University of Notre Dame
146269
226102366
2008-07-16T20:53:00Z
76.208.47.129
{{For2|other universities and colleges named "Notre Dame"|[[Notre Dame#Educational institutions|Notre Dame]]}}
{{Infobox University
|name = University of Notre Dame du Lac
|image_name = NotreDameSeal.svg
|caption = Seal of the University of Notre Dame
|latin_name = Universitas Dominae Nostrae a Lacu
|motto = Vita, Dulcedo, Spes<br/>[[Hail Holy Queen|Life, Sweetness, Hope]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://64.233.167.104/search?q=cache:PtcknhkKnegJ:www.stateuniversity.com/universities/MD/Mount_St_Mary_s_University.html+%22vita,+Dulcedo,+Spes%22+%22Life,+Sweetness,+Hope%22+notre+dame&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=6&gl=us|title=Mount St Mary's University: General Information|publisher=State University|accessdate=2008-05-30}}</ref>
|established = 1842
|type = [[Private university|Private]], [[Coeducational]]
|affiliation = [[Roman Catholic]], [[Congregation of Holy Cross]]
|endowment = $6.54 billion<ref name="Endowment">{{cite news|author=Langley, Karen|url=http://media.www.ndsmcobserver.com/media/storage/paper660/news/2007/09/20/News/Endowment.Jumps.1.4.Billion-2981027.shtml|title=Endowment jumps $1.4 billion|publisher=The Observer|date=2007-09-20|date=[[September 20]], [[2007]]|accessdate=2007-11-23}}</ref>
|president = [[John I. Jenkins|The Rev. John Jenkins, CSC]]
|provost = Thomas Burish
|faculty = 1241<ref name="Faculty">{{cite web|url=http://newsinfo.nd.edu/content.cfm?topicid=6420|title=About Notre Dame: Profile: Faculty|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=2007-12-12}}</ref>
|students = 11,603<ref name="Student Profile">{{cite web|url=http://newsinfo.nd.edu/content.cfm?topicid=15|title=About Notre Dame: Profile: Students|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=2007-12-12}}</ref>
|undergrad = 8,352
|postgrad = 3,251
| city = [[Notre Dame, Indiana|Notre Dame]]
| state = [[Indiana]]
|country = [[USA]]
|campus = [[Suburban]]: {{convert|1250|acre|km2|lk=on}}
|sports = 26 [[Division I]] [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] teams
|colors = Blue and Gold<ref>{{cite web|author=Corson, Dorothy V.|url=http://www.nd.edu/~wcawley/corson/schoolcolors.htm|title=The Spirit of Notre Dame: Notre Dame Legends and Lore: Mary and the School Colors|accessdate=2008-01-01}}</ref><br />{{color box|#00337F}} {{color box|gold}}
|nickname = [[Fighting Irish]]
|mascot = [[Leprechaun]]
|website = http://www.nd.edu/
|logo =[[Image:ND Wordmark.png|180 px]]
}}
The '''University of Notre Dame du Lac''' (or simply '''Notre Dame''') (our lady) ({{IPAEng|ˌnoʊtɚˈdeɪm}}) is a private [[Roman Catholic]] [[research]] [[university]] located in [[Notre Dame, Indiana]]. It was founded by Father [[Edward Sorin]], [[Congregation of the Holy Cross|CSC]], who was also the school's first president. Founded as an all-male institution, it became [[co-educational]] in 1972. The school's Catholic identity is evident around campus with the ornate [[Basilica of the Sacred Heart, Indiana|Basilica of the Sacred Heart]] together with numerous chapels and religious iconography.
The university today is organized into five colleges and one professional school, the oldest of which awarded degrees as early as 1849. Many of the colleges' academic programs have been ranked highly in national publications, with the university as a whole ranked in the top 20 nationally by ''[[U.S. News and World Report]]''. Many of the graduate programs participate in [[research]] endeavors, with a stated goal by the university president, Father [[John I. Jenkins]], CSC, to become a pre-eminent research institution. Additionally, the university's library system is one of the top-100 largest in the United States.
More than 80% of the University's 8,000 undergraduates live on campus in one of 27 single-sex residence halls, each of which field teams for more than a dozen [[intramural sport]]s. Notre Dame's alumni are located around the world and number near 120,000.<ref>[https://secure.alumni.nd.edu/site/c.luIZLdMOJpE/b.2660503/ ND Alumni Association - Notre Dame Alumni Association<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
Notre Dame is also known for its sports programs, especially its [[Notre Dame Fighting Irish football|football team]]. The sports teams are members of the [[NCAA Division I]], and are known collectively as the [[Notre Dame Fighting Irish|Fighting Irish]], a name it adopted in the 1920s. The football team, an [[NCAA Division I-FBS independent schools|Independent]], has accumulated eleven national championships, seven [[Heisman Trophy]] winners, and many members in the [[College Football Hall of Fame]]. Additionally, other sport teams, most members of the [[Big East Conference]], have won 18 national championships throughout the years.
==History==
[[Image:NDU-main-building.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The University's historic "God-quad" with the "Golden Dome" of the administration building visible. Many of the oldest buildings on campus are around this area.]]
===Foundations===
According to correspondence of the early French [[Jesuit]] missionaries, one of the first missions in northern Indiana was founded for the [[Potawatomi]] and [[Miami tribe|Miami]] Indians on the [[St. Joseph River (Lake Michigan)|St. Joseph River]] in about the year 1685. In 1686 Father [[Claude-Jean Allouez]] S.J. built the first log chapel in [[Indian Territory]] on the shore of the St. Mary's Lake, establishing a mission post known as the St. Joseph Mission. The missionaries were later forced to neglect the region for over fifty years due to the [[French and Indian Wars]] and the [[suppression of the Society of Jesus]].<ref name="Hope 3">{{cite book |last=Hope, C.S.C. |first=Arthur J. |title=Notre Dame: One Hundred Years |origyear=1948 |edition=2 |year=1979 |publisher=University Press |location=Notre Dame, IN |isbn=089651501X |chapter=III}}</ref>
The Potawatomi elders remembered the faith taught to them by the missionaries, and in 1830 [[Leopold Pokagon]] appealed to Father [[Gabriel Richard]] of [[Detroit, Michigan|Detroit]] to send him a Catholic priest to help convert the younger members of his tribe.<ref>{{cite book | last=Langer | first=Peter | title=Slumbering Echoes: Potawatomi Indians, Catholic Priests, and the University of Notre Dame du Lac, 1830–1852 | publisher=University of Notre Dame Archives | date=2006}}</ref> Father [[Stephen Badin]], the first priest ordained in the United States, returned with Pokagon to establish a mission school for the Indian children. In 1831, he purchased {{convert|524|acre|ha|0|sp=us}} of land at St. Mary's Lake in [[St. Joseph County, Indiana|St. Joseph County]] to establish an orphan asylum. A chapel was erected near the present site of the Log Chapel, but the orphanage idea was abandoned, and in 1835 Father Badin transferred all this property to Bishop [[Simon William Gabriel Brute|Simon Bruté]] of the Dioceses of [[Vincennes, Indiana|Vincennes]]. Following his death in 1839, the new bishop, Father [[Célestine Guynemer de la Hailandière]], transferred the property to Father Ferdinand Bach of the [[Fathers of Mercy]] in 1840 for the purpose of establishing a college there, but this attempt was unsuccessful. However, Father Bach procured another {{convert|375|acre|ha|0|sp=us}} of land from Father Badwin, and both land titles returned to the Dioceses.<ref name="Hope 3" />
