare|Thomson Scientific]] study showed that Cambridge has the highest research paper output of any British university, and is also the top research producer (as assessed by total paper citation count) in 10 out of 21 major British research fields analysed ([[Imperial College]] came second, leading in 3 fields).<ref>[http://scientific.thomson.com/press/2006/8319732/] &mdash; Report available online via thomson.com</ref> Another study published the same year by Evidence showed that Cambridge won a larger proportion (6.6%) of total British research grants and contracts than any other university (coming first in three out of four broad discipline fields).<ref>[http://www.thes.co.uk/search/story.aspx?story_id=2033320] &mdash; Report in the ''Times Higher Education Supplement''</ref> The university is also closely linked with the development of the high-tech business cluster in and around Cambridge, which forms the area known as [[Silicon Fen]] or sometimes the “Cambridge Phenomenon”. In 2004, it was reported that Silicon Fen was the second largest [[venture capital]] market in the world, after [[Silicon Valley]]. Estimates reported in February 2006 suggest that there were about 250 active [[startup company|startup companies]] directly linked with the university, worth around US$6 billion.<ref>[http://www.entrepreneurs.jbs.cam.ac.uk/news/news.htm] &mdash; Cambridge University press release</ref> ===League Table Rankings=== {| class="wikitable" |+World |- ! ! 2007 ! 2006 ! 2005 ! 2004 ! 2003 |- ! [[THES - QS World University Rankings]] | 2nd | 2nd<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topuniversities.com/worlduniversityrankings/results/2006/overall_top_200_full_details/ |title = THES - QS World University Rankings 2006 |work=[[THES]]|accessdate=03-11-2007}}</ref> | 3rd<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topuniversities.com/worlduniversityrankings/results/2005/top_200_universities/ |title = THES - QS World University Rankings 2005 |work=[[THES]]|accessdate=03-11-2007}}</ref> | | |- ! [[Academic Ranking of World Universities]] | 4th<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ed.sjtu.edu.cn/rank/2007/ARWU2007FullListByRank.pdf |title = Academic Ranking of World Universities 2007 |work=[[Shanghai Jiao Tong University]]|accessdate=03-11-2007}}</ref> | 2nd<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ed.sjtu.edu.cn/rank/2006/ARWU2006FULLLIST-BY%20RANK%20(PDF).pdf |title = Academic Ranking of World Universities 2006 |work=[[Shanghai Jiao Tong University]]|accessdate=03-11-2007}}</ref> | 2nd<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ed.sjtu.edu.cn/rank/2005/ARWU2005FullList2.pdf |title = Academic Ranking of World Universities 2005 |work=[[Shanghai Jiao Tong University]]|accessdate=03-11-2007}}</ref> | 3rd<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ed.sjtu.edu.cn/rank/2004/top500(1-100).pdf |title = Academic Ranking of World Universities 2004 |work=[[Shanghai Jiao Tong University]] |accessdate=03-11-2007}}</ref> | 5th<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ed.sjtu.edu.cn/rank/2003/top101.pdf |title = Academic Ranking of World Universities 2003 |work=[[Shanghai Jiao Tong University]] |accessdate=03-11-2007}}</ref> |} The THES - QS rankings placed Cambridge first in the international academic reputation peer review, first in the [[natural science]]s, first in [[medicine|biomedicine]], first in the [[humanities|arts & humanities]], fourth in the [[social sciences]], and sixth in [[technology]]. In the [[Academic Ranking of World Universities]] compiled by [[Shanghai Jiao Tong University]], Cambridge has consistently ranked within the top 5 internationally. A 2006 ''[[Newsweek]]'' ranking which combined elements of the Jiao Tong survey with other factors that purportedly evaluated an institution's global "openness and diversity" suggested that Cambridge was ranked 6th in the world overall.<ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/14321230/site/newsweek/ The Top 100 Global Universities - Newsweek: International Editions - MSNBC.