University of Heidelberg
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226095850
2008-07-16T20:22:24Z
Fieldday-sunday
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Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/129.206.196.75|129.206.196.75]] to last version by JimmeyTimmey (using [[WP:HG|Huggle]])
{{Infobox_University
|name = Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg
|native_name = Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg
|image_name = Uni-Heidelberg-siegel.png
|what
|latin_name = Ruperto Carola Heidelbergensis
|motto = ''Semper apertus'' ([[Latin]])
|mottoeng = The book of learning is always open.
|established = [[1386]]
|type = [[public university|Public]]
|staff = 2,897 full time faculty
|rector = [[Bernhard Eitel]]
|students = 26,582
|city = [[Image:Flag of Germany.svg|20px|]] [[Heidelberg]]
|country = [[Germany]]
|campus = Urban
|colors = [[Carmine (color)|Sandstone red]] and [[Gold (color)|Gold]] {{color box|#960018}}{{color box|#CFB53B}}
|affiliations = [[German Excellence Universities]]<br/>[[LERU]]<br\> [[Coimbra Group]]<br\> [[European University Association|EUA]]
|website = http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/
|footnotes = Data [[as of 2007]]
}}
{{coord|49|24|37|N|8|42|23|E|display=title}}
The '''Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg''' ('''University of Heidelberg''', '''Ruperto Carola''', '''Heidelberg University''', or simply '''Heidelberg''') is a [[public university|public]] [[research]] [[university]] located in [[Heidelberg]], [[Baden-Württemberg]], [[Germany]]. Founded in [[1386]], it is the oldest university in Germany and was the third university established in the [[Holy Roman Empire]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.topuniversities.com/worlduniversityrankings/results/2007/overall_rankings/worlds_oldest_universities/| title= QS - World's oldest universities|accessdate=2008-05-17 |format=html |work= QS - Top Universities}}</ref> A [[coeducational]] institution since [[1899]], today Heidelberg consists of twelve [[Faculty (university)|faculties]] and offers degree programs at [[undergraduate]], [[graduate education|graduate]] and [[habilitation|postdoctoral]] levels in some 100 disciplines.<ref>The university does not include departments of [[business administration|business]], [[visual arts]], and engineering, except for computer engineering. For a list of subjects offered see {{cite web |url= http://www.zuv.uni-heidelberg.de/AAA/english/info_hd_fach.htm|title= Subjects offered at Heidelberg University |accessdate=2008-05-16 |format=html |work= University of Heidelberg Homepage}}</ref> It is a [[German Excellence Universities|German Excellence University]], as well as a founding member of the [[League of European Research Universities]], the [[Coimbra Group]], and the [[European University Association]].
[[Rupert I, Elector Palatine]] established the university when Heidelberg was the seat of the [[Prince-Elector]]s of the [[Holy Roman Empire]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9039821/University-of-Heidelberg|title=University of Heidelberg - Britannica Online Encyclopedia|accessdate=2008-05-16|format=html|work=Britannica Online Encyclopedia}}</ref> Consequently, it served as a center for theologians and law experts from throughout the Holy Roman Empire. Matriculation rates declined with the [[Thirty Years' War]], and the university did not overcame its fiscal and intellectual crises until the early 19th century.<ref name=catholic>{{cite web |url=http://www.catholic.org/encyclopedia/view.php?id=5611 |title= University of Heidelberg - Catholic Encyclopedia|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html|work= Catholic Online}}</ref> Subsequently, the institution once again became a hub for independent thinkers, and develeloped into a "stronghold of [[humanism]] and [[democracy]]".<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.fc.ethz.ch/facts/ir/rankings/thes_ranking/THES_World_University_Rankings_2005.pdf|title= Article on Heidleberg in THES 2005|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= pdf|work= THES - QS World University Rankings 2005 kindly provided by ETH Zürich Homepage}}</ref> However, the university lost many of its dissident professors and was marked a [[NSDAP]] [[cadre|cadre university]] during the [[Nazi era]] between [[1933]] and [[1945]]. It later underwent an extensive [[denazification]] after [[World War II]]—Heidelberg serving as one of the main scenes of the left-wing [[student protests]] in Germany in the [[1970]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://mathphys.fsk.uni-heidelberg.de/ruprecht2.html |title= Student protests at Heidelberg|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html|work= Ruprecht online - University of Heidelberg Homepage}}</ref>
Associated with 29 [[Nobel Prize]] laureates, the university continues to emphasize on research. It is consistently ranked among Europe's top overall universities,<ref>Its latest overall ranking positions range from 9th to 18th in Europe; the peer review scores, reflecting academic esteem, are usually higher. It was never ranked outside Europe's top 20 by any major university ranking. See [[Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg#Academic_profile|rankings]].</ref> and is an international education venue for doctoral students, with approximately 1,000 [[doctorate]]s successfully completed every year, and with more than one third of the doctoral students coming from abroad.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://graduateacademy.uni-heidelberg.de/graduate_academy.html|title= Graduate Academy of the University of Heidelberg|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html|work= University of Heidelberg Homepage}}</ref><ref name=Eitel1>{{cite web |url= http://www.rnz.de/zusammenrnm/00_20080407090100_Vorstoss_in_die_internationale_Dimension.html|title=Interview with Rector Bernhard Eitel - Vorstoss in die internationale Dimension |accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html |work= Rhein Neckar Zeitung online }}</ref> [[International student]]s from some 130 countries account for more than 20 percent of the entire student body.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/press/news/press321_e.html|title= Heidelberg Research Magazine Ruperto Carola 1/2004|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html|work= University of Heidelberg Homepage}}</ref> The university comprises two campuses: one in [[Heidelberg]]'s Old Town and another in the Neuenheimer Feld quarter on the outskirts of the city.
==History==
===Founding===
[[Image:RupertI.jpg|thumb|left|130px|[[Rupert I, Elector Palatine|Rupert I]] founded the University of Heidelberg in [[1386]]]]
The university was founded in [[1386]] at the behest of [[Rupert I, Elector Palatine of the Rhine|Rupert I]], [[Count Palatine of the Rhine]], in order to provide faculties for the study of [[philosophy]], [[theology]], [[jurisprudence]], and [[medicine]]. On [[October 19]], [[1386]] the first lecture was held, making Heidelberg the [[List of oldest universities in continuous operation|oldest university in Germany]].<ref name=histc>{{cite web |url= http://www.rzuser.uni-heidelberg.de/~jv8/vlgk-alt/ressourcen/5_orte/heidelberg.htm|title= A History of the city of Heidelberg|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= htm |work= University of Heidelberg Homepage}}</ref>
The [[Western Schism|Great Schism]] in [[1378]], which split European [[Christendom]] into two hostile groups, was initiated by the election of two [[pope]]s after the death of [[Pope Gregory XI]] in the same year. One successor resided in [[Avignon]] (elected by the French) and the other in [[Rome]] (elected by the Italian cardinals). The German secular and spiritual leaders voiced their support for the successor in [[Rome]], which had far-reaching consequences for the German students and teachers in [[Paris]]: they lost their stipends and had to leave. [[Rupert I, Elector Palatine of the Rhine|Rupert I]] recognized the opportunity and initiated talks with the [[Curia]], which ultimately lead to the creation of the [[Papal bull|Papal Bull]] Foundation.. On [[October 18]], [[1386]], a ceremonial fair in the [[Church of the Holy Spirit (Heidelberg)|Heiliggeistkirche]] commemorated the opening of the doors of the university. As a motto for the seal, [[Marsilius of Inghen|Marsilius von Inghen]], the first [[rector]] of the university chose ''semper apertus''—i.e., "the book of learning is always open."<ref name=catholic>{{cite web |url=http://www.catholic.org/encyclopedia/view.php?id=5611 |title= University of Heidelberg - Catholic Encyclopedia|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html|work= Catholic Online}}</ref> At this point in time, the city of [[Heidelberg]] had approximately 3,500 inhabitants, including 600 students enrolled at the university.<ref name=histc>{{cite web |url= http://www.rzuser.uni-heidelberg.de/~jv8/vlgk-alt/ressourcen/5_orte/heidelberg.htm|title= A History of the city of Heidelberg|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= htm |work= University of Heidelberg Homepage}}</ref>
===Early development===
[[Image:Heiliggeistkirche Heidelberg (Karl Pfaff) 1896.jpg|thumb|right|200px| A ceremonial fair was held in the [[Church of the Holy Spirit (Heidelberg)|Heiliggeistkirche]] in [[1386]] to commemorate the establishment of the University]]
The newly created university acted from the outset as an intellectual center for theology and jurisprudence scholars from throughout the [[Holy Roman Empire]].<ref name= Ceser>{{cite book |title= Kleine Geschichte der Stadt Heidelberg und ihrer Universität|last= Cser|first= Andreas|year= 2007|publisher= Verlag G. Braun|location= Karlsruhe|isbn= 978-3-7650-8337-2}}</ref>
[[Nominalism]] had been prevalent from the time of [[Marsilius of Inghen|Marsilius]] until after [[1406]], when [[Jerome of Prague]], the friend of [[John Hus]], introduced [[philosophical realism|realism]] at Heidelberg, on which account he was expelled by the faculty. Six years later, the teachings of [[John Wycliffe]] were also condemned. Between [[1414]] and [[1418]], several distinguished professors of the University of Heidelberg took part in the [[Council of Constance]] and acted as counselors for [[Louis III, Elector Palatine|Louis III]], who attended this council as representative of the emperor and chief magistrate of the realm, and had [[John Hus]] executed as a heretic. In [[1432]] the university, pursuant to papal and imperial requests, sent two delegates to the [[Council of Basle]] who faithfully supported the legitimate pope.