In 1842, Guynemer de la Hailandière offered the original {{convert|524|acre|ha|0|sp=us}} to Father [[Edward Sorin]] of the [[Congregation of Holy Cross]], on the condition that he build a university in two years or the land title would revert back to the Dioceses.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsinfo.nd.edu/content.cfm?topicid=49|title=Founding Information|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=2007-12-31}}</ref> Sorin traveled to the site with eight priests and began the school using Badin's old log chapel. They immediately acquired two students from the day of their arrival, Theodore Coquillard, the son of one of the [[South Bend, Indiana|South Bend]]'s founders, and Clement Reckers, and set about building additions to the campus. Notre Dame began as a primary and secondary school, but soon received its official [[university charter]] from the [[Indiana General Assembly]] on [[January 15]], [[1844]] after a push by State Senator [[John Defrees]].<ref name="Hope 4">{{cite book |last=Hope, C.S.C. |first=Arthur J. |title=Notre Dame: One Hundred Years |origyear=1948 |edition=2 |year=1979 |publisher=University Press |location=Notre Dame, IN |isbn=089651501X |chapter=IV}}</ref> Under the charter the school is officially named the ''University of Notre Dame du Lac'', which means ''University of Our Lady of the Lake''. Though the word ''Lac'' is singular, the university's campus actually contains two lakes. According to a legend, when Sorin arrived at the school, everything was frozen. He thought there was only one lake and named the university accordingly.<ref>{{cite web|author=Cohen, Ed|url=http://www.nd.edu/~ndmag/au2004/lakes.html|title=One lake or two?|publisher=The Notre Dame Magazine|date=Autumn 2004|accessdate=2007-12-07}}</ref> Although the university was originally [[single-sex education|only for male students]], the female-only, [[Saint Mary's College (Indiana)|Saint Mary's College]] was founded by the [[Sisters of the Holy Cross]] near Notre Dame in 1844.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www3.saintmarys.edu/glance|title=Saint Mary's at a Glance|publisher=Saint Mary's College|accessdate=2007-12-31}}</ref>
===Early history===
More students attended the college and the first degrees were awarded in 1849.<ref name="Hope 5">{{cite book |last=Hope, C.S.C. |first=Arthur J. |title=Notre Dame: One Hundred Years |origyear=1948 |edition=2 |year=1979 |publisher=University Press |location=Notre Dame, IN |isbn=089651501X |chapter=V}}</ref> Additionally, the university was expanded with new buildings allowing more students and faculty to live, study, and eat at the university.<ref name="Hope 4" /> With each new president, new academic programs were offered and new buildings were built to accommodate these programs. The original Main Building Sorin built just after Fr. Sorin arrived was replaced by a larger "Main Building" in 1865, which housed the university's administration, classrooms, and dormitories. Beginning in 1873, a library collection was started by Father Lemonnier. By 1879 it had grown to ten thousand volumes that were housed in the Main Building. This Main Building, and the library collection, was destroyed by a fire in April of 1879; however, it was rebuilt before the next school year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archives.nd.edu/main.htm|title=The Story of Notre Dame: Main Building|publisher=University of Notre Dame Archives|accessdate=2007-12-31}}</ref> The library collection was also rebuilt and stayed housed in the new Main Building for years afterwards.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archives.nd.edu/library.htm|title=The Story of Notre Dame: Lemmonier Library|publisher=University of Notre Dame Archives|accessdate=2007-12-31}}</ref> Around the time of the fire, a Music Hall was opened. Eventually becoming known as Washington Hall, it hosted plays and musical acts put on by the school.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archives.nd.edu/washingt.htm|title=The Story of Notre Dame: Washington Hall|publisher=University of Notre Dame Archives|accessdate=2007-12-31}}</ref> By 1880, a science program was established at the university, and a Science Hall was built in 1883. The hall housed multiple classrooms and science labs needed for early research at the university.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archives.nd.edu/science.htm|title=The Story of Notre Dame: Science Hall|publisher=University of Notre Dame Archives|accessdate=2007-12-31}}</ref> By 1890, individual residence halls were built to house the increasing number of students.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archives.nd.edu/sorin.htm|title=The Story of Notre Dame: Sorin Hall|publisher=University of Notre Dame Archives|accessdate=2007-12-31}}</ref>
[[Image:NDGoldenDome.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Notre Dame's administration building, featuring the famous golden dome topped by a statue of the [[Blessed Virgin Mary]]]]
===Co-educational institute===
Notre Dame continued to grow over the years adding more colleges, programs, and even sports teams. By 1921, with the addition of the College of Commerce,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archives.nd.edu/moore/moore04.htm|title=The Story of Notre Dame: Academic Development of Notre Dame: Chapter IV - The College of Commerce|publisher=University of Notre Dame Archives|accessdate=2008-01-01}}</ref> Notre Dame had grown from a small college to a university with five colleges and a professional law school.<ref name="Law">{{cite web|url=http://law.nd.edu/about/mission-and-history|title=History of Notre Dame Law School|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=2007-12-15}}</ref> The university continued to expand and add new residence halls and buildings with each subsequent president until 1972. At that time, then-president Father [[Theodore Hesburgh]] made the decision to admit women into the university.<ref name="Thanking Ted">{{cite news|author=Sienko, Angela|url=http://www.nd.edu/~ndmag/au2007/hesbook.html|title=A hardcover thank-you card|publisher=Notre Dame Magazine|date=[[October]] [[2007]]|accessdate=2008-01-01}}</ref> Two of the male residence halls were converted for the newly admitted female students that first year,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://orlh.nd.edu/halls/badin/index.htm|title=BADIN HALL|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=2008-01-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://orlh.nd.edu/halls/walsh/index.htm|title=WALSH HALL|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=2008-01-01}}</ref> while two others were converted for the next school year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://orlh.nd.edu/halls/bp/index.htm|title=BREEN-PHILLIPS HALL|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=2008-01-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://orlh.nd.edu/halls/farley/index.htm|title=FARLEY HALL|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=2008-01-01}}</ref> The first female student, a transfer from St. Mary's College, graduated in 1972 with a [[bachelor's degree]] in marketing.<ref name="Thanking Ted" />
===Modern===
Currently Notre Dame is led by Father [[John I. Jenkins]], the 17<sup>th</sup> president of the university.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsinfo.nd.edu/content.cfm?topicid=148|title=About Notre Dame: Officer Group Bios: Rev. John I. Jenkins, C.S.C.|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=2008-01-01}}</ref> Jenkins took over the position from Father [[Edward Malloy]], on [[July 1]], [[2005]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Heninger, Claire|url=http://media.www.ndsmcobserver.com/media/storage/paper660/news/2004/05/01/News/Monk-Moves.On.Jenkins.Will.Succeed.Malloy.After.June.2005-676726.shtml|title=Monk moves on: Jenkins will succeed Malloy after June 2005|publisher=The Observer|date=[[May 1]], [[2004]]|accessdate=2008-01-01}}</ref> In his inaugural address, Jenkins described his goals of making the university a leader in research that recognizes ethics and building the connection between faith and studies.<ref name="Jenkins address">{{cite web|url=http://newsinfo.nd.edu/content.cfm?topicid=13502|title=Fr. John I. Jenkins Inaugural Address|publisher=University of Notre Dame|date=[[September 23]], [[2005]]|accessdate=2007-12-14}}</ref> In addition to Jenkins' leadership, the university is governed by two groups, Fellows of the University and a [[Board of Trustees]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nd.edu/leadership/|title=Leadership|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=2008-01-01}}</ref> These groups help to maintain the [[bylaw]]s of the university and also elect officials for the university.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nd.edu/leadership/fellows/|title=Leadership: Fellows|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=2008-01-01}}</ref> Finally, the [[Provost (education)|provost]] of the university, currently Dr. Thomas Burish, works under the president to oversee many of the academic activities and functions of the university.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://provost.nd.edu/|title=Office of the Provost|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=2008-01-01}}</ref>