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> In all these surveys, Cambridge was the highest ranked non-US institution, and therefore the leading university in Europe. {| class="wikitable" |+UK |- ! ! 2008 ! 2007 ! 2006 ! 2005 |- ! Times Good University Guide | 2nd<ref>{{cite web |url=http://extras.timesonline.co.uk/gug/gooduniversityguide.php |title=The Times Good University Guide 2008|work=[[The Times]]|accessdate=03-11-2007}}</ref> | 2nd<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/displayPopup/0,,102571,00.html |title=The Times Good University Guide 2007 - Top Universities 2007 League Table|work=[[The Times]]|accessdate=03-11-2007}}</ref> | | 2nd<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/displayPopup/0,,32607,00.html |title=The Times Top Universities |work=[[The Times]]|accessdate=03-11-2007}}</ref> |- ! Guardian University Guide |2nd<ref name="Guardian 2008">{{cite web |url=http://browse.guardian.co.uk/education?SearchBySubject=&FirstRow=29&SortOrderDirection=&SortOrderColumn=GuardianTeachingScore&Subject=University+ranking&Institution= |title=University ranking by institution |work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=2007-10-29}}</ref> | |1st<ref name="Guardian 2006">{{cite web |url=http://browse.guardian.co.uk/education/2006?SearchBySubject=&FirstRow=20&SortOrderDirection=&SortOrderColumn=GuardianTeachingScore&Subject=Institution-wide&Institution= |title=University ranking by institution |work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=2007-10-29}}</ref> |2nd<ref name="Guardian 2005">{{cite web |url=http://education.guardian.co.uk/universityguide2005/table/0,,-5163901,00.html?start=40&index=3&index=3 |title=University ranking by institution |work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=2007-10-29}}</ref> |- ! Sunday Times University Guide | 1st<ref name="Sunday_times 2008">{{cite web |url=http://extras.timesonline.co.uk/stug/universityguide.php |title=The Sunday Times Good University Guide League Tables |work=[[The Sunday Times]]|accessdate=03-11-2007}}</ref> | | 1st<ref name="Sunday_times 2006/05">{{cite web |url=http://extras.timesonline.co.uk/stug2006/stug2006.pdf |title=The Sunday Times University League Table |work=[[The Sunday Times]]|accessdate=03-11-2007}}</ref> | 1st<ref name="Sunday_times 2006/05">{{cite web |url=http://extras.timesonline.co.uk/stug2006/stug2006.pdf |title=The Sunday Times University League Table |work=[[The Sunday Times]]|accessdate=03-11-2007}}</ref> |- ! Daily Telegraph | |1st<ref name="Telegraph 2006">{{cite web |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml;jsessionid=HXFCSGXMNVABTQFIQMFCFGGAVCBQYIV0?xml=/news/2007/07/30/ncambs430.xml |title= University league table |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|accessdate=2007-10-29}}</ref> | | |} In the 2008 Times Good University Guide, Cambridge topped 37 of the guide's 61 subject tables, including [[Law]], [[Medicine]], [[Economics]], [[Mathematics]], [[Engineering]], [[Physics]], and [[Chemistry]] (Oxford in comparison came out tops in 4 subjects) and has the best record on research, entry standards and graduate destinations amongst UK universities. In the 2008 Sunday Times University Guide, Cambridge was ranked first ahead of Oxford for the 10th straight year ever since the guide was first published in 1998. Cambridge was also awarded the University of the Year award in recognition of 800 years of illustrious history and continued dominance amongst academic institutions in the world. ==Admissions== [[Image:CMS.JPG|thumb|right|250px|The [[Centre for Mathematical Sciences (Cambridge)|Centre for Mathematical Sciences]] in West Cambridge, home to a number of new faculty buildings.]] The application system to Cambridge and [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] often involves additional requirements, with candidates typically called to face-to-face interviews. How applicants perform in the interview process best determines which candidates are accepted.