The transition from [[Scholasticism|scholastic]] to [[humanistic]] culture was effected by the chancellor and bishop [[Johann von Dalberg]] in the late 15th century. Humanism was represented at the University of Heidelberg particularly by the founder of the older German Humanistic School [[Rudolph Agricola]], [[Conrad Celtes]], [[Jakob Wimpfeling]], and [[Johann Reuchlin]]. [[Pope Pius II| Æneas Silvius Piccolomini]] was chancellor of the university in his capacity of provost of [[Worms, Germany|Worms]], and later always favored it with his friendship and good-will as [[Pope Pius II]]. In [[1482]], [[Pope Sixtus IV]] permitted laymen and married men to be appointed professors in the ordinary of medicine through a papal dispensation. In [[1553]], [[Pope Julius III]] sanctioned the allotment of ecclesiastical benefice to secular professors.<ref name=catholic>{{cite web |url= http://www.catholic.org/encyclopedia/view.php?id=5611|title= University of Heidelberg - Catholic Encyclopedia|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html|work= Catholic Online}}</ref>
[[Martin Luther]]'s disputation at Heidelberg in April [[1518]] made a lasting impact, and his adherents among the masters and scholars soon became leading [[Reformation]]ists in Southwest Germany. With the [[Electoral Palatinate|Palatinate]]'s turn to the Reformed faith, [[Otto Henry, Elector Palatine]], converted the university into a [[calvinism|calvinsitic]] institution.<ref name=histu>{{cite web |url= http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/university/welcome/history.html|title= History of the University |accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html|work= University of Heidelberg Homepage }}</ref> In [[1563]], the [[Heidelberg Catechism]] was created under collaboration of members of the university's divinity school. As the 16th century was passing, the late [[humanism]] stepped beside [[Calvinism]] as a predominant school of thought; and figures like [[Paul Schede]], [[Jan Gruter]], [[Martin Opitz]], and [[Matthäus Merian]] taught at the university. It attracted [[scholar]]s from all over the continent and developed into a [[culture|cultural]] and [[academia|academic]] center.<ref name= Ceser>{{cite book |title= Kleine Geschichte der Stadt Heidelberg und ihrer Universität|last= Cser|first= Andreas|year= 2007|publisher= Verlag G. Braun|location= Karlsruhe|isbn= 978-3-7650-8337-2}}</ref> However, with the beginning of the [[Thirty Years' War]] in [[1618]], the intellectual and [[fiscal]] wealth of the university declined. In [[1622]], the then-world-famous [[Bibliotheca Palatina]] (the [[library]] of the university) was stolen from the [[Heiliggeistkirche|University Cathedral]] and taken to [[Rome]]. The reconstruction efforts thereafter were defeated by the troops of King [[Louis XIV]], who destroyed Heidelberg in [[1693]] almost completely.<ref name=histu>{{cite web |url= http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/university/welcome/history.html|title= History of the University |accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html|work= University of Heidelberg Homepage }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.sino.uni-heidelberg.de/students/tjuelch/Bauwerke%20Altstadt/Peterskirche.htm|title= A history of the Church of St. Peter|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html|work=University of Heidelberg Homepage }}</ref>
[[Image:Universitaet Heidelberg (Karl Lange) 1896.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The Old University from [[1735]] is today the seat of the Rector and the University Senate]]
As a consequence of the late [[Counter-Reformation]], the university lost its Protestant character, and was channeled by [[Jesuits]]. In [[1735]], the Old University was constructed at University Square, then known as Domus Wilhelmina. Through the efforts of the [[Jesuits]] a preparatory seminary was established, the Seminarium ad Carolum Borromæum, whose pupils were also registered in the university. After the suppression of the Jesuit Order, most of the schools they had conducted passed into the hands of the [[Lazarists|French Congregation of Lazarists]] in [[1773]]. They deteriorated from that time forward, and the university itself continued to lose in prestige until the reign of the last elector [[Charles Theodore, Elector Palatine]], who established new chairs for all the faculties, founded scientific institutes such as the Electoral Academy of Science, and transferred the school of [[political economy]] from Kaiserslautern to Heidelberg, where it was combined with the university as the faculty of political economy. He also founded an [[observatory]] in the neighboring city of [[Mannheim]], where Jesuit [[Christian Meyer]] labored as director. In connection with the commemoration of the four hundredth anniversary of the university, a revised statute book, which several of the professors had been commissioned to prepare, was approved by the elector. The financial affairs of the university, its receipts and expenditures, were put in order. At that period, the number of students varied from three to four hundred; in the jubilee year, 133 matriculated. As a consequence of the disturbances caused by the [[French Revolution]] and particularly because of the Peace of Lunéeville, the university lost all its property on the left bank of the [[Rhine]], so that its complete dissolution was expected.<ref name=catholic>{{cite web |url= http://www.catholic.org/encyclopedia/view.php?id=5611|title= University of Heidelberg - Catholic Encyclopedia|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html|work= Catholic Online}}</ref>
===19th and early 20th century===
[[Image:AssemblyHall Heidelberg.jpg|thumb|left|180px|The Old Assembly Hall in the Old University, in its [[Neo-Renaissance]] style since [[1886]]]]
It was not until [[1803]] that this decline stopped. In this year, the university was reestablished as a state-owned institution by [[Karl Friedrich, Grand Duke of Baden]], to whom the part of the Palatinate situated on the right bank of the Rhine was allotted. Since then, the university bears his name together with the one of [[Rupert I, Elector Palatine of the Rhine|Ruprecht I]]. Karl Friedrich divided the university into five faculties and placed himself at its head as rector, as did also his successors. During this decade [[Romanticism]] found expression in Heidelberg through [[Clemens Brentano]], [[Achim von Arnim]], [[Ludwig Tieck]], [[Joseph Görres]], and [[Joseph von Eichendorff]], and there went forth a revival of the German [[Middle Ages]] in speech, poetry, and art.<ref name= Ceser>{{cite book |title= Kleine Geschichte der Stadt Heidelberg und ihrer Universität|last= Cser|first= Andreas|year= 2007|publisher= Verlag G. Braun|location= Karlsruhe|isbn= 978-3-7650-8337-2}}</ref>
The German [[Students Association]] exerted great influence, which was at first patriotic and later political. After Romanticism had eventually died out, Heidelberg became a center of [[Liberalism]] and the movement in favor of German national unity.<ref name= Ceser>{{cite book |title= Kleine Geschichte der Stadt Heidelberg und ihrer Universität|last= Cser|first= Andreas|year= 2007|publisher= Verlag G. Braun|location= Karlsruhe|isbn= 978-3-7650-8337-2}}</ref> The historians [[Friedrich Christoph Schlosser]] and [[Georg Gottfried Gervinus]] were the guides of the nation in [[political history]]. The modern scientific schools of [[medicine]] and [[natural science]], particularly [[astronomy]], were models in point of construction and equipment, and the University of Heidelberg was especially noted for its influential law school.<ref name=catholic>{{cite web |url= http://www.catholic.org/encyclopedia/view.php?id=5611|title= University of Heidelberg - Catholic Encyclopedia|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html|work= Catholic Online}}</ref> Heidelberg’s professors were important supporters of the [[Vormärz]] revolution and many of them were members of the revolutionary [[Frankfurt Parliament|Frankfurt Parliament of 1848]]. During the late 19th century, the university housed a very liberal and open-minded spirit, which was deliberately fostered by [[Max Weber]], [[Ernst Troeltsch]] and a circle of colleagues around them. In the [[Weimar Republic]], the university was widely recognized as a center of [[democracy|democratic]] thinking, coined by [[professor]]s like [[Karl Jaspers]], [[Gustav Radbruch]], [[Martin Dibelius]] and [[Alfred Weber]].<ref name= Ceser>{{cite book |title= Kleine Geschichte der Stadt Heidelberg und ihrer Universität|last= Cser|first= Andreas|year= 2007|publisher= Verlag G. Braun|location= Karlsruhe|isbn= 978-3-7650-8337-2}}</ref> Unfortunately, there were also dark forces working within the university: [[Nazism|Nazi]] physicist [[Philipp Lenard]] was head of the physical institute during that time. Following the assassination of [[Walther Rathenau]], he refused to [[half mast]] the national flag on the institute, thereby provoking its storming by [[communist]] students.<ref name=histu>{{cite web |url= http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/university/welcome/history.html|title= History of the University |accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html|work= University of Heidelberg Homepage }}</ref>