<!--Sort of an obvious question, but what role, if any, does the Congregation of the Holy Cross still play in governing the university?-->
==Campus==
[[Image:NDgrottoMary.jpg|thumb|right|A statue of the Blessed Virgin Mary at the Grotto of Our Lady of Lourdes on campus]]
Notre Dame's campus is located in [[Notre Dame, Indiana]], an [[unincorporated community]] in north [[Indiana]], just north of [[South Bend, Indiana|South Bend]] and four miles (6 km) from the [[Michigan]] state line.<ref name="About ND">{{cite web|url=http://nd.edu/aboutnd/|title=About Notre Dame|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=2007-12-10}}</ref> Development of the campus began in the spring of 1843 when Father Sorin and some of his congregation built the "Old College", a building used for [[dormitory|dormitories]], a bakery, and a classroom. A year later, after an architect arrived, a small "Main Building" was built allowing for the launch of the college.<ref name="Hope 4" /> Today the campus lies on {{convert|1250|acre|km2|lk=on}} just south of the [[Indiana Toll Road]] and includes 137 buildings located on quads throughout the campus.<ref name="Campus">{{cite web|url=http://newsinfo.nd.edu/content.cfm?topicid=43|title=Resources:Campus and Physical Facilities|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=2007-12-10}}</ref>
[[Image:Golden dome fall.JPG|thumb|left|Close up of the famous Golden Dome, which sits atop the main building]]
A number of the buildings that Father Sorin built still stand on the campus, while others have been replaced. The Old College building has become one of two [[seminary|seminaries]] on campus run by the Congregation of the Holy Cross.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vocation.nd.edu/seminary_programs/old_college_program.shtml|title=Old College Program|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=2007-12-11}}</ref>The current [[Basilica of the Sacred Heart, Indiana|Basilica of the Sacred Heart]] is located on the spot of Sorin's original church which became too small for the growing college and the Main Building, after a fire destroyed parts of it, has become home to Notre Dame's administration. There are two lakes located on campus, and near the lakes is the Grotto of [[Our Lady of Lourdes]], which was built in 1896 as a replica of the [[Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes|original]] in [[Lourdes, France]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://secure.alumni.nd.edu/site/c.luIZLdMOJpE/b.2660551/#highlights|title=Tour Highlights|publisher=University of Notre Dame Alumni Association|accessdate=2007-12-11}}</ref>
===New buildings===
The university continues to expand and add new buildings each year. Since 2004, many buildings have been built —- the most prominent being the Debartolo Performing Arts Center,<ref name="DPAC">{{cite web|url=http://performingarts.nd.edu/?page=history&nav=5|title=DeBartolo Performing Arts Center History|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=2007-12-19}}</ref> the Guglielmino Complex,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://und.cstv.com/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/101405aaj.html|title=The Guglielmino Complex|publisher=University of Notre Dame|date=[[October 14]], [[2005]]|accessdate=2008-01-01}}</ref> and the Jordan Hall of Science.<ref>{{cite news|author=Newbart, Dave|url=http://www.suntimes.com/news/metro/677720,CST-NWS-NOTREDAME03.article|title='Huge leap forward' for Notre Dame|publisher=Chicago Sun Times|date=[[December 3]], [[2007]]|accessdate=2007-12-31}}</ref> Additionally, a new male residence hall, Duncan Hall, began construction on [[March 8]], [[2007]],<ref>{{cite news|author=Chapla, Shannon|url=http://newsinfo.nd.edu/content.cfm?topicid=21563|title=Gift from Ray Duncan to fund new residence hall; Groundbreaking ceremony set for March 8|publisher=University of Notre Dame|date=[[March 5]], [[2007]]|accessdate=2007-12-31}}</ref> and will begin accepting residents for the Fall 2008 semester. A new engineering building, Stinson-Remick Hall, a new combination Center for Social Concerns/Institute for Church Life building and a law school addition are also currently under construction.<ref>{{cite news|author=Brown, Dennis|url=http://newsinfo.nd.edu/content.cfm?topicid=21104|title=Construction on new engineering building to begin in November on Notre Dame Avenue|publisher=University of Notre Dame|date=[[February 6]], [[2007]]|accessdate=2007-12-31}}</ref>
===London Centre===
The university has had a presence in London since 1968. Since 1998, its London Centre has been based in the former [[United University Club]] at 1, Suffolk Street in Trafalgar Square. The Centre enables the Colleges of Arts & Letters, Business Administration, Science, Engineering and the Law School to develop their own programs in London.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nd.edu/~ndlondon/londoncentre/history.htm|title=University of Notre Dame London Centre|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=2008-01-09}}</ref>
== Academics ==
[[Image:Notre dame coat of arms.png|thumb|The University's [[Coat of Arms]]]]
Notre Dame has a student body population of 11,603 total students and employs 1241 full-time faculty members and another 166 part-time members to give a student/faculty ratio of 13:1.<ref name="Faculty" /> Named by [[Newsweek]] as one of the "25 New [[Ivy League|Ivies]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/39401|title=25 New Ivies|publisher=Newsweek|date=[[August 21]], [[2006]]|accessdate=2007-12-12}}</ref> It is an [[Oak Ridge Associated Universities|Oak Ridge Associated University]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.orau.org/consortium/members/|title=ORAU Consortium Members|publisher=ORAU.org|accessdate=2007-12-12}}</ref>
===Colleges===
The [[Notre Dame College of Arts and Letters|College of Arts and Letters]] was established as the university's first college in 1842 with the first degrees given in 1849.<ref name="Hope 5" /> The university's first academic curriculum was modeled after the [[Jesuit]] [[Ratio Studiorum]] from [[Saint Louis University]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsinfo.nd.edu/content.cfm?topicid=48|title=About Notre Dame: The Early Days|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=2007-12-31}}</ref> Today the college, housed in O'Shaughnessy Hall,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nd.edu/campus-and-community/sights-sounds/virtual-tour/oshag/|title=Campus and Community: Virtual Tours|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=2007-12-15}}</ref> includes 21 departments in the areas of fine arts, humanities, and social sciences, and awards [[Bachelor of Arts]] (B.A.) degrees in over 40 majors, making it the largest of the university's colleges. There are around 2,500 undergraduates and 750 graduates enrolled in the college.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://al.nd.edu/about-arts-and-letters/|title=About Arts and Letters|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=2007-12-15}}</ref>
The College of Science was established at the university in 1865 by then-president Father Patrick Dillon. Dillon's scientific courses were six years of work, including higher-level mathematics courses.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hope, C.S.C. |first=Arthur J. |title=Notre Dame: One Hundred Years |origyear=1948 |edition=2 |year=1979 |publisher=University Press |location=Notre Dame, IN |isbn=089651501X |chapter=IX}}</ref> Today the college, housed in the newly-built Jordan Hall of Science,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://science.nd.edu/jordan/|title=Jordan Hall of Science|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=2007-12-15}}</ref> includes over 1,200 undergraduates in five departments of study — biology, chemistry, mathematics, physics, and pre-professional studies — each awarding [[Bachelor of Science]] (B.S.) degrees.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://science.nd.edu/about_us.htm|title=College of Science: About us|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=2007-12-15}}</ref> According to university statistics, its science pre-professional program has one of the highest acceptance rates to medical school of any university in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsinfo.nd.edu/content.cfm?topicid=34|title=Profile|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=2007-12-07}}</ref>