<ref name="intguide">[http://www.cam.ac.uk/admissions/undergraduate/interviews/guide/why.html] &mdash; University of Cambridge guide to Interviews</ref> Most applicants are expected to be predicted at least three A-grade [[Advanced Level (UK)|A-level]] qualifications relevant to their chosen undergraduate course, or equivalent overseas qualifications. Due to a very high proportion of applicants receiving the highest school grades, the interview process is crucial for distinguishing the most able candidates.<ref name="intguide" /> In 2005, 5,325 students were rejected who went on to get 3 A levels or more at grade A, representing about 60% of all applicants rejected.<ref>[http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/reporter/2005-06/special/11/table3-1.pdf] &mdash; Cambridge University Reporter</ref> The interview is performed by College Fellows, who evaluate candidates on unexamined factors such as potential for original thinking and creativity.<ref>[http://www.cam.ac.uk/admissions/undergraduate/interviews/film/index.html] &mdash; Cambridge University information on interviews</ref> For exceptional candidates, a ''Matriculation Offer'' is sometimes offered, requiring only two A-levels at grade E or above - [[Christ's College, Cambridge|Christ's College]] is unusual in making this offer to about one-third of successful candidates.<ref>[http://www.google.co.uk/search?q=site:cam.ac.uk+%22matriculation+offer%22]</ref> In recent years, admissions tutors in certain subjects have required applicants to sit the more difficult [[Sixth Term Examination Paper|STEP papers]], tuition for which is not normally provided by British schools outside the private or independent sector, in addition to achieving top grades in their A-levels or [[International Baccalaureate]] diplomas. For example, almost every college requires 1,2, and a significant number requiring 1,1, or better in the 2 STEP Papers as well as A grades at A-levels including A-level Mathematics and Further Mathematics in order to be considered for entry for the Mathematical Tripos. Between one-half and two-thirds of those who apply with the required grades are given offers of a place. Public debate in the United Kingdom continues over whether admissions processes at Oxford and Cambridge are entirely merit based and fair; whether enough students from [[state schools]] are encouraged to apply to Cambridge; and whether these students succeed in gaining entry. Almost half of all successful applicants come from independent schools. However, the average qualifications for successful applicants from state schools are slightly lower than the average qualification of successful applicants from private schools {{Fact|date=February 2007}}. Critics have argued that the lack of state school applicants with the required grades applying to Cambridge and Oxford has had a negative impact on Oxbridge’s reputation for many years, and the University has encouraged pupils from state schools to apply for Cambridge to help redress the imbalance. Others counter that government pressure to increase state school admissions constitutes inappropriate [[social engineering (political science)|social engineering]].<ref>[http://www.suttontrust.com/reports/Stateschooladmissionstoourleadinguniversities.pdf] &mdash; Report by the Sutton Trust. [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3724/is_200203/ai_n9019732] &mdash; Article in ''The Spectator''</ref> The proportion of undergraduates drawn from independent schools has dropped over the years, and such applicants now form only a significant minority (42.1%)<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/7036891.stm BBC NEWS | Education | Call for more university links<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> of the intake. In 2005, 32% of the 3599 applicants from independent schools were admitted to Cambridge, as opposed to 24% of the 6674 applications from state schools.