===Nazi era and Federal Republic===
[[Image:carolinum11.jpg|thumb|left|180px| The Carolinum was erected in [[1765]] and is today the main administration building]]
With the advent of the [[Third Reich]] in [[1933]], the university supported the [[Nazis]] like all other German universities at the time. It dismissed a large number of lecturers and expelled many students for political and racist reasons. Many dissident fellows had to emigrate, some [[Jewish]] and [[Communist]] professors were deported, and two professors directly fell victim to Nazi terror. Particularly members of the university took part in a [[book burning]] at University Square, and Heidelberg was eventually ill-famed as a [[NSDAP]] cadre university. The inscription above the main entrance of the New University was changed from "The Living Spirit" to "The German Spirit", and many professors paid homage to the new motto. After the end of [[World War II]], the university underwent an extensive [[denazification]]. Since Heidelberg was for the most part spared from destruction during the war, the reconstruction of the university was realized rather quickly. With the foundation of the Collegium Academicum, the University of Heidelberg became the home of Germany's first and, until today, only self-governed student hall. Newly laid statutes obliged the university to "The Living Spirit of Truth, Justice and Humanity".<ref name=histu>{{cite web |url= http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/university/welcome/history.html|title= History of the University |accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html|work= University of Heidelberg Homepage }}</ref>
During the Sixties and Seventies, the university grew dramatically in size. At this time, it developed into one of the main scenes of the left-wing [[student protests]] in Germany. In [[1975]], a massive police force arrested the entire student parliament [[AStA]]. Shortly thereafter, the building of the Collegium Academicum, a progressive college in immediate vicinity to the universities main grounds, was stormed by over 700 police officers and closed once and for all. On the outskirts of the city, in the Neuenheimer Feld area, a large campus for [[medicine]] and [[natural sciences]] was constructed.<ref name=histu>{{cite web |url= http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/university/welcome/history.html|title= History of the University |accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html|work= University of Heidelberg Homepage }}</ref>
Today, about 26,500 students are enrolled for studies at the University of Heidelberg. There are 2,897 full time faculty,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.topuniversities.com/schools/data/school_profile/default/heidelberguniversity|title= QS - Heidelberg University statistics|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html|work= QS - Top Universities}}</ref> including 476 university professors.<ref name=Eitel1>{{cite web |url= http://www.rnz.de/zusammenrnm/00_20080407090100_Vorstoss_in_die_internationale_Dimension.html|title=Interview with Rector Bernhard Eitel - Vorstoss in die internationale Dimension |accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html |work= Rhein Neckar Zeitung online }}</ref> In [[2007]], the university was appointed ''[[German Excellence Universities|University of Excellence]]'' within the scope of an initiative started by the [[Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany)|Federal Ministry of Education and Research]] and the [[Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft|German Research Foundation]] in order to enhance the German university system by establishing a small network of exceptionally well-funded universities, which are expected to generate a strong international appeal.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/press/news/538e.html|title= Press Releases - Rector Prof. Eitel: “An invaluable opportunity to aim at goals that would otherwise have been unattainable” |accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html|work= University of Heidelberg Homepage }}</ref>
==Campuses==
{{main|Heidelberg}}
{| class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#ADD8E0; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 25%;" cellspacing="5"
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"I saw Heidelberg on a perfectly clear morning, with a pleasant air both cool and invigorating. The city, just so, with the totality of its ambiance was, one might say, something ideal."
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | — [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.rzuser.uni-heidelberg.de/~it5/unispiegel/3_99/ideales.htm|title= Goethe citation, Unispiegel 3/99|accessdate=2008-05-20 |format= html|work= Unispiegel Homepage |quote=Ich sah Heidelberg an einem völlig klaren Morgen, der durch eine angenehme Luft zugleich kühl und erquicklich war. Die Stadt in ihrer Lage und mit ihrer ganzen Umgebung hat, man darf sagen, etwas Ideales.}}</ref>
|}
Heidelberg is a city with approximately 140,000 inhabitants. It is situated in the [[Rhein-Neckar|Rhine Neckar Triangle]], a [[Largest European cities and metropolitan areas|European metropolitan area]] with approximately 2.4 million people living there, comprising the neighboring cities of [[Heidelberg]], [[Mannheim]], [[Ludwigshafen]], and a number of smaller towns in the perimeter. Heidelberg is known as the cradle of [[Romanticism]], and its old town and [[Heidelberg Castle|castle]] are among the most frequented tourist destinations in Germany. Its pedestrian zone is a shopping and night life magnet for the surrounding area and beyond. Heidelberg is about 40 minutes by train away from [[Frankfurt International Airport]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.heidelberg.de/servlet/PB/menu/1090707_l2/index.html|title= Heidelberg City Information|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html|work= heidelberg.de - City Homepage}}</ref>
The University of Heidelberg’s facilities are, generally speaking, separated in two parts. The faculties and institutes of humanities and social sciences are embedded in the Old Town Campus. The sciences faculties and the medical school, including three large university hospitals, are located on the New Campus in the Neuenheimer Feld on the outskirts of Heidelberg.<ref name=map>{{cite web |url= http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/univ/besucher/wege.html |title= Maps of Heidelberg University|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html|work= University of Heidelberg Homepage}}</ref>
===Old Town Campus===
[[Image:2005 uni-03.jpg|thumb|left|200px|The New University of [[1931]] looked at from inside the Old University]]
The so-called New University is regarded as the center of the Old Town Campus. It is situated in the pedestrian zone at University Square in direct neighborhood to the University Library and to the main administration buildings. The New University was officially opened in [[1931]]. Its erection was largely financed by donations of American tycoon families, such as Goldman, Sachs, Morgan, Chrysler, Ford, and many others, in line with a fundraising campaign of [[Jacob Gould Schurman]], an alumnus of the University of Heidelberg and former [[U.S. Ambassador]] to Germany.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/presse/news/2005schurman2.html|title= 7. Jacob Gould Schurman Public Lecture at the University of Heidelberg: "The Idea of the American Century"|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html |work= University of Heidelberg Homepage}}</ref> It houses the new assembly hall, the largest lecture halls, and a number of smaller seminar rooms, mostly used by faculties of humanities and social sciences. Education in humanities and social sciences takes place to a great extent in the respective faculty buildings which are spread all over the ancient part of town, though, they are mostly a maximum of ten minutes walk away from University Square. The faculties maintain own extensive libraries, and working places for their students. Seminars and tutorials are usually held in the faculty buildings.<ref name=map>{{cite web |url= http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/univ/besucher/wege.html |title= Maps of Heidelberg University|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html|work= University of Heidelberg Homepage}}</ref>
===New Campus===
{{main|New Campus (University of Heidelberg)}}
[[Image:Neuenheimer Feld.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Aerial perspective on the New Campus in the Neuenheimer Feld.]]