The [[Notre Dame School of Architecture|School of Architecture]] was established in 1899,<ref>{{cite book |last=Hope, C.S.C. |first=Arthur J. |title=Notre Dame: One Hundred Years |origyear=1948 |edition=2 |year=1979 |publisher=University Press |location=Notre Dame, IN |isbn=089651501X |chapter=XIX}}</ref> although degrees in architecture were first awarded by the university in 1898.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://architecture.nd.edu/inside_the_school/|title=Inside the School|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=2007-12-15}}</ref> Today the school, housed in Bond Hall,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nd.edu/campus-and-community/sights-sounds/virtual-tour/bond-hall/#tour-nav|title=Campus and Community: Virtual Tours|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=2007-12-15}}</ref> offers a five year undergraduate program leading to the Bachelor of Architecture degree. One year of study is completed in [[Rome]] by all students enrolled in the school.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://architecture.nd.edu/academic_programs/|title=Academic Programs|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=2007-12-15}}</ref>
The College of Engineering was established in 1920,<ref>{{cite web|author=Moore, Philip S.|url=http://archives.nd.edu/moore/moore03.htm|title=The Story of Notre Dame: Academic Development of Notre Dame: Chapter 3: The College of Engineering|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=2007-12-15}}</ref> however, early courses in civil and mechanical engineering were a part of the College of Science since the 1870s.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hope, C.S.C. |first=Arthur J. |title=Notre Dame: One Hundred Years |origyear=1948 |edition=2 |year=1979 |publisher=University Press |location=Notre Dame, IN |isbn=089651501X |chapter=XV}}</ref> Today the college, housed in the Cushing Hall of Engineering,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nd.edu/campus-and-community/sights-sounds/virtual-tour/cushing/#tour-nav|title=Campus and Community: Virtual Tours|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=2007-12-15}}</ref> includes five departments of study — aerospace and mechanical engineering, chemical and biomolecular engineering, civil engineering and geological sciences, computer science and engineering, and electrical engineering — with eight B.S. degrees offered. Additionally, the college offers five year dual degree programs with the Colleges of Arts and Letters and of Business awarding additional B.A. and [[Master of Business Administration]] (MBA) degrees, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nd.edu/~engineer/current/degrees.html|title=COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING DEGREES OFFERED|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=2007-12-15}}</ref>
The [[Mendoza College of Business]] was established by Father [[John F. O'Hara]] in 1921, although a foreign commerce program was launched in 1917.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nd.edu/%7Ecba/011221/about/history.shtml|title=HISTORY OF THE MENDOZA COLLEGE OF BUSINESS|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=2007-12-15}}</ref> Today the college offers degrees in accountancy, finance, management, and marketing and enrolls over 1,600 students.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nd.edu/%7Ecba/011221/programs/|title=Mendoza College of Business: Programs|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=2007-12-15}}</ref>
All of Notre Dame's undergraduate students are a part of one of the five undergraduate colleges at the school or are in the First Year of Studies program. The First Year of Studies program was established in 1962 to guide incoming [[first year|freshmen]] in their first year at the school before they have declared a major. Each student is given an academic advisor from the program who helps them to choose classes that give them exposure to any major in which they are interested.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nd.edu/~fys/message.html|title=Message From the Dean|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=2007-12-15}}</ref> The program also includes a Learning Resource Center which provides time management, collaborative learning, and subject tutoring.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nd.edu/~fys/lrc.html|title=The Learning Resource Center|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=2007-12-15}}</ref> This program has been recognized previously, by ''U.S. News & World Report'', as outstanding.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nd.edu/%7Eois/About_OIS/PDFs/CBPROGRAMS.pdf|title=Programs to Look For|publisher=U.S. News & World Report|format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]]|accessdate=2007-12-16}}</ref>
===Graduate and professional schools===
[[Image:NDLS Exterior 1.jpg|thumb|180px|left|The exterior of the Notre Dame Law School]]
The University first offered graduate degrees, in the form of a [[Master of Arts]] (MA), in the 1854–1855 academic year. The program expanded to include [[Master of Laws]] (LL.M.) and Master of Civil Engineering in its early stages of growth, before a formal graduate school education was developed with a [[thesis]] not required to receive the degrees. This changed in 1924 with formal requirements developed for graduate degrees, including offering [[Doctorate]] (Ph.D.) degrees.<ref>{{cite web|author=Moore, Philip S.|url=http://archives.nd.edu/moore/moore06.htm|title=The Story of Notre Dame: Academic Development of Notre Dame: Chapter 6: The Graduate School|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=2007-12-15}}</ref> Today each of the five colleges offer graduate education. Most of the departments from the College of Arts and Letters offer Ph.D. programs, while a professional [[Master of Divinity]] (M.Div.) program also exists. All of the departments in the College of Science offer Ph.D. programs, except for the Department of Pre-Professional Studies. The School of Architecture offers a [[Master of Architecture]], while each of the departments of the College of Engineering offer Ph.D. programs. The College of Business offers multiple professional programs including MBA and [[Master of Science in Accountancy]] programs. It also operates facilities in [[Chicago]] and [[Cincinnati]] for its executive MBA program.<ref name="Grad Degrees">{{cite web|url=http://nd.edu/academics/graduate-programs/|title=Graduate and Professional Programs|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=2007-12-15}}</ref> Additionally, the Alliance for Catholic Education program offers a [[Master of Education]] program where students study at the university during the summer and teach in Catholic [[elementary school]]s, [[middle school]]s, and [[high school]]s across the [[Southern United States]] for two school years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ace.nd.edu/academic-programs/teacherprogram|title=Teacher Formation Program|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=2007-12-15}}</ref>
In addition to the programs offered by each of the colleges, the [[Notre Dame Law School]] offers a professional program for students. Established in 1869, Notre Dame was the first Catholic university in the United States to have a [[law school|law program]].<ref name="Law" /> Today the program has consistently ranked among the top law schools in the nation according to ''US News and World Report''.<ref name="NDLaw" /> The Law School grants the professional [[Juris Doctor]] degree as well as the graduate LL.M. and [[Doctor of Juridical Science]] degrees.<ref name="Grad Degrees" /> Currently, the law school is experiencing an expansion that will double the size of its learning space and is expected to be in operation for the Spring 2009 semester. It is the only accredited American law school to offer a full year of study abroad in [[London]].