<ref>http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/reporter/2005-06/special/11/table1-1.pdf</ref>. In 2008 the University of Cambridge received a gift of £4m to improve its accessibility to candidates from maintained schools. <ref>[http://www.cambridgenetwork.co.uk/news/article/default.aspx?objid=45639 News from Cambridge UK<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Graduate admission is first decided by the faculty or department relating to the applicant’s subject. This effectively guarantees admission to a college - though not necessarily the applicant’s preferred choice.<ref>(see the [http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/univ/gsprospectus/applying/next.html Board of Graduate Studies admissions flowchart]).</ref> ==Notable Alumni== ''See also [[List of University of Cambridge members]] (extensive list), [[:Category:Alumni of the University of Cambridge|Alumni of the University of Cambridge]] (college lists) and [[:Category:Academics of the University of Cambridge|Academics of the University of Cambridge]] (lists of academics)''. <div style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> *[[Charles Babbage]] (Trinity, Peterhouse) *[[Sir Francis Bacon]] (Trinity) *[[Niels Bohr]] (Trinity) *[[George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron|Lord Byron]] (Trinity) *[[James Chadwick]] (Gonville & Caius) *[[Charles, Prince of Wales]] (Trinity) *[[John Cleese]] (Downing) *[[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]] (Jesus) *[[Francis Crick]] (Churchill, Gonville & Caius) *[[Oliver Cromwell]] (Sidney Sussex) *[[Charles Darwin]] (Christ's) *[[Paul Dirac]] (St John's) *[[Germaine Greer]] (Newnham) *[[William Harvey]] (Gonville & Caius) *[[Stephen Hawking]] (Trinity Hall, Gonville & Caius) *[[Ted Hughes]] (Pembroke) *[[Allama Mohammad Iqbal]] (Trinity) *[[Jinyong|Jinyong (Louis Cha)]] (St John's) *[[William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin|Lord Kelvin]] (Peterhouse) *[[John Maynard Keynes]] (King's) *[[Kim Dae-Jung]] (Clare Hall) *[[Christopher Marlowe]] (Corpus Christi) *[[James Clerk Maxwell]] (Peterhouse, Trinity) *[[A. A. Milne]] (Trinity) *[[John Milton]] (Christ's) *[[Vladimir Nabokov]] (Trinity) *[[Jawaharlal Nehru]] (Trinity) *[[Sir Isaac Newton]] (Trinity) *[[William Pitt the Younger]] (Pembroke) *[[Bertrand Russell]] (Trinity) *[[Ernest Rutherford]] (Trinity) *[[Fred Sanger]] (St John's) *[[Siegfried Sassoon]] (Clare) *[[Manmohan Singh]] (St. John's) *[[Jan Smuts]] (Christ's) *[[Alfred, Lord Tennyson]] (Trinity) *[[J. J. Thomson]] (Trinity) *[[Alan Turing]] (King's) *[[James D. Watson]] (Clare) *[[William Wilberforce]] (St John's) *[[Ludwig Wittgenstein]] (Trinity) *[[William Wordsworth]] (St John's) </div> ==Sport and other extracurricular activities== Cambridge maintains a long tradition of student participation in sport and recreation. [[Rowing (sport)|Rowing]] is a particularly popular sport at Cambridge, and there are competitions between colleges, notably the [[bumps race]]s, and against Oxford, the [[Boat Race]]. There are also [[Varsity match]]es against Oxford in many other sports, ranging from [[cricket]], see[[Cambridge University Cricket Club]] and [[rugby union|rugby]], see [[Cambridge University RUFC]], to [[chess]] and [[tiddlywinks]]. Athletes representing the university in certain sports entitle them to apply for a [[Cambridge Blue]] at the discretion of the ''Blues Committee,'' consisting of the captains of the thirteen most prestigious sports. There is also the self-described “unashamedly elite” [[Hawks' Club|Hawks’ Club]], which is for men only, whose membership is usually restricted to Cambridge Full Blues and Half Blues. The [[Cambridge Union]] serves as a focus for debating. Drama societies notably include the [[Cambridge University Amateur Dramatic Club|Amateur Dramatic Club (ADC)]] and the comedy club [[Footlights]], which are known for producing well-known showbusiness personalities. Student newspapers include the long-established ''[[Varsity (newspaper)|Varsity]]'' and its younger rival, ''[[The Cambridge Student]].'' The student-run radio station, [[CUR1350]], promotes broadcast journalism. {{See also|List of social activities at the University of Cambridge|Category:Clubs and societies of the University of Cambridge}} {{Further|[http://www.cam.ac.uk/societies/ University website list of societies]}} ==Myths, legends and traditions== [[Image:Mathematicians bridge cambridge large.