The New Campus is located in the newest district of the town called Neuenheimer Feld. It is the larger part of the university, and the largest campus for natural sciences and life science in Germany.<ref name=Eitel1>{{cite web |url= http://www.rnz.de/zusammenrnm/00_20080407090100_Vorstoss_in_die_internationale_Dimension.html|title=Interview with Rector Bernhard Eitel - Vorstoss in die internationale Dimension |accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html |work= Rhein Neckar Zeitung online }}</ref> Almost all science faculties and institutes, the medical school, the university hospitals, and the science branch of the University Library are situated at the New Campus. Most of the dormitories and the athletic facilities of the university can be found there as well. Several independent research institutes, such as the [[German Cancer Research Center]], [[Max Planck Society|Max-Planck-Institutes]], and the [[European Molecular Biology Laboratory]], have settled there. The New Campus is also seat of several biomedical spin-off companies. The ancient part of the town can be reached by streetcar in about ten minutes. The Faculty of Physics and Astronomy is not located at either campus, but on the [[Heidelberg#Philosophers.27_Walk|Philosophers' Walk]], separated from the Old Town by River Neckar, and some two kilometers away from the New Campus.<ref name=map>{{cite web |url= http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/univ/besucher/wege.html |title= Maps of Heidelberg University|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html|work= University of Heidelberg Homepage}}</ref>
===Libraries===
{{main|University Library Heidelberg}}
[[Image:Normal Uni-Bibliothek.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The main building of the University Library, built in [[1905]]]]
The University Library is the main library of the university, and constitutes together with the decentralized libraries of the faculties and institutes, the integral university library system, headed by the director of the University Library. The University Library's stocks exceeded one million in [[1934]]. Today it holds about 3.2 million books, about 500,000 other media such as microfilms and video tapes, as well as 10,732 scientific periodicals. Moreover, it holds 6,600 [[manuscripts]], most notably the [[Codex Manesse]], 1,800 [[incunabula]], 110,500 [[autographs]], and a collection of old maps, paintings, and photographs. The further 83 decentralized libraries of the faculties and institutes hold another 3.5 million printed books. In [[2005]], 34,500 active users of the University Library accessed 1.4 million books a year. The conventional book supply is complemented by numerous electronic services. Around 3,000 commercial scientific journals can be accessed via [[e-journal]].<ref name=ub>{{cite web |url= http://www.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/allg/profil/geschichte.html|title= Geschichte der Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html|work= University Library of Heidelberg Homepage}}</ref> The University Library of today traces its roots back to the purchase of a chest of documents by the first Rector [[Marsilius of Inghen|Marsilius von Inghen]] in [[1388]], which was stored in the [[Heiliggeistkirche]], then the University Cathedral. Since [[1978]], the science branch of the University Library serves the institutes of natural sciences and medicine on the New Campus.<ref name=ub>{{cite web |url= http://www.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/allg/profil/geschichte.html|title= Geschichte der Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html|work= University Library of Heidelberg Homepage}}</ref>
===Facilities abroad===
[[Image:Heidelberg Center in Santiago de Chile.jpg|thumb|right|200px| The Heidelberg Center in [[Santiago, Chile]], founded in [[2001]]]]
The University of Heidelberg has founded a Center for [[Latin America]] in [[Santiago, Chile]] in 2001.<ref name=center>{{cite web |url= http://www.heidelberg-center.uni-hd.de/english/center.html|title= The Center|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html |work= Heidelberg Center for Latin America Homepage}}</ref> It has the task of organizing, managing, and marketing the courses of study maintained either independently by the University of Heidelberg or in cooperation with the [[Pontifical Catholic University of Chile]] and the [[University of Chile]]. The University of Heidelberg has arranged cooperation agreements with both of these universities. The center has responsibility for programs of [[postgraduate education]]. It also coordinates the activities of the University of Heidelberg in Latin America, and provides a platform for scientific cooperation.<ref name=center>{{cite web |url= http://www.heidelberg-center.uni-hd.de/english/center.html|title= The Center|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html |work= Heidelberg Center for Latin America Homepage}}</ref> In addition, the university is currently about to set up a Heidelberg Center for [[North America]], with similar tasks, in [[Amherst, Massachusetts|Amherst]], [[Massachusetts]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.rzuser.uni-hd.de/~it5/presse/news05/2506hdhaus.html|title= Press Releases - Heidelberg-Haus in Amherst, USA|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html|work= University of Heidelberg Homepage}}</ref>
==Organization==
===Governance===
The [[Rectorate]] is the '[[executive (government)|executive body]]' of the university, headed by rector [[Bernhard Eitel]]. The rectorate consists of the [[chancellor (education)|chancellor]], Marina Frost, who is the head of the central administration and responsible for the university's budgeting, and three pro-rectors, who are responsible for international relations, teaching and communication, and research and structure respectively.
The [[Senate]] is the '[[legislative branch]]' of the university. The rector and the members of the rectorate are senators [[ex officio]], as are also the [[Dean (education)|deans]] of the faculties, as well as the medical and managing directors of the [[University Hospital Heidelberg|University Hospital]], and the university's [[Equal opportunity|equal opportunities officer]]. Another 20 senators are elected for four year terms, whithin the following quotas: eight university professors; four academic staff; four delegates of the [[student body]]; and four employees of the university administration.
The [[University Council]] is the advisory board to the aforementioned entities and encompasses, among others, the former [[Israel]]i [[Ambassador]] to Germany Avi Primor, as well as [[CEO]]s of German industries.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/einrichtungen/organe/index.html|title= Universitätsorgane und Funktionsträger|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html|work= University of Heidelberg Homepage }}</ref>
===Faculties===
After a structural reformation in 2003, the university consists of twelve [[Faculty (university)|faculties]] which in turn comprise several disciplines, departments, and institutes. As a consequence of the [[Bologna process]], most faculties now offer [[Bachelor's degree|Bachelor's]], [[Master's degree|Master's]], and [[Doctorate|Ph.D.]] degrees in order to comply with the new European degree standard. Notable exceptions are the undergraduate programs in [[law]], [[medicine]], [[dentistry]] and [[pharmacy]], from which students still graduate with the State Examination, a central examination at Master's level held by the State of Baden-Württemberg.
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* [[Heidelberg University Faculty of Behavioural Sciences and Empirical Cultural Sciences| The Faculty of Behavioural Sciences and Empirical Cultural Sciences]]
* [[Heidelberg University Faculty of Biosciences|The Faculty of Biosciences]]
* [[Heidelberg University Faculty of Chemistry and Earth Sciences|The Faculty of Chemistry and Earth Sciences]]
* [[Heidelberg University Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences|The Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences]]
* [[Heidelberg University Faculty of Law|The Faculty of Law]]
* [[Heidelberg University Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science|The Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science]]
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* [[Heidelberg University Faculty of Medicine|The Faculty of Medicine]]
* [[Heidelberg University Faculty of Medicine in Mannheim|The Faculty of Medicine in Mannheim]]
* [[Heidelberg University Faculty of Modern Languages|The Faculty of Modern Languages]]
* [[Heidelberg University Faculty of Philosophy and History|The Faculty of Philosophy and History]]
* [[Heidelberg University Faculty of Physics and Astronomy|The Faculty of Physics and Astronomy]]
* [[Heidelberg University Faculty of Theology|The Faculty of Theology]]
|}
===Associated institutions===
The university is organizationally and personally interlinked with the following independent and semi-independent institutions. Besides joint research, they take also part in the educational tasks at undergraduate and graduate level.
[[Image:MPIA Photo.jpeg|right|thumb| The Max Planck Institute for Astronomy]]
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* Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.zi-mannheim.de/start_en.html|title= ZI-Mannheim: Welcome|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html|work= Central Institute of Mental Health Homepage}}</ref>
* College of Jewish Studies<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.hfjs.uni-heidelberg.de/engl.html|title= HfJS in English |accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html|work= College of Jewish Studies Homepage}}</ref>
* [[European Molecular Biology Laboratory]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.embl-heidelberg.de/|title= EMBL Heidelberg|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html|work= The European Molecular Biology Laboratory Homepage}}</ref>
* [[German Cancer Research Center]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.dkfz.de/en/index.html|title= DKFZ Heidelberg|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html|work= German Cancer Research Center Homepage}}</ref>
* German Center for Research on Ageing<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.dzfa.uni-heidelberg.de/english_version/index.html|title= The DZFA Heidelberg|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html|work= German Centre for Research on Ageing Homepage}}</ref>
* [[Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung|Heavy Ion Research Center Darmstadt]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.gsi.de/|title= GSI Darmstadt|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html|work= Heavy Ion Research Center Darmstadt Homepage}}</ref>
* [[Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.hiik.de/start/index.html.en|title= HIIK in English|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html|work= Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research Homepage}}</ref>
* Heidelberg Academy of Sciences<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.haw.baden-wuerttemberg.de/index_eng.php|title= HAW - online|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html |work= Heidelberg Academy of Sciences Homepage}}</ref>
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* [[Landessternwarte Heidelberg-Königstuhl|Heidelberg State Observatory]]<ref>The Heidelberg State Observatory is an integral part of the university's Center for Astronomy since 2006 and has thus ceased to be an independent state institution. See {{cite web |url= http://www.lsw.uni-heidelberg.de/?lang=en|title= ZAH - online|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html|work= Heidelberg State Observatory Homepage}}</ref>
* [[Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe|Karlsruhe Research Center]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.fzk.de/fzk/idcplg?IdcService=FZK&node=Home&lang=en|title= FZK - online|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html|work= Research Center Karlsruhe Homepage}}</ref>