[[Image:HesburghLibrary.jpg|thumb|right|180px|[[Theodore Hesburgh]] Library, with the Word of Life mural, popularly known as "Touchdown Jesus"]]
===Libraries===
The library system of the university is divided between the main library and each of the colleges and schools. The main building is the fourteen-story Theodore M. Hesburgh Library, which is the third building to house the main collection of books.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.library.nd.edu/about/history/|title=Theodore M. Hesburgh Library|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=2007-12-15}}</ref> The front of the library is adorned with the Word of Life [[mural]]. This mural is popularly known as "[[Touchdown Jesus]]" because of its proximity to [[Notre Dame Stadium]] and Jesus' arms appearing to make the signal for a [[touchdown]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.library.nd.edu/about/history/mosaic.shtml|title=Word of Life Mural|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=2007-12-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Brennan, Kevin|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2006/sioncampus/09/05/roadtrip.notredame/1.html|title=Road Trip - Notre Dame|publisher=Sports Illustrated On Campus|date=[[September 27]], [[2006]]|accessdate=2007-12-15}}</ref> The library system also includes branch libraries for Architecture, Chemistry & Physics, Engineering, Law, the Life Sciences, and Mathematics as well as information centers in the Mendoza College of Business and the Kellogg/Kroc Institute for Peace Studies, and a slide library in O'Shaughnessy Hall.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.library.nd.edu/services/|title=Library Services|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=2007-12-15}}</ref> The library system holds over three-million volumes and is one of the top–100 largest libraries in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ala.org/ala/alalibrary/libraryfactsheet/alalibraryfactsheet22.cfm|title=The Nation's Largest Libraries|publisher=American Library Association|date=October 2007|accessdate=2007-12-15}}</ref>
===Rankings===
{{see also|College and university rankings}}
{{Infobox US university ranking
| USNWR_NU = 19th
| USNWR_LA =
| USNWR_Bus = 34th
| USNWR_Law = 22nd
| USNWR_Medr =
| USNWR_Medc =
| USNWR_Eng = 49th
| USNWR_Ed =
| ARWU_W =
| ARWU_N =
| ARWU_SCI =
| ARWU_ENG =
| ARWU_LIFE =
| ARWU_MED =
| ARWU_SOC =
| Newsweek =
| THES_W =
| THES_N =
| CMUP =
| Wamo = 22nd
}}
Notre Dame ranked 19<sup>th</sup> overall in the United States in ''[[U.S. News and World Report]]'''s best colleges.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/usnews/edu/college/rankings/brief/t1natudoc_brief.php|title=National Universities: Top Schools|publisher=US News and World Report|accessdate=2007-12-12}}</ref> U.S. News and World Report also lists Notre Dame Law School as 22<sup>nd</sup> overall, and the Gourman Report, which is published by the Princeton Review, ranks the Law School at 18<sup>th</sup>. BusinessWeek ranks Mendoza College of Business graduate school as 26<sup>th</sup> overall.<ref name="NDLaw">{{cite web|url=http://grad-schools.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/usnews/edu/grad/rankings/law/brief/lawrank_brief.php|title=America's Best Graduate Schools 2008: Top Law Schools|publisher=US News and World Report|accessdate=2007-12-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/bschools/rankings|title=Business School Rankings & Profiles|publisher=Business Week|accessdate=2008-01-16}}</ref> Additionally, ''The Washington Monthly'' ranked the university 13<sup>th</sup> nationally in its 2006 edition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2006/0609.national.html|title=The Washington Monthly College Rankings|publisher=The Washington Monthly|date=2006|accessdate=2007-12-30}}</ref> ''[[BusinessWeek]]'' also ranked the undergraduate business program as 3<sup>rd</sup> nationally.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/bschools/rankings/|title=Business School Rankings and Profiles|publisher=BusinessWeek|accessdate=2008-03-08}}</ref> The [[Philosophical Gourmet Report]] ranked Notre Dame's graduate philosophy program as 13<sup>th</sup> nationally,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.philosophicalgourmet.com/overall.asp|title=Overall Rankings|publisher=The Philosophical Gourmet Report|accessdate=2007-12-12}}</ref> while ''ARCHITECT Magazine'', ranked the undergraduate architecture program as 12<sup>th</sup> nationally.<ref>{{cite web|author=Cramer, James P.|url=http://www.architectmagazine.com/industry-news.asp?sectionID=1006&articleID=602885|title=The Top U.S. Architecture Schools|publisher=''ARCHITECT Magazine''|date=[[November 1]], [[2007]]|accessdate-2007-12-07}}</ref> Additionally, the [[study abroad]] program ranks sixth in highest participation percentage in the nation, with 57.6% of students choosing to study abroad in 17 countries.<ref>{{cite web|author=Chapla, Shannon|url=http://newsinfo.nd.edu/content.cfm?topicid=25367|title=Study abroad programs rank sixth nationally|publisher=University of Notre Dame|date=[[November 12]], [[2007]]|accessdate=2007-12-12}}</ref>
===Research===
Notre Dame has a long history of scientific research. In 1882, Professor [[Albert Zahm]] built the first [[wind tunnel]] used to compare lift to drag of aeronautical models. Around 1899, Professor Jerome Green became the first American to send a wireless message. Also, in 1931, Father [[Julius Nieuwland]] performed early work on basic reactions that was used to create [[neoprene]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://graduateschool.nd.edu/html/research/history.html|title=History of Research at Notre Dame|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=2007-12-13}}</ref> Additionally, [[nuclear physics]] study at the university began with the building of a [[nuclear accelerator]] in 1936.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nd.edu/~nsl/News/history.pdf|title=70 Years of Nuclear Physics at Notre Dame|publisher=University of Notre Dame|format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]]|accessdate=2007-12-13}}</ref>
Today, research continues in many fields, as the current university president, Father Jenkins, described his hope that Notre Dame would become "one of the pre–eminent research institutions in the world" in his inaugural address.<ref name="Jenkins address" /> The university has many multi-disciplinary institutes devoted to research in varying fields, including the Medieval Institute, the Kroc Institute for International [[Peace studies]], and the Center for Social Concerns.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nd.edu/~research/Instctrs/index.htm|title=Research Institutes and Centers|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=2007-12-15}}</ref> Recent research includes work on family conflict and child development, <ref>{{cite news|author=Gilroy, William G.|url=http://newsinfo.nd.edu/content.cfm?topicid=15763|title=New studies confirm impact of parental conflict on children's future development|publisher=University of Notre Dame|date=February 2006|accessdate=2008-03-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Deveau, Scott|url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20060209.wkids0209/EmailBNStory/specialScienceandHealth/home|title=Marital conflict beats up kids|publisher=globeandmail.com|date=September 2006|accessdate=2008-03-08}}</ref>[[genome mapping]],<ref>{{cite news|author=Gilroy, William G.|url=http://lumen.nd.edu/2007_06/BiologistDavidSeversonhelpsmapyellowfeverdenguemosquitogenome.shtml|title=Biologist David Severson helps map yellow fever/dengue mosquito genome|publisher=Lumen Magazine|date=June 2007|accessdate=2007-12-14}}</ref> the increasing [[trade deficit]] of the United States with China,<ref>{{cite news|author=Friess, Steve|url=http://lumen.nd.edu/2006_07/TradeDeficitWithChina.shtml|title=The Rising Trade Deficit With China - A Different Perspective|publisher=Lumen Magazine|date=July 2006|accessdate=2007-12-14}}</ref> studies in [[fluid mechanics]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nd.edu/~engineer/publications/news/corke.htm|title=Corke Honored for Research Achievements|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=2007-12-14}}</ref> and marketing trends on the internet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nd.edu/~cba/011221/press/2006/07_betsey_moore_advertising_fr.shtml|title=RESEARCH: Study explores online marketing of food to children|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=2007-12-14}}</ref>