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The [[Mathematical Bridge]] over the river Cam (at [[Queens' College, Cambridge|Queens’ College]])]] {{main|University of Cambridge legends}} There are many popular myths associated with the University of Cambridge: One famous myth relates to [[Queens' College, Cambridge|Queens’ College]]’s so-called [[Mathematical Bridge]] (pictured right). Supposedly constructed by Sir Isaac Newton, it reportedly held itself together without any bolts or screws. Legend has it inquisitive students took it apart and were then unable to reassemble it without bolts. However, the bridge was erected 22 years after Newton’s death. This myth may have arisen from the fact that earlier versions of the bridge used iron pins and screws at the joints, whereas the current bridge uses more visible nuts and bolts. Another famous myth involves Clare Bridge, [[List of bridges in Cambridge|currently the oldest bridge]], which is attached to [[Clare College, Cambridge|Clare College]]. Spherical stone ornaments adorn this bridge. One of these has a quarter sphere wedge removed from the back. This is a feature pointed out on almost all tours over the bridge. Various myths are associated with this sphere. See [[University of Cambridge legends#Clare College bridge|Cambridge legends]]. A discontinued tradition is that of the [[wooden spoon (award)|wooden spoon]], the ‘prize’ awarded to the student with the lowest passing grade in the final examinations of the Mathematical Tripos. The last of these spoons was awarded in 1909 to Cuthbert Lempriere Holthouse, an oarsman of the Lady Margaret Boat Club of [[St John's College, Cambridge|St John’s College]]. It was over one metre in length and had an oar blade for a handle. It can now be seen outside the Senior Combination Room of St John's. Since 1909, results were published alphabetically within class rather than score order. This made it harder to ascertain who the winner of the spoon was (unless there was only one person in the third class), and so the practice was abandoned. On the other hand, the legend of the [[Austin 7]] delivery van that ended up on the apex of the Senate House is no myth at all. The [[Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge|Caius College]] website recounts in detail how this vehicle “went up in the world”. <ref>[http://www.cai.cam.ac.uk/college/past/legend/index.php]</ref> Each [[Christmas Eve]], [[BBC]] radio and television broadcasts [[Nine Lessons and Carols|The Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols]] by the [[Choir of King's College, Cambridge]]. The radio broadcast has been a national Christmas tradition since it was first transmitted in 1928 (though the festival has existed since 1918). The radio broadcast is carried worldwide by the [[BBC World Service]] and is also syndicated to hundreds of radio stations in the USA. The first television broadcast of the festival was in 1954.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/arts/1703517.stm BBC News | ARTS | Choir that sings to the world<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/programmes/advent/carolsfromkings.shtml BBC - Religion - Carols from King's<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.amazon.com/Carols-College-Cambridge-Stephen-Cleobury/dp/B00005S6KQ Amazon.com: Carols From King's / Choir of King's College, Cambridge · Stephen Cleobury: Stephen Cleobury,Bethia Beadman,Dorothy Belgrove,Robert Tear,Bryony Wicks,George Pattison (II),Sam Mason (III),Emma Hebblethwaite,David Kremer: Movies & TV<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> ==Miscellaneous== [[Image:Cam degree ceremony.jpg|thumb|left|Degree ceremony at the [[Senate House (University of Cambridge)|Senate House]]]] Building on its reputation for enterprise, science and technology, Cambridge has a partnership with [[MIT]] in the [[United States]], the [[Cambridge&ndash;MIT Institute]]. In 2000, [[Bill Gates]] of [[Microsoft]] donated US$210 million through the [[Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation]] to endow the [[Gates Scholarships]] for students from outside the UK seeking postgraduate study at Cambridge. The [[University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory]], which taught the world’s first computing course in 1953, is housed in a building partly funded by Gates and named after his grandfather, William Gates. After the founding of [[Harvard College]] in 1636 at [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Newtowne]], [[Massachusetts]], the town adopted the new name of “Cambridge” in 1638 to promote its reputation as an academic centre. The first president ([[Henry Dunster]]), the first benefactor ([[John Harvard (clergyman)|John Harvard]]), and the first schoolmaster ([[Nathaniel Eaton]]) of Harvard were all Cambridge University alumni, as was the then ruling (and first) governor of the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]], [[John Winthrop]]. In 1629, Winthrop had led the signing of the founding document of the city of [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]], [[Massachusetts]], which was known as the [[Cambridge Agreement]], after the university <ref>[http://www.winthropsociety.org/doc_cambr.php]</ref>. The concept of [[Grade (education)|grading]] students' work quantitatively was developed by a tutor named [[William Farish (tutor)|William Farish]] at the University of Cambridge in 1792.<ref>{{cite book|last=Postman|first=Neil|authorlink=Neil Postman|title=Technopoly: The Surrender of Culture to Technology|year=1992|publisher=[[Alfred A. Knopf]]|location=[[New York City]]|language=[[English language|English]]|id=ISBN 9780679745402}}</ref> In [[Japan]], there is a Cambridge and Oxford Society, <ref>[http://www.camford.org/]</ref> a rare example of the name Cambridge coming before Oxford when the two universities are referred to together — traditionally, the order used when referring to both universities is “Oxford and Cambridge”, the order in which they were founded. The probable reason for this inversion is that the Cambridge Club was founded first in Japan, and it also had more members than its Oxford counterpart when they amalgamated in 1905. The University’s publishing arm, the [[Cambridge University Press]], is the oldest printer and publisher in the world. The University set up its Local Examination Syndicate in 1858. Today, the Syndicate, which is known as [[Cambridge Assessment]], is Europe’s largest assessment agency and it plays a leading role in researching, developing and delivering assessments across the globe. ==Cambridge University in literature and popular culture== ===Fiction=== *In ''[[Pride and Prejudice]]'' by [[Jane Austen]], [[Fitzwilliam Darcy|Mr. Darcy]], Mr. Bingley and Mr. Wickham all attended Cambridge University * In ''[[Atonement (novel)|Atonement]]'' by Ian McEwan the characters Cecilia and Robbie attended Cambridge *[[Chaucer|Chaucer’s]] ''[[The Reeve's Tale|The Reeve’s Tale]]'' takes place at Soler Halle. It is believed that this refers to King’s Hall, which later became part of Trinity College. * ''[[The Glittering Prizes]]'' (1976 TV drama) and ''[[Oxbridge Blues]]'' (1984 TV drama) by [[Frederic Raphael]]. * ''[[The Longest Journey (novel)|The Longest Journey]]'' and ''[[Maurice (novel)|Maurice]]'' by [[E.M. Forster]] *''Still Life'' by [[A. S. Byatt]] * ''[[Chariots of Fire]]'', 1981 film * ''[[Peter's Friends]]'', 1992 film * [[Strangers and Brothers|''The Masters'' and ''The Affair'']] by [[C. P. Snow]] (features an unnamed fictional college, partly based on his own college, Christ’s) * ''[[Porterhouse Blue]]'' and its sequel ''[[Grantchester Grind]]'' by [[Tom Sharpe]] feature Porterhouse, a fictional Cambridge College. * ''[[Darkness at Pemberley]]'' by [[T. H. White]] * ''[[All Sorts and Conditions of Men]]'' by [[Sir Walter Besant]] * ''[[High Table, Lower Orders]]'' BBC Radio comedy serial broadcast in 2005 and 2006 set in a fictional college.<!