* [[Max Planck Institute for Astronomy]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.mpia.de/Public/menu_q2e.php |title= MPIA|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= php|work=Max Planck Institute for Astronomy Homepage}}</ref>
* Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.mpil.de/ww/en/pub/news.cfm|title= MPIL|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format=cfm |work= Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law Homepage}}</ref>
* [[Max Planck Institute for Medical Research]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.mpimf-heidelberg.mpg.de/english/instUeberInstitut/instForschungsthemen/index.html/|title= MPIMF|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html|work= Max Planck Institute for Medical Research Homepage}}</ref>
* [[Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/english/index.html|title= MPIKP|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html|work= Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics Homepage}}</ref>
* [[University Hospital Heidelberg]]<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.klinikum.uni-heidelberg.de/|title= UKL Heidelberg|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html|work=University Hospital Heidelberg Homepage}}</ref>
* University Hospital Mannheim<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.klinikum-mannheim.de/|title= UKL Mannheim|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html|work= University Hospital Mannheim Homepage}}</ref>
|}
==Academic profile==
===School statistics===
The university currently employs more than 15,000 academic staff, the most of which are engaged in the [[University Hospital Heidelberg|University Hospital]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.iwr.uni-heidelberg.de/groups/agbock/CONFERENCES/2007/CFG/heidelberg.php|title= Conferences 2007: Introducing Heidelberg University|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html|work= University of Heidelberg Homepage}}</ref> As of 2007, the faculty encompasses 2,897 full time staff, excluding [[visiting professor]]s as well as [[graduate]] [[research assistant|research]] and [[teaching assistant]]s. 318 faculty members have been drawn from abroad. Heidelberg enrolls a total of 26,582 students; including 5,455 international students. In addition there are 1,467 international [[exchange student]]s at Heidelberg. 23,130 students pursue taught degrees, 4,597 of whom are international students, and 1,453 are international exchange students. 2,473 students pursue a [[doctoral degree]], including 881 international doctoral students and 14 international [[exchange student]]s. In 2007, the university awarded 962 [[Ph.D. degree]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.topuniversities.com/schools/data/school_profile/default/heidelberguniversity|title= Heidelberg University profile|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html|work= QS - Top Universities}}</ref>
===Rankings===
The [[THES - QS World University Rankings]] ranked the University of Heidelberg overall between 12th and 15th in Europe, between 45th and 60th in the world, and consistently as the foremost German university. Based on the overall academic peer review score of 2005, Heidelberg ranked 6th in Europe and 28th in the world. In the separate THES - QS rankings of broad subject areas, Heidelberg ranked globally between 17th and 43rd in life science and biomedicine, between 22nd and 45th in science, between 41st and 61st in arts and humanities, and between 54th and 78th in social sciences.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.fc.ethz.ch/facts/ir/rankings/thes_ranking/THES_World_University_Rankings_2004.pdf/|title= THES - QS 2004 |accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= pdf|work= THES - QS World University Ranking 2004 kindly provided by ETH Zürich Homepage}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.fc.ethz.ch/facts/ir/rankings/thes_ranking/THES_World_University_Rankings_2005.pdf/|title= THES - QS 2005 |accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= pdf |work= THES - QS World University Ranking 2005 kindly provided by ETH Zürich Homepage }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.fc.ethz.ch/facts/ir/rankings/thes_ranking/THES_World_University_Rankings_2006.pdf/|title= THES - QS 2006|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= pdf |work= THES - QS World University Ranking 2006 kindly provided by ETH Zürich Homepage}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.fc.ethz.ch/facts/ir/rankings/thes_ranking/THES_World_University_Rankings_2007.pdf/|title= THES - QS 2007 |accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= pdf|work= THES - QS World University Ranking 2007 kindly provided by ETH Zürich Homepage}}</ref>
The Shanghai Jiao Tong University's [[Academic Ranking of World Universities]] ranked Heidelberg between 2nd and 3rd nationally, between 12th and 18th in Europe, and between 58th and 66th in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://ed.sjtu.edu.cn/ranking.htm|title=Academic Ranking of World Universities (free)|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= htm |work= Shanghai Jiao Tong University Homepage}}</ref>
The 2007 [[College_and_university_rankings#Performance_ranking_of_Scientific_Papers_for_World_Universities|Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities]], issued by the Higher Education Evaluation and Accreditation Council of Taiwan, placed Heidelberg 2nd in Germany, 12th in Europe, and 61st globally.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.heeact.edu.tw/ranking/index.htm|title= Performance ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= htm|work=Higher Education Evaluation and Accreditation Council of Taiwan Homepage }}</ref>
The [[Scientometrics (journal)|Scientometrics]] Journal Gatekeepers Indicator Ranking, created by [[Eötvös Loránd University|Eötvös Loránd University of Budapest]] in 2007, ranks the University of Heidelberg at the top of German universities, 12th in Europe, and 73rd globally.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.pha.jhu.edu/~zbt/gatekeepers_TopUniversities.pdf|title= Scientometrics - Journal Gatekeepers Ranking|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= pdf|work= Eötvös Loránd University of Budapest Homepage}}</ref>
According to the [[University rankings#European Union|Ranking of Scientific Impact of Leading European Research Universities]] compiled by the [[European Commission]], Heidelberg ranks 4th nationally and 9th in Europe.<ref>{{cite web |url= ftp://ftp.cordis.europa.eu/pub/indicators/docs/3rd_report_snaps10.pdf|title= CORDIS: Science and Technology Indicators: Snapshots|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= pdf|work=Third European Report on Science and Technology Indicators}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://cordis.europa.eu/indicators/third_report.htm|title= CORDIS: Science and Technology Indicators: full version|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= |work= Third European Report on Science and Technology Indicators}}</ref>
The German [[Bertelsmann Foundation|Center for Higher Education Development]] Excellence Ranking, which measures academic performance of European graduate programs in biology, chemistry, mathematics, and physics, placed Heidelberg in the excellence group for physics and chemistry, and in the top group for mathematics and biology, which is overall a 2nd place in Germany, and a joint 9th place in Europe.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.che.de/downloads/CHE_ExcellenceRanking_AP99.pdf|title= CHE ExcellenceRanking 2007|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= pdf|work= Center for Higher Education Development Excellence Ranking}}</ref>
Ranked by the number of [[List of Nobel laureates|Nobel Laureates]] affiliated with the university at the time of [[Nobel Prize]] announcement, Heidelberg is placed 1st in Germany, 4th in Europe and 13th in the world by 2007.<ref name=Nobel>{{cite web |url= http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/universities.html|title= Nobel Prizes and Universities|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html |work= Nobel Foundation Homepage}}</ref>
[[The Times]] of London referred to the University of Heidelberg as "the oldest and most eminent in the country of Luther and Einstein" and as "the jewel of German learning".<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/leading_article/article502678.ece|title= New Times World University Ranking|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format=html |work= The Times Online}}</ref>
===Organization and length of courses===
[[Image:2004 jura-06.jpg|thumb|right|200px| Main auditorium in the New University]]
The academic year is divided into two semesters. The winter semester runs from 1st of October - 31st of March and the summer semester from 1st of April - 30th of September. Classes are held from mid-October to mid-February and mid-April to mid-July. Students can generally begin their studies either in the winter or the summer semester. However, there are several subjects students can begin only in the winter semester. The standard time required to finish a [[Bachelor's degree]] is principally 6 semesters, and a further 4 semesters for consecutive [[Master's degrees]]. The normal duration of [[Ph.D.]] programs for full-time students is 6 semesters. The overall period of study for an undergraduate degree is divided into two parts: a period of basic study, lasting at least 4 semesters, at the end of which students must sit a formal examination, and a period of advanced study, lasting at least 2 semesters, after which students take their final examinations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zuv.uni-heidelberg.de/AAA/english/info_hd_stud.htm |title= Akademisches Auslandsamt - Information for international applicants|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= htm|work= University of Heidelberg Homepage}}</ref>
===Admission===
In the winter-semester 2006/2007 the university offered 3,926 places in undergraduate programs restricted by [[numerus clausus]], with an overall acceptance rate of 16.3 percent.<ref name=press1>{{cite web |url= http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/presse/news06/2608stud.html|title= Universität Heidelberg – Pressemitteilungen 1|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html|work= University of Heidelberg Homepage}}</ref> Most selective are the undergraduate programs in clinical medicine, molecular cell biology, political science, and law, with acceptance rates of 3.6 percent,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.zvs.de/Service/Download/Bew_Medizin_WS2006.pdf|title= Angebot- und Nachfrage nach Studienplätzen in bundesweit zulassungsbeschränkten Studiengängen zum Wintersemester 2006/2007 - Studiengang Medizin|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= pdf|work= ZVS Homepage}}</ref> 3.8 percent,<ref name=press1>{{cite web |url= http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/presse/news06/2608stud.html|title= Universität Heidelberg – Pressemitteilungen 1|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html|work= University of Heidelberg Homepage}}</ref> 7.6 percent<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.rzuser.uni-hd.de/~it5/presse/news04/2409ausw.html|title= Universität Heidelberg – Pressemitteilungen 2|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html|work= University of Heidelberg Homepage}}</ref> and 9.1 percent<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.rzuser.uni-hd.de/~it5/presse/news04/2409ausw.html|title= Universität Heidelberg – Pressemitteilungen 3|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html|work= University of Heidelberg Homepage}}</ref> respectively. The selection is exercised by allocating the best qualified applicants to a given number of places available in the respective discipline, thus depending primarily on the chosen subjects and the grade point average of the high school degree equivalent. For some majors and minors in humanities, particularly for those which are conceptually non-vocational like classics, philosophy, and ancient history, unrestricted admission is granted if certain criteria (e.g. relevant language proficiency) are fulfilled, as applications regularly do not exceed the number of places available. For prospective international undergraduate students a language test for German, such as the [[Deutsche Sprachprüfung für den Hochschulzugang|DSH]], is required. Admission to consecutive Master's programs always requires at least an undergraduate degree equivalent to the German grade "good" (i.e., normally B+ in American, or 2:1 in British terms). Except for the Master's programs taught in English, a language test for German must be passed as well. Ph.D. admission prerequisite is normally a strong Master's-level degree, but specific admission procedures vary and cannot be generalized.<ref>See the pages of the respective grad schools listed above for detailed information or start with [http://graduateacademy.uni-heidelberg.de/ Heidelberg Graduate Academy]</ref> International applicants usually make up considerably more than 20 percent of the applicant pool and are considered individually by the merits achieved in their respective country of origin.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/press/news/press321_e.html|title= University of Heidelberg - Press Releases|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html|work= University of Heidelberg Homepage}}</ref>