===Endowment===
Notre Dame's [[financial endowment]] was started in the early 1920s by then-president of the university, Father James Burns, and increased to [[American dollar|$]]7 million by 1952 when Father Hesburgh became president. By the 1980s it reached $150 million, and in 2000 it returned a record 57.9% investment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://investment.nd.edu/endowment/history.shtml|title=Endowment History|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=2007-12-13}}</ref> For the 2007 [[fiscal year]], the endowment had grown to approximately $6.5 billion, putting the university in the top–15 largest endowments in the country.<ref name="Endowment" />
== Students ==
The Notre Dame student body consists of 11,603 students, with 8,352 [[undergraduate education|undergraduates]] and 3,251 [[Graduate school|graduate and professional]] students<ref name="Student Profile" /> Around 21–24% of students are children of [[alumni]],<ref>{{cite web|author=Golden, Daniel|url=http://www.educationsector.org/analysis/analysis_show.htm?doc_id=415280|title=What We're Reading: College Admissions Corrupted|publisher=Education Sector|accessdate=2007-12-16}}</ref> and although 37% of students come from the [[Midwestern United States]], the student body represents all 50 states and 100 countries.<ref name="Student Profile" /> [[The Princeton Review]] ranks the school as the fifth highest "dream school" for parents to send their children.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.princetonreview.com/college/research/articles/CoHopes07.asp|title=Princeton Review's "College Hopes & Worries" Survey Reports Top 10 "Dream Colleges" of Student Applicants & of Parents|publisher=The Princeton Review|accessdate=2007-12-12}}</ref> The school has been previously criticized for its lack of diversity,<ref name="Faith at ND">{{cite news|author=Dix, Tara|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1141/is_n2_v35/ai_21280013|title=Living the faith at Notre Dame - the value of a Notre Dame Univ. education despite unreasonable polices and restrictions|publisher=National Catholic Reporter|date=[[October 30]], [[1998]]|accessdate=2007-12-17}}</ref> and The Princeton Review ranks the university highly among schools at which "Alternative Lifestyles [are] Not an Alternative".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.princetonreview.com/college/research/profiles/schoolsays.asp?category=1&listing=1022674<ID=1&intbucketid=|title=University of Notre Dame|publisher=The Princeton Review|accessdate=2007-12-16}}</ref> However, it has also been commended by publications such as ''Hispanic Magazine'', ranking the university ninth on its list of the top–25 colleges for [[Hispanic|Latinos]],<ref>{{cite web|author=Garcia, Kimberly|url=http://www.hispaniconline.com/magazine/2004/march/Features/top25.html|title=The Top 25 Colleges for Latinos|publisher=Hispanic Magazine|date=March 2004|accessdate=2007-12-16}}</ref> and the ''Journal of Blacks in Higher Education'' for raising enrollment of African-American students.<ref>{{cite news|author=Brown, Dennis|url=http://newsinfo.nd.edu/content.cfm?topicid=20002|title=Increase in black freshmen at Notre Dame rated among best in nation|date=[[November 8]], [[2006]]|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=2008-02-28}}</ref> With 6,000 participants, the university's [[intramural sports]] program has been named by ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'' as the best program in the country,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://und.cstv.com/genrel/040804aaa.html|title=Notre Dame Named Best Intramural Athletic Program In The Country|publisher=University of Notre Dame|date=[[April 8]], [[2004]]|accessdate=2007-12-16}}</ref> while The Princeton Review named it as the top school where "Everyone Plays Intramural Sports".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.princetonreview.com/college/research/articles/rankingspr.asp|title=PRINCETON REVIEW'S ANNUAL COLLEGE RANKINGS BASED ON 120,000 STUDENT SURVEYS NOW OUT IN "BEST 366 COLLEGES - 2008 EDITION"|publisher=The Princeton Review|date=[[August 20]], [[2007]]|accessdate=2007-12-16}}</ref> The annual Bookstore [[Basketball]] tournament is the largest outdoor five-on-five tournament in the world with over 700 teams participating each year,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nd.edu/~bkstr/|title=General Information|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=2007-12-16}}</ref> while the Notre Dame Men's [[Boxing]] Club hosts the annual Bengal Bouts tournament that raises money for the Holy Cross Missions in [[Bangladesh]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Retter, Eric|url=http://media.www.ndsmcobserver.com/media/storage/paper660/news/2005/03/18/Sports/Bengal.Bouts.From.Nappy.To.Now-897517.shtml|title=BENGAL BOUTS: From Nappy to Now|publisher=The Observer|date=[[March 18]], [[2005]]|accessdate=2007-12-17}}</ref>
===Residence halls===
{{main|List of residence halls at the University of Notre Dame}}
About 80% of undergraduates and 20% of graduate students live on campus.<ref name="Student Profile" /> The majority of the graduate students on campus live in one of four graduate housing complexes on campus, while all on-campus undergraduates live in one of the 27 [[Dormitory|residence halls]] and Old College pre-seminary<ref>{{cite web|url=http://orlh.nd.edu/index.htm|title=Office of Residence Life and Housing:Housing Information|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=2007-12-17}}</ref> Because of the religious affiliation of the university, all residence halls are single-sex, with 14 male dorms and 13 female dorms.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://orlh.nd.edu/halls/index.htm|title=NOTRE DAME RESIDENCE HALLS|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=2007-12-17}}</ref> The university enforces a visitation policy (known as parietals) on those students who live in dormitories, specifying times when members of the opposite sex are allowed to visit, however, most residence halls have 24 hour social spaces in which parietals are not enforced. There are no [[fraternities and sororities|fraternities or sororities]] at the university, but many students live in the same residence hall for all four years fostering a strong sense of community. Some intramural sports are based on residence hall teams, where the university offers the only non-[[military academy]] program of full-contact intramural American football.<ref name="Life FAQ">{{cite web|url=http://admissions.nd.edu/life-at-notre-dame/student-life-faq|title=Student Life FAQ|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=2007-12-17}}</ref>
[[Image:Basilica sacred heart indiana.JPG|thumb|left|180px|The [[Basilica of the Sacred Heart, Indiana|Basilica of the Sacred Heart]] on Notre Dame's campus]]
===Religious life===