---Only reinclude if referenced - with some resemblance to Magdalene---> * The Matthew Bartholomew Chronicles, a series of murder mysteries, by [[Susanna Gregory]] * ''[[Avenging Angel (novel)|Avenging Angel]]'', a murder mystery by the philosopher [[Kwame Anthony Appiah]] * ''Eskimo Day'' is a 1996 BBC TV drama, written by [[Jack Rosenthal]], and starring [[Maureen Lipman]], [[Tom Wilkinson (actor)|Tom Wilkinson]], and [[Alec Guinness]], about the relationship between parents and teenagers during an admissions interview day at [[Queens' College, Cambridge|Queens’ College]]. There was also a 1997 sequel, ''Cold Enough for Snow''. * The final episode of ''[[Star Trek: The Next Generation]]'', (''[[All Good Things...|All Good Things…]]'') features the android character [[Data (Star Trek)|Data]] as [[Lucasian Professor of Mathematics]] in his Cambridge college rooms. An establishing location shot shows a futuristic version of the Cambridge University skyline around the year 2395 <ref>[http://www.memory-alpha.org/en/wiki/Image:Cambridge2395.jpg futuristic version of the Cambridge University skyline around the year 2395]</ref>. * The unaired ''[[Doctor Who]]'' episode "[[Shada]]" shows the [[Fourth Doctor]] and his companion [[Romana]] in the fictional St Cedd's College, which was filmed in New Court, Emmanuel College. Footage of the pair punting by the backs from this episode was re-used in the twentieth anniversary episode, ''[[The Five Doctors]]''. * ''[[Civilization (computer game)|Civilization]]'' - a classic turn-based strategy video game by [[Sid Meier]] features “[[Isaac Newton]]’s College” as a Wonder of the World. This could be a reference to Cambridge University as a whole or to [[Trinity College, Cambridge|Trinity College]] specifically. The video accompanying the wonder in [[Civilization II]] however, erroneously shows the [[University of Oxford]]. * In many novels and plays by [[Thomas Bernhard]], Cambridge (''Geistesnest'') is the refuge of a ''Geistesmensch'' escaping from Austria * In [[Tom Stoppard]]'s 2006 play ''[[Rock 'n' Roll (play)|Rock 'n Roll]]'', Cambridge University is a key setting. * In Bob Fosse's 1972 film [[Cabaret]], one of the central characters, Englishman Brian Roberts is a King's College student finishing his German studies in Berlin. * In Virginia Woolf's Jacob's Room, the protagonist Jacob Flanders attends Cambridge. * In Charles Dicken's 'A Tale of Two Cities', Charles Darnay tutors Cambridge undergraduates in French language and literature. * [[Alan Bennett|Alan Bennett's]] 2004 play [[The History Boys]] and the 2006 [[The History Boys (film)|film]] center around students in the north of England preparing for the old entrance exams at Cambridge and Oxford in 1983. * In Virginia Woolf's "The Waves", the characters Bernard and Neville both attended Cambridge University. * In Stephen Fry's novel "Making History" the main character attends Cambridge University See also the [[List of fictional Cambridge colleges|list of Fictional Cambridge Colleges]] ===Non-fiction=== * ''A concise history of the University of Cambridge'', by Elisabeth Leedham-Green, Cambridge University Press, 1996, ISBN 0-521-43978-7, ISBN 978-0-521-43978-7 * ''A history of the University of Cambridge'', by Christopher N.L. Brooke, Cambridge University Press, 4 volumes, 1988–2004, ISBN 0-521-32882-9, ISBN 0-521-35059-X, ISBN 0-521-35060-3, ISBN 0-521-34350-X * ''Bedders, bulldogs and bedells: a Cambridge glossary'', by Frank Stubbings, Cambridge 1995 ISBN 0-521-47978-9 * ''Japanese Students at Cambridge University in the Meiji Era, 1868–1912: Pioneers for the Modernization of Japan'' [http://www.dhs.kyutech.ac.jp/~ruxton/hatenkou.html], by Noboru Koyama, translated by Ian Ruxton [http://www.prweb.com/releases/2005/1/prweb201396.htm], Lulu Press, September 2004, ISBN 1-4116-1256-6. This book includes information about the wooden spoon and the university in the 19th century as well as the Japanese students. * ''Teaching and Learning in 19th century Cambridge'', by J. Smith and C. Stray (ed.), Boydell Press, 2001 ISBN 0-85115-783-1 * ''The Architectural History of the University of Cambridge