===Finances===
Studying at German universities is heavily subsidized by the state in order to keep higher education affordable regardless of socio-economic background.<ref>As a benchmark: The effective costs which the state must pay for every single medical student account for approximately €33,000 (=$48,500) per year. See {{cite web |url=http://www.unifr.ch/ztd/ems/berichte/b2/testergebnisse.htm |title= Testergebnisse versus Schulnoten als Auswahlkriterien: Paternoster-Effekt, Filter-Effekt, Kosten-Nutzen-Effekte und Auswirkungen auf die Fairneß der Zulassung|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format=htm |work= University of Fribourg Homepage}}</ref>
Since 2007, Heidelberg charges tuition fees of approximately € 1,200 p.a., including [[student union]] fees, for undergraduate, consecutive Master's, and doctoral programs, for both [[EU]] and non-EU citizens, and for any subject area. The usual housing costs for on-campus dormitories range from € 2,200 to € 3,000 p.a.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zuv.uni-heidelbereng.de/AAA/erasmus//info_erasmus_incoming_ankunft_wohn.htm/|title= Information for incoming Erasmus Students|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= htm|work= University of Heidelberg Homepage}}</ref>
In the fiscal year 2005, the University of Heidelberg had an overall [[operating budget]] of approximately € 856 M (approximately € 218 M non-medical); consisting of approximately € 413 M government funds (approximately € 10 M non-medical);approximately € 311 M basic budget (approximately € 160 M non-medical); and approximately € 132 M from external grants (approximately € 48 M non-medical). The university spent approximately € 529 M in payroll costs (approximately € 162 M non-medical) and approximately € 326 M (approximately € 56 M non-medical) in other expenditures.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www-ec.destatis.de/csp/shop/sfg/bpm.html.cms.cBroker.cls?cmspath=struktur,vollanzeige.csp&ID=1020857| title= Desastis - Statistiken und Kennzahlen zur Hochschulfinanzierung|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format=html |work= Statistisches Bundesamt Homepage}}</ref> Additionally, the university will receive another € 150 M in research grants, distributed over 5 years from 2007 onwards, due to the [[German Universities Excellence Initiative]]. In the fiscal year 2007, the university for the first time raised approximately € 19 M through tuition fees. Only approximately € 9.5 M of these were spent at the end of the year and the rectorate had to urge the faculties to make use of their monies. <ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.suedwest-aktiv.de/landundwelt/suedwestumschau/3462341/artikel.php|title= Fachbereiche horten Millionen|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= php|work= Südwestumschau online}}</ref>
===Research===
[[Image:Haus Buhl.jpg|thumb|right|200px| The Center for Advanced Study Marsilius Kolleg, situated in House Buhl, was founded in [[2007]]]]
The university puts an emphasis on natural sciences and medicine, but it retains its traditions with highly ranked faculties of humanities and social sciences. The ''Marsilius Kolleg'', named after [[Marsilius of Inghen]], was established in [[2007]] as a Center for Advanced Study to promote interdisciplinary dialogue and research especially between the sciences and the humanities.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.marsilius-kolleg.uni-heidelberg.de/index_en.html|title= Marsilius Kolleg|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html|work= Marsilius Kolleg Homepage}}</ref> Other institutes such as the ''[[Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing]]'', the ''Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences'', the ''[[Heidelberg Center for American Studies]]'', and the ''[[Heidelberg University Faculty of Philosophy and History|South Asia Institute]]'' also build a bridge between faculties and thus emphasize the concept of a comprehensive university.
Noted regular publications of the [[Heidelberg University Faculty of Physics and Astronomy#Center for Astronomy|Center for Astronomy]] include the [[Star_catalogue#GJ.2C_Gliese.2C_Gl|Gliese catalog of nearby stars]], the fundamental catalogues [[Fifth Fundamental Catalogue|FK5]] and [[Sixth Fundamental Catalogue|FK6]] and the annual published [[Apparent places]], a high precision catalog with pre-calculated positions for over 3 thousand stars for each day.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ari.uni-heidelberg.de/aktuelles/publikationen.php.en|title= Center for Astronomy - Publications|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html |work= University of Heidelberg Homepage }}</ref> The [[Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research]] publishes the annual [[Heidelberg Institute_for_International_Conflict_Research#General|Conflict Barometer]], which describes the recent trends in global conflict developments, escalations, de-escalations, and settlements.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.hiik.de/en/konfliktbarometer/index.html|title= Conflict Barometer|accessdate=2008-05-17 |format= html |work= Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research}}</ref> Regular publications by the ''Max Planck Institute for International Law'' include the "Heidelberg Journal for International Law", the "Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law"; the "Journal of the History of International Law"; the "Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law"; and the semi-annual bibliography "Public International Law".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mpil.de/ww/en/pub/research/profile/publ.cfm |title= Publications of the Institute|accessdate=2008-05-17 |format= cfm|work= Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law Homepage}}</ref>
The [[Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft|German Research Foundation]] (DFG) currently funds twelve long-term [[Collaborative Research Centers]] (SFB) with a duration of up to 12 years at Heidelberg<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.dfg.de/en/research_funding/coordinated_programmes/collaborative_research_centres/lists/index.html| title= DFG - Lists of Collaborative Research Centers|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html|work= German Research Foundation Homepage}}</ref>, four Priority Programs (SPP) with a duration of 6 years, two Research Units (FOR) with a duration of up to 6 years, as well as numerous individual projects at the university's faculties and institutes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dfg.de/en/research_funding/coordinated_programmes/index.html |title= DFG: Funded projects|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html|work=German Research Foundation Homepage}}</ref> As a result of the [[German Universities Excellence Initiative]], two Clusters of Excellence are funded with € 6.5 M each - "''Cellular Networks: From Molecular Mechanisms to Quantitative Understanding of Complex Functions''" <ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.cellnetworks.uni-hd.de/pub/start_start_for.php?a=|title= Cluster of Excellence - Cellnetworks|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html|work= University of Heidelberg Homepage}}</ref>, and "''Asia and Europe in a Global Context: Shifting Asymmetries in Cultural Flows''"<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.vjc.uni-hd.de/|title= Cluster of Excellence - Asia and Europe|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html|work= University of Heidelberg Homepage}}</ref>
Among historical scientific achievements of Heidelberg researchers features prominently the invention of [[spectroscopy]],<ref name=chem>{{cite web |url=http://www.chemgeo.uni-hd.de/DC/hist.html|title= History of Chemistry at Heidelberg|accessdate=2008-05-28 |publisher= University of Heidelberg Homepage|date= 2008-05-28}}</ref> and of the [[Bunsen burner]];<ref>{{cite web |url= http://jchemed.chem.wisc.edu/HS/Journal/Issues/2005/Apr/clicSubscriber/V82N04/p518.pdf|title=The Origin of the Bunsen Burner |accessdate=2008-05-28 |publisher=William B. Jensen , Journal of Chemical Education • Vol. 82 No. 4 April 2005}}</ref> the discovery of chemical elements [[Caesium]] and [[Rubidium]];<ref name=chem>{{cite web |url=http://www.chemgeo.uni-hd.de/DC/hist.html|title= History of Chemistry at Heidelberg|accessdate=2008-05-28 |publisher= University of Heidelberg Homepage|date= 2008-05-28}}</ref> the identification of the [[boiling|absolute point of ebullition]];<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/374765/Dmitry-Ivanovich-Mendeleyev/250031/Other-scientific-achievements |title= Scientific achievements of Mendeleyev|accessdate=2008-05-28 |publisher= Britannica online|date= 2008-05-28}}</ref> and the identification and isolation of [[nicotine]] as the main [[pharmacological]]ly active component of [[tobacco]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/presse/ruca/ruca03-2/ritu.html|title= Rituals of smoking|accessdate=2008-05-28 |publisher= University of Heidelberg Homepage|date= 2008-05-28}}</ref> Modern scientific [[psychiatry]]; [[psychopharmacology]]; psychiatric [[genetics]];<ref>{{cite book |title= Emil Kraepelin. 7 vols.|last= Burgmair |first= Wolfgang |coauthors= Eric J. Engstrom; Matthias Weber; et al. |year= 2000-2008|publisher=Belleville |location= Munich|volume= V: Kraepelin in Heidelberg, 1891-1903 (2005)|isbn= 3-933510-94-5}}</ref> environmental [[physics]];<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.physik.uni-heidelberg.de/fakultaet/index.php?lang=en |title= Introduction of the Faculty of Physics and Astronomy |accessdate=2008-05-28 |publisher= University of Heidelberg|date= 2008-05-28}}</ref> and modern [[sociology]]<ref>[[William Petersen]], ''Against the Stream'', Transaction Publishers, ISBN 0-7658-0222-8, 2004, [http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0765802228&id=FHlTJ6HbY50C&pg=PA29&lpg=PA29&dq=weber+founder+of+sociology&sig=zxYCUTaFFvrlqcIX4guqG8pPyfU Google Print, p.24]</ref> were introduced as scientific disciplines by Heidelberg faculty. Almost 800 [[dwarf planets]], the [[North America Nebula]], and the return of [[Halley's Comet]] have been discovered and documented at institutes of the [[Heidelberg University Faculty of Physics and Astronomy#Center for Astronomy|Heidelberg Center for Astronomy]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.lsw.uni-heidelberg.de/users/mdarr/history.html|title= History of the Center of Astronomy|accessdate=2008-05-28 |publisher= University of Heidelberg Homepage|date=2008-05-28 }}</ref> Moreover, Heidelberg researchers invented the process of [[Plastination]] to preserve [[body tissue]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bodyworlds.com/de/plastination/idee_plastination.html |title= Die Idee der Plastination|accessdate=2008-05-28 |publisher= Bodyworlds}}</ref> conducted the first successful transplantation of [[hematopoietic stem cells]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/presse/news05/2511zwei.html |title= 200 years medical history at Heidelberg University|accessdate=2008-06-05 |publisher= University of Heidelberg Homepage}}</ref> and recently developed a new strategy for a [[vaccination]] in order to prevent certain forms of cancer.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://idw-online.de/pages/de/news261232|title= News|accessdate=2008-05-28 |publisher= Informationsdienst Wissenschaften}}</ref>