With the university affiliated with the Congregation of the Holy Cross, its Catholic identity permeates into student life. More than 93% of students identify as [[Christian]], while over 80% are Catholics.<ref>{{cite news|author=Peralta, Katie|url=http://media.www.ndsmcobserver.com/media/storage/paper660/news/2007/10/04/News/Nd.Welcomes.NonCatholic.Faiths-3011803.shtml|title=ND welcomes non-Catholic faiths|publisher=The Observer|date=[[October 4]], [[2007]]|accessdate=2007-12-17}}</ref> The Basilica of the Sacred Heart is on campus and each residence hall has a [[chapel]]. Collectively, [[Mass (liturgy)|Catholic Mass]] is celebrated over 100 times per week on campus.<ref name="Life FAQ" /> There are multitudes of religious statues and artwork around campus, most prominent of which are the statue of Mary on the Main Building, the Notre Dame Grotto, and the Word of Life mural on Hesburgh Library depicting Christ as a teacher. Additionally, every classroom displays a [[crucifix]].<ref name="Faith at ND" /> There are many religious clubs at the school, including Council #1477 of the [[Knights of Columbus]] (KOC), [[Communion and Liberation]] of Notre Dame, Baptist Collegiate Ministry, Jewish Club, Muslim Student Association, Orthodox Christian Fellowship and many more. The Notre Dame KOC are known for being the first collegiate council of KOC, operating a charitable [[concession stand]] during every home football game and owning their own building on campus which can be used as a cigar lounge.<ref>{{cite news|author=Cheffers, Elizabeth|url=http://media.www.ndsmcobserver.com/media/storage/paper660/news/2004/09/24/News/Knights.Serve.The.Community-730486.shtml|title=Knights serve the community|publisher=The Observer|date=[[September 24]], [[2004]]|accessdate=2007-12-17}}</ref>
===Student-run media===
Like most universities, Notre Dame's students run a number of media outlets. The nine student-run outlets include a number of newspapers, both a radio and television station, and several magazines and journals. The three newspapers have varying publication interests, with ''The Observer'' published daily and mainly reporting university and other news.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsinfo.nd.edu/content.cfm?topicid=158|title=Publications: Overview|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=2007-12-17}}</ref> In 1987, when some students believed that ''The Observer'' began to show a [[conservative]] bias, a [[Liberalism|liberal]] newspaper, ''Common Sense'' was published. Likewise, in 2003, when other students believed that the paper showed a liberal bias, the conservative paper ''Irish Rover'' went into production. Neither paper are published as often as ''The Observer'', however, all three are distributed to all students.<ref name="Publications">{{cite web | author=Cohen, Ed | year=2005 | title=The Student Media Frenzy| publisher=''Notre Dame Magazine'' | url=http://www.nd.edu/~ndmag/sp2005/media.html| accessdate=2007-12-17}}</ref> The television station, [[Notre Dame Television|NDtv]], grew from one show in 2002 to a full 24 hour channel with original programming by September 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nd.edu/~sbnd/about/|title=About NDtv|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=2007-12-17}}</ref> The radio station, [[WVFI]], began as a partner of [[WSND-FM]], however, has since been airing independently on the internet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nd.edu/~wvfi/about.html|title=WVFI:About: History|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=2007-12-17}}</ref> Begun as a one-page journal in September 1876,<ref>{{cite book |last=Hope, C.S.C. |first=Arthur J. |title=Notre Dame: One Hundred Years |origyear=1948 |edition=2 |year=1979 |publisher=University Press |location=Notre Dame, IN |isbn=089651501X |chapter=X}}</ref> the ''[[Scholastic (Notre Dame publication)|Scholastic]]'' magazine is issued twice monthly and claims to be the oldest continuous collegiate publication in the United States. The other magazine, ''The Juggler'', is released twice a year and focuses on student literature and artwork.<ref name="Publications" /> The ''Dome'' yearbook is published annually. In Spring 2008 the undergraduate journal for political science research, ''Beyond Politics'', will make its debut.
==Alumni==
{{main|List of University of Notre Dame alumni|List of University of Notre Dame athletes}}
Notre Dame alumni number near 120,000,<ref>{{cite news|author=Bradley, Carol C.|url=http://newsinfo.nd.edu/printerFriendly.cfm?topicid=23426|title=A hot job market for 2007 graduates|publisher=University of Notre Dame|date=[[June 25]], [[2007]]|accessdate=2007-12-19}}</ref> and are members of 275 alumni clubs around the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://secure.alumni.nd.edu/site/c.luIZLdMOJpE/b.2644895/k.7F34/About_ND_Clubs.htm|title=About ND Clubs|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=2007-12-19}}</ref> Many alumni give yearly monetary support to the university, with a school-record 53.2% giving some donation in 2006.<ref>{{cite news|author=Michaels, Amanda|url=http://media.www.ndsmcobserver.com/media/storage/paper660/news/2006/09/14/News/Record.Number.Of.Nd.Alums.Donate.Money-2271570.shtml|title=Record number of ND alums donate money|date=[[September 14]], [[2006]]|publisher=The Observer|accessdate=2007-12-19}}</ref> Many buildings on campus are named for those whose donations allowed their building, including residence halls,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://orlh.nd.edu/halls/mcglinn/index.htm|title=McGLINN HALL: Hall History|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=2007-12-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://orlh.nd.edu/halls/keough/index.htm|title=KEOUGH HALL: Hall History|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=2007-12-19}}</ref> classroom buildings,<ref>{{cite news|author=Downes, Meghanne|url=http://media.www.ndsmcobserver.com/media/storage/paper660/news/2003/10/28/News/Board.Approves.New.Construction-540690.shtml|title=Board approves new construction|publisher=The Observer|date=[[October 28]], [[2003]]|accessdate=2007-12-19}}</ref> and the performing arts center.<ref name="DPAC" />
Notre Dame alumni work in various fields. Alumni working in political fields include state [[governor]]s,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.indystar.com/library/factfiles/people/k/kernan_joseph/index.html|title=Joe Kernan Former governor of Indiana|publisher=The Indianapolis Star|date=[[January 10]], [[2005]]|accessdate=2007-12-19}}</ref> members of the [[United States Congress]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://peteking.house.gov/bio.shtml|title=Congressman Peter King: Biography|publisher=United States House of Representatives|accessdate=2007-12-19}}</ref> and current [[United States Secretary of State]] [[Condoleezza Rice]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/biog/41252.htm|title=Biography: Condoleezza Rice|publisher=U.S. Department of State|accessdate=2007-12-19}}</ref> A number of university heads are alumni, including Notre Dame's current president, Rev. John Jenkins.<ref>{{cite news|author=Hanna, Maddie|url=http://media.www.ndsmcobserver.com/media/storage/paper660/news/2005/04/27/FathermonkMalloy/Jenkins.Family.Members.Reflect.On.Rise.To.Presidency-938001.shtml|title=Jenkins, family members reflect on rise to presidency|publisher=The Observer|date=[[April 27]], [[2005]]|accessdate=2007-12-19}}</ref> Additionally, many alumni are in the [[Mass media|media]], including talk show hosts [[Regis Philbin]] and [[Phil Donahue]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biography.com/search/article.do?id=9542101|title=Regis Philbin Biography (1933-)|publisher=Biography.com|accessdate=2007-12-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biography.com/search/article.do?id=9542194|title=Phil Donahue Biography (1935-)|publisher=Biography.com|accessdate=2007-12-19}}</ref> and television and radio personalities such as [[Mike Golic]] and [[Hannah Storm]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biography.com/search/article.do?id=9542194|title=Mike Golic|publisher=ESPN|accessdate=2007-12-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/10/14/earlyshow/bios/main525455.shtml|title=Hannah Storm|publisher=CBS News|accessdate=2007-12-19}}</ref> With the university having high profile sports teams, a number of alumni became a part of sports teams, including professional baseball, basketball, and football players, such as [[Joe Montana]],<ref>{{cite news|author=Schwartz, Larry|url=http://espn.go.com/sportscentury/features/00016306.html|title=Montana was comeback king|publisher=ESPN.com|accessdate=2007-12-19}}</ref> [[Megan Duffy]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.wnba.com/lynx/news/lynx_sign_megan_duffy_070807.html|title=Lynx