and of the Colleges of Cambridge and Eton'', Robert Willis, Edited by [[John Willis Clark]], 1988. Three volume set, Cambridge University Press ISBN 0-521-35851-5 * ''The Cambridge Apostles: A History of Cambridge University’s Elite Intellectual Secret Society'', by Richard Deacon, Cassell, 1985, ISBN 0-947728-13-9 ==University activities== === History and traditions === *Cambridge University [[List of Professorships at the University of Cambridge|Professorships]], [[List of Chancellors of the University of Cambridge|Chancellors]] and [[List of Vice-Chancellors of the University of Cambridge|Vice-Chancellors]] *[[Cambridge University (UK Parliament constituency)]] *[[Registrary]] *[[List of Oxbridge sister colleges]] *[[Oxbridge scarf colours]] *[[Academic dress of the University of Cambridge]] *[[Formal Hall]] (formal evening meals) ===Organisations and institutions associated with the university=== See [[List of organisations and institutions associated with the University of Cambridge]] ===See also=== *[[List of organisations with Royal patronage]] *[[Primate experiments at Cambridge University]] *[[Cambridge University Students' Union]] *[[Cambridge University Constabulary]] *[[Medieval university]] ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==External links== {{Commons|University of Cambridge}} * [http://www.cam.ac.uk/ University of Cambridge official website] * [http://www.cusu.cam.ac.uk/ Cambridge University Students' Union] * [http://www.gradunion.cam.ac.uk/ Cambridge University Graduate Union] * [http://www.societies.cam.ac.uk/pdoc/ Postdocs of Cambridge] * [http://www.varsity.co.uk/ Varsity] – a student newspaper * [http://www.cusu.cam.ac.uk/tcs/ The Cambridge Student (TCS)] – a student newspaper ===Images and maps links=== * [http://maps.google.co.uk/maps?q=Cambridge&ll=52.204148,0.119133&spn=0.005634,0.013964&t=k&hl=en Aerial view] – from [[Google Maps]] * [http://www.cam.ac.uk/map/v3/drawmap.cgi?mp=city Interactive map] – a zoomable map linking to all the University departments and colleges {{University of Cambridge}} {{Universities in the United Kingdom}} {{Russell Group}} {{Coimbra Group}} {{LERU}} {{International Alliance of Research Universities}} {{coor title d|52.202702|N|0.119884|E|type:landmark}} [[Category:University of Cambridge|*]] [[Category:Educational institutions established in the 13th century|Cambridge, University of]] [[Category:Organisations based in England with royal patronage]] [[Category:Visitor attractions in Cambridgeshire]] [[Category:Russell Group|Cambridge, University of]] [[Category:Coimbra Group|Cambridge, University of]] [[ar:جامعة كامبريدج]] [[bn:কেমব্রিজ বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়]] [[bg:Кеймбриджки университет]] [[ca:Universitat de Cambridge]] [[cs:University of Cambridge]] [[cy:Prifysgol Caergrawnt]] [[da:Cambridge Universitet]] [[de:University of Cambridge]] [[et:Cambridge'i Ülikool]] [[es:Universidad de Cambridge]] [[eo:Universitato de Kembriĝo]] [[eu:Cambridgeko Unibertsitatea]] [[fa:دانشگاه کمبریج]] [[fr:Université de Cambridge]] [[gd:Oilthigh Chambridge]] [[ko:케임브리지 대학교]] [[hi:कैम्ब्रिज विश्वविद्यालय]] [[id:Universitas Cambridge]] [[is:Cambridge-háskóli]] [[it:Università di Cambridge]] [[he:אוניברסיטת קיימברידג']] [[ka:კემბრიჯის უნივერსიტეტი]] [[la:Universitas Cantabrigiensis]] [[lv:Kembridžas universitāte]] [[lb:University of Cambridge]] [[lt:Kembridžo universitetas]] [[hu:Cambridge-i Egyetem]] [[mr:केंब्रिज विद्यापीठ]] [[ms:Universiti Cambridge]] [[nl:Universiteit van Cambridge]] [[ja:ケンブリッジ大学]] [[no:University of Cambridge]] [[nn:University of Cambridge]] [[nrm:Unnivèrsité d'Cambridge]] [[pl:Uniwersytet Cambridge]] [[pt:Universidade de Cambridge]] [[ro:Universitatea Cambridge]] [[ru:Кембриджский университет]] [[sk:Cambridgeská univerzita]] [[sl:Univerza v Cambridgeu]] [[fi:Cambridgen yliopisto]] [[sv:Universitetet i Cambridge]] [[ta:கேம்பிரிட்ஜ் பல்கலைக்கழகம்]] [[th:มหาวิทยาลัยเคมบริดจ์]] [[vi:Đại học Cambridge]] [[tg:Донишгоҳи Кембриҷ]] [[tr:Cambridge Üniversitesi]] [[uk:Кембриджський університет]] [[ur:جامعہ کیمبرج]] [[zh:剑桥大学]]