===International cooperations===
[[Image:Max Weber Haus.jpg|thumb|right|200px| The Max Weber Haus is the center for international students at Heidelberg]]
Heidelberg is a founding member of the [[League of European Research Universities]], the [[Coimbra Group]], and the [[European University Association]], and it participates in 7 [[Europe]]an exchange schemes for researchers and students, such as [[ERASMUS programme|ERASMUS]]. Furthermore it is actively involved in the development of the German-speaking [[Andrássy Gyula German Language University of Budapest|Andrássy University of Budapest]], and co-runs the school of German law at the [[Jagiellonian University|Jagiellonian University of Krakow]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/international/|title= International cooperations|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format=html |work= University of Heidelberg Homepage}}</ref> Beyond Europe, the university and its faculties maintain specific agreements with 58 partner universities in [[Africa]], the [[Americas]], [[Asia]], [[Australia]] and the [[Russian Federation]]. In total, the Higher Education Compass of the German Rector's Conference lists staff and student exchange agreements as well as research cooperations with 236 universities world-wide, including some of the world's most renowned and highly ranked.<ref>Some of the most notable parter universities include [[Cornell University]], [[Duke University]], [[Georgetown University]], [[Harvard University]], [[Institut d'Études Politiques de Paris]], [[Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne University|Pantheon Sorbonne University]], [[University of Cambridge]], [[University of Oxford]], [[Tsinghua University]], and [[Yale University]]. See {{cite web |url= http://81.169.169.236/kompass/xml/index_koop_en.htm|title= The Higher Education Compass - International Cooperations|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html|work= German Rectors Conference Homepage}}</ref>
==Student life==
The university offers a broad variety of athletics, such as teams in 16 different court sports from [[American football]] to [[volleyball]], courses in 11 different [[martial arts]], 26 courses in [[fitness]] and [[body building]], 9 courses in health sports from aquapower to [[yoga]], and groups in 12 different dance styles. Moreover [[equestrian sports]], [[sailing]], [[rowing]], [[skiing]] in the French alps, [[track and field]], [[swimming]], [[fencing]], [[cycling]], [[acrobatics]], [[gymnastics]], and much more. Most of the sports are free of charge.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.issw.uni-heidelberg.de/hsp/|title= Hochschulsport der Universität Heidelberg|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format=html |work= University of Heidelberg Homepage}}</ref> Heidelberg’s competition teams are particularly successful in soccer, volleyball, equestrian sports, judo, karate, track and field, and basketball. The track and field team regularly achieves best placings at the German university championships. The University Sports Club men's basketball team, [[USC Heidelberg]], is the championship record holder, won 13 national championships, and is the only university team playing at a professional level in the second division of [[Basketball Bundesliga|Germany's national league]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.usc-heidelberg.de/|title= USC Heidelberg|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html|work= University Sports Club Heidelberg}}</ref>
[[Image:2004 uni-16.jpg|thumb|right|200px| [[Collegium Musicum]] performing in the Old Assembly Hall]]
Moreover, the university supports a number of student groups in various fields of interest. Among them are the student parliament [[AStA]], the student councils of the twelve faculties, four drama clubs, the university orchestra [[Collegium Musicum]], four choirs, six student media groups, six groups of international students, nine groups of political parties and NGO’s, several departments of European organizations of students in certain disciplines, four clubs dedicated to fostering international relations and cultural exchange, a chess club, a literature club, a debate society, two student management consulting groups, and four religious student groups.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/magazin/2001/topthema_1101.html|title= Heidelberg student groups|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html|work= Ruperto Online - Universität Heidelberg}}</ref>
Heidelberg’s student newspaper “ruprecht” is, with editions of more than 10,000 copies, one of Germany’s largest student-run newspapers. It was recently distinguished by the [[MLP AG|MLP]] Pro Campus Press Award as Germany’s best student newspaper. The jury, consisting of journalists of major newspapers, commended its “well balanced, though critical attitude”, and its “simply great” layout which “suffices highest professional demands”. The ruprecht is financed entirely by advertising revenues, thus retaining its independence from the university's management. Some very renowned journalists emerged from ruprecht’s editorial board.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ruprecht.de/fileadmin/pdf/Presseberichte/2007_10_07_RNZ.pdf|title= Der „ruprecht“ ist Deutschlands beste Studentenzeitung |accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= pdf |work= Rhein Neckar Zeitung online}}</ref>
However, the critical online student newspaper "UNiMUT", which is run by the joint student council of the faculties, criticized the ruprecht often for being conformed, and exceedingly layout-oriented.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://texte.ruprecht.de/zeigartikel.php?id=1437 |title= UniMUT – Der Kampf geht weiter!|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html|work= Ruprecht online}}</ref>
Heidelberg is also home of Germany’s oldest student [[law review]] “StudZR”. The journal is published quarterly, at the beginning and end of each semester break, and is circulated throughout all of Germany.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.studzr.de/html/menu_oben/uberuns_en.html |title= StudZR - About us|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format=html|work= StudZR Homepage}}</ref>
[[Image:Mühlberg - Auf die Mensur.jpg|thumb|right|200px| [[Academic fencing]] in Heidelberg, [[1900]]]]
Heidelberg hosts 34 student [[Studentenverbindung|corporations]], which have a long tradition as most of them were founded in the 19th century. Corporations are to some extent comparable to the [[fraternities]] in the US. As traditional symbols ([[couleur]]) corporation members wear colored caps and ribbons at ceremonial occasions (Kommers) and some still practice the traditional [[academic fencing]], a kind of duel, in order to "shape their members for the challenges of life". In the 19th and early 20th century, corporations played an important role in Germany's student life. Today, however, corporations include only a relatively small number of students. Their self-declared mission is to keep academic traditions alive and to create friendships for life. The corporations' often representative 19th century mansions are present throughout the Old Town.<ref name=histc>{{cite web |url= http://www.rzuser.uni-heidelberg.de/~jv8/vlgk-alt/ressourcen/5_orte/heidelberg.htm|title= A history of the city of Heidelberg|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html|work= University of Heidelberg Homepage}}</ref>
[[Heidelberg]] is not least famous for its student night life.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.rhein-neckar-guide.de/heidelberg.html |title= Heidelberg night life|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html|work= Rhein-Neckar guide}}</ref> Besides the various parties regularly organized by the student councils of the faculties, the semester opening and closing parties of the university, the dormitory parties, and the soirées of Heidelberg's 34 student fraternities, the city, and the [[Rhine Neckar Area|metropolitan area]] even more, offers night life for any taste and budget.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.schneckenhof.de/ |title= The Rhein-Neckar party guide|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html|work= Schneckenhof.de}}</ref> Adjacent to University Square is Heidelberg's major night life district, where one pub is placed next to each other. From Thursday on, it is all night very crowded and full of atmosphere. Moreover, Heidelberg has four major clubs playing black music, house, rock, and all time classics. The largest of them, having three floors, is located at the New Campus. The city of [[Mannheim]], which is about triple as large as Heidelberg, is 15 minutes by train away, and offers an even more diverse night life, having a broad variety of clubs and bars well-frequented by Heidelberg's and Mannheim's student community.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://wiki.rhein-neckar.de/index.php/Heidelberg#Nachtleben|title= Heidelberg - Nachtleben|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html|work= Rhein-Neckar-Wiki}}</ref>
==Noted people==
{{main|List of University of Heidelberg people}}
[[Image:Helmut Kohl.jpg|thumb|right|120px|<center><small>[[Helmut Kohl]] - [[Chancellor of Germany]] (1982 - 1998) and architect of [[German Reunification]] - M.A. 1956; Ph.D. 1958</small></center>]]
Alumni and faculty of the university include many founders and pioneers of [[academic discipline]]s, and a large number of internationally acclaimed [[philosopher]]s, [[poet]]s, [[jurisprudence|jurisprudents]], [[theology|theologians]], [[natural science|natural]] and [[social science|social scientists]]. 29 [[Nobel Prize|Nobel Laureates]] and at least 18 [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize|Leibniz Laureates]] have been associated with the University of Heidelberg. Eight [[Nobel Laureates]] received the award during their tenure at Heidelberg.<ref name=Nobel>{{cite web |url= http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/universities.html|title= Nobel Prizes and Universities|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html |work= Nobel Foundation Homepage}}</ref>
Five [[Chancellor of Germany|Chancellors of Germany]] attended the university, as did also [[Head of State|Heads of State]] or [[Head of Government|Government]] of [[Belgium]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Greece]], [[Nicaragua]], [[Thailand]], and a [[Secretary General of NATO]]. At least 16 [[Justice (official)|Justices]] of the [[Federal Constitutional Court of Germany]] studied or taught at Heidelberg. Former university affiliates in the field of religion include a [[Pope]], [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinals]], [[Bishop]]s, and two key leaders of [[Protestant Reformation]]. In business, Heidelberg alumni and faculty notably (co-)founded or presided over [[ABB Group]]; [[Astor family|Astor corporate enterprises]]; [[BASF]]; [[Daimler AG]]; [[Deutsche Bank]]; [[EADS]]; [[Krupp AG]]; [[Siemens AG]]; and [[Thyssen AG]].
Current tenured professors include a [[Nobel Prize|Medicine Nobel Laureate]], 7 [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize|Leibniz Laureates]], a former Justice of the [[Federal Constitutional Court of Germany]], and the acting President of the [[International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea]]
==In fiction and popular culture==
In [[1880]], [[Mark Twain]] wrote as detailed as humorously about his impressions of Heidelberg's student life in ''[[A Tramp Abroad]]''. He painted a picture of the university as a school for aristocrats, whose students pursued a dandy-like lifestyle, and described the great influence the student corporations exerted on the whole Heidelberg student life.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.gutenberg.org/files/119/119-h/119-h.htm|title= A Tramp Abroad, By Mark Twain, Complete|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= htm|work= Project Gutenberg}}</ref>
The [[1927]] silent film ''[[The Student Prince in Old Heidelberg]]'', based on [[Wilhelm Meyer-Förster]]'s play ''Alt Heidelberg'' ([[1903]]), starring [[Ramon Novarro]] and [[Norma Shearer]], continued this image of Heidelberg, showing the story of a German prince who comes to Heidelberg to study there, but falls in love with his innkeeper's daughter. Having been very popular in the in the first half of the 20th century, it presents the typical student life of the 19th and early 20th century, and it is today considered a masterpiece of the late silent film era.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0018451/|title= The Student Prince in Old Heidelberg (1927)|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html|work= Internet Movie Database}}</ref> [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer|MGM]]'s [[1954]] color remake [[The Student Prince]], featuring [[Mario Lanza]], is based on [[Sigmund Romberg]]'s operetta version of the story.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://musicaltheatreguide.com/composers/romberg/student_prince.htm|title= The Student Prince|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= htm|work= Musical & Theatre Guide}}</ref>
In [[2000]], the university was the main scene of the successful German horror film ''[[Anatomy (film)|Anatomy]]''. The medical student Paula Henning (played by [[Franka Potente]]) wins a place in a summer course at the prestigious [[Heidelberg University Faculty of Medicine|Heidelberg Medical School]]. When the body of a young man she met on the train turns up on her dissection table, she begins to investigate the mysterious circumstances surrounding his death, uncovering a gruesome conspiracy perpetrated by an antihippocratic secret society operating within the university.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://wm05.allmovie.com/cg/avg.dll?p=avg&sql=1:212148|title= Anatomy - Overview|accessdate=2008-05-16 |format= html|work= Allmovie Database}}</ref>
==Non-fictional literature==
* Steven P. Remy: The Heidelberg Myth: The Nazification and Denazification of a German University. Cambridge, Harvard University Press 2002. ISBN 0-674-00933-9
* Andreas Cser: Kleine Geschichte der Stadt Heidelberg und ihrer Universität. Verlag G. Braun, Karlsruhe 2007, ISBN 978-3-7650-8337-2
* Dagmar Drüll: Heidelberger Gelehrtenlexikon, Bd. 1: 1803-1932, Bd. 2: 1652-1802, Bd. 3: 1386-1651. Heidelberg 1986, 1991, 2002. (Bd. 4: 1933-1986 in Vorbereitung)
* Sabine Happ, Werner Moritz: Die Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Ansichten - Einblicke - Rückblicke. Erfurt 2003.
* Wolfgang U. Eckart, Volker Sellin, [Eike Wolgast (Hrsg.): Die Universität Heidelberg im Nationalsozialismus. Springer Verlag, Berlin 2006. ISBN 3540214429
* H. Krabusch: Das Archiv der Universität Heidelberg. Geschichte und Bedeutung, in: Aus der Geschichte der Universität Heidelberg und ihrer Fakultäten. Sonderbd. der Ruperto Carola, hrsg. von G. Hinz (1961), S. 82-111;
* Die Rektorbücher der Universität Heidelberg, Bd. I-II, bearb. von Heiner Lutzmann u. a. hrsg. v. Jürgen Miethke. (Bd. 1: 1386-1410, Heft 1-3, Heidelberg 1986/1990/1999. Bd. 2: 1421-1451, Heft 1, Heidelberg 2001)
* Peter Moraw: Heidelberg: Universität, Hof und Stadt im ausgehenden Mittelalter, in: Studien zum städtischen Bidlungswesen des späten Mittelalters und der frühen Neuzeit, hrsg. von Bernd Moeller, Hans Patze, Karl Stackmann, Redaktion Ludger Grenzmann (Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen, Philol.-hist. Klasse, III.137), Göttingen 1983, S. 524-552.
* Werner Moritz: Die Aberkennung des Doktortitels an der Universität Heidelberg während der NS- Zeit, In: Armin Kohnle/ Frank Engehausen: Zwischen Wissenschaft und Politik. Studien zur deutschen Universitätsgeschichte. Festschrift für Eike Wolgast zum 65. Geburtstag, Stuttgart 2001, S. 540-562
* Gerhard Ritter: Die Heidelberger Universität im Mittelalter (1386-1508), Ein Stück deutscher Geschichte, Heidelberg 1936, Neudruck 1986.
* Gotthard Schettler (Hrsg.): Das Klinikum der Universität Heidelberg und seine Institute. Berlin-Heidelberg, Springer 1986. ISBN 3540160337
* Wilhelm Doerr u.a. (Hrsg.): ‚Semper apertus', Sechshundert Jahre Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg 1386-1986, Festschrift in sechs Bänden. Berlin-Heidelberg, Springer 1985
* Eduard Winkelmann (Hrsg.): Urkundenbuch der Universität Heidelberg, Bd. I-II, Heidelberg 1886.
* Eike Wolgast: Die Universität Heidelberg, 1386-1986, Berlin-Heidelberg, Springer 1986.
==Notes and references==
{{reflist|2}}
==See also==
<div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;">
* [[Baden-Württemberg]]
* [[Education in Germany]]
* [[Heidelberg]]
* [[List of oldest universities in continuous operation]]
* [[List of universities in Germany]]
* [[Mannheim University of Applied Sciences]] for jointly run degree programs
* [[Mediaeval university]]
* [[Rhine Neckar|Rhine Neckar Metropolitan Area]]
</div>
==External links==
{{Commons|Category:University of Heidelberg|University of Heidelberg}}
'''University of Heidelberg'''
* [http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/index_e.html University of Heidelberg]
* [http://www.zuv.uni-heidelberg.de/AAA/alumni/en/index.html Heidelberg Alumni International]
* [http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/presse/bildarchiv.html Photo Gallery #1]
* [http://bildarchiv.klinikum.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php Photo Gallery #2]
* [http://www.flickr.com/photos/rainerebert/sets/72157600292990475/ Photo Gallery #3]
'''City of Heidelberg'''
* [http://www.heidelberg.de Heidelberg.de]
* [http://www.oldheidelberg.com Old Heidelberg.com]
'''Miscellaneous'''
* [http://de.youtube.com/watch?v=vbLl2C3ChYY Drink! The Student Prince@youtube]
* [http://unihdmatrikel.uni-hd.de Matriculation Register (1386 - 1920)]
</div>
{{University of Heidelberg}}
{{German Excellence Universities}}
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{{Coimbra Group}}
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