Sign Megan Duffy|date=[[August 7]], [[2007]]|publisher=WNBA|accessdate=2007-12-19}}</ref> and [[Jeff Samardzija]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/news/story?id=2736354|title=Cubs sign Samardzija to five-year, $10 million deal|publisher=ESPN|date=[[January 21]], [[2007]]|accessdate=2007-12-19}}</ref> current collegiate head football coaches, such as Notre Dame coach [[Charlie Weis]],<ref name="Weis">{{cite news|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/news/story?id=1943710|title=Weis to be introduced as Irish coach Monday|publisher=ESPN|date=[[December 13]], [[2004]]|accessdate=2007-12-19}}</ref> and former football coaches, such as [[Knute Rockne]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.knuterockne.com/biography.htm|title=Biography|publisher=Knuterockne.com|accessdate=2007-12-19}}</ref> Other notable alumni include prominent businessman [[Edward J. DeBartolo Jr.]], [[astronaut]] [[Jim Wetherbee]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/lists/2006/10/U1LO.html|title=#562 Edward Debartolo Jr|publisher=''[[Forbes]]''|accessdate=2007-12-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/wetherbe.html|title=Biographical Data: James D. Wetherbee (Captain, USN Ret.) NASA ASTRONAUT (FORMER)|publisher=NASA.gov|accessdate=2007-12-19}}</ref>
== Athletics ==
[[Image:NotreDameFightingIrish.svg|left|150 px|thumb|The interlocking ND is the logo for the university's athletic teams]]
{{main|Notre Dame Fighting Irish}}
Notre Dame's [[NCAA Division I]] teams are known as the Fighting Irish. This name was used in the early 1920s with respect to the football team and was popularized by alumnus Francis Wallace in his ''[[New York Daily News]]'' columns.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sperber |first=Murray |title=Shake Down the Thunder: The Creation of Notre Dame Football |year=2002 |month= |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=0253215684 |pages=76 |quote= }}</ref> The official colors of Notre Dame are "[[Mary (mother of Jesus)|madonna]] blue" and "[[Pope|papal]] gold,"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mark.nd.edu/download-the-guide/ND_markstyleguide_11_30_2005.pdf |title=Official University Visual Identity Guidelines |accessdate=2008-02-21 |date=2005-11-20 |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]] |work=nd.edu}}</ref> which are worn in competition by its athletic teams. In addition, the color green is often worn because of the Fighting Irish nickname.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://und.cstv.com/trads/nd-m-fb-goldandblue.html |title=Gold And Blue |accessdate=2008-02-21 |work=und.com}}</ref> The [[Notre Dame Leprechaun]] is the mascot of the athletic teams. Created by [[Theodore W. Drake]] in [[1964]], the leprechaun was first used on the football pocket schedule and later on the football program covers. The leprechaun was featured on the cover of [[Time (magazine)|''Time'']] in November of 1964 and gained national exposure.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mailmanagement.com/Drake/atists_bio.htm|title=Ted Drake, Notre Dame and Sports
Artist|publisher=Mail Management|accessdate=2008-02-21}}</ref>
The university offers 26 [[Varsity team|varsity]] sports, 13 each for men and women.<ref name="Athletics">{{cite web|url=https://admissions.nd.edu/life-at-notre-dame/campus-and-community/athletics|title=Athletics|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=2007-12-19}}</ref> 21 of these teams compete in the [[Big East Conference]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bigeast.org/SportSelect.dbml?&DB_OEM_ID=19400&KEY=&SPID=11537|title=Notre Dame: Quick Facts|publisher=Big East Conference|accessdate=2007-12-19}}</ref> while football is [[NCAA Division I-FBS independent schools|Independent]],<ref>{{cite news|author=Whiteside, Kelly|url=http://www.usatoday.com/sports/college/2003-07-01-irish-big-east_x.htm|title=Notre Dame courted but relishes football independence|date=[[July 2]], [[2003]]|publisher=USA Today|accessdate=2007-12-19}}</ref> both [[fencing]] teams are in the [[Midwest Fencing Conference]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cstv.com/sports/c-fenc/uwire/022406aab.html|title=Irish to host Midwest Fencing Conference Championship|publisher=CSTV|accessdate=2007-12-19}}</ref> the [[hockey]] team is in the [[Central Collegiate Hockey Association]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ccha.cstv.com/schools/nd/ccha-nd-body.html|title=Notre Dame|publisher=Central Collegiate Hockey Association|accessdate=2007-12-19}}</ref> and the men's [[lacrosse]] team is in the [[Great Western Lacrosse League]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://und.cstv.com/sports/m-lacros/spec-rel/042201aaa.html|title=Notre Dame Men's Lacrosse Clinches Great Western Lacrosse League Title|publisher=und.com|date=[[April 22]], [[2001]]|accessdate=2007-12-19}}</ref> The university [[marching band]] plays at home games for most of the sports. The band, which began in 1846 and has a claim as the oldest university band in continuous existence in the United States, was honored by the National Music Council as a "Landmark of American Music" during the [[United States Bicentennial]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nd.edu/~ndband/history.html|title=History|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=2007-12-07}}</ref> The band regularly plays the school's [[fight song]] the ''[[Notre Dame Victory March]]'', which was named as the most played and most famous fight song by [[Northern Illinois University|Northern Illinois]] Professor William Studwell.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://media.www.michigandaily.com/media/storage/paper851/news/2003/09/11/News/Irish.Fight.Song.Deemed.Better.Than.Ms.victors-1418442.shtml|title=Irish fight song deemed better than M's 'Victors'|publisher=The Michigan Daily News|date=[[September 11]], [[2003]]|accessdate=2007-12-20}}</ref> According to “College Fight Songs: An Annotated Anthology” published in 1998, the “Notre Dame Victory March” ranks as the greatest fight song of all time.
===Football===
{{main|Notre Dame Fighting Irish football}}
[[Image:Notre-dame-stadium.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Notre Dame Stadium]] on the university campus]]
The Notre Dame football team has a long history, first beginning when the [[Michigan Wolverines football]] team brought football to Notre Dame in 1887 and played against a group of students.<ref>{{cite news|author=Meskill, Christopher|url=http://www.nd.edu/~scholast/issues/148/7/games/Michigan.html|title=History Repeated|publisher=''Scholastic''|date=February 2007|accessdate=2007-12-19}}</ref> In the long history since then, 13 Irish teams have won consensus [[NCAA Division I-A national football championship|national championships]] (although the university only claims 11),<ref name="Athletics" /> along with another nine teams being named national champion by at least one source.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalchamps.net/NCAA/database/notredame_database.htm|title=NOTRE DAME FOOTBALL HISTORY DATABASE|publisher=Nationalchamps.net|accessdate=2007-12-19}}</ref> Additionally, the program has the most members in the [[College Football Hall of Fame]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.collegefootball.org/famersearch.php?school=Notre%20Dame&sortby=name|title=Hall of Famers: Notre Dame|publisher=Collegefootball.org|accessdate=2007-12-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://und.cstv.com/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/050907aab.html|title=Chris Zorich Named To College Football Hall Of Fame|date=[[May 9]], [[2007]]|publisher=und.com|accessdate=2007-12-17}}</ref> is tied with the [[University of Southern California]](USC) and [[The Ohio State University]] with the most [[Heisman Trophy|Heisman Trophies]] won,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heisman.com/winners/hsmn-winners.html|title=Heisman Winners|publisher=Heisman.com|accessdate=2007-11-23}}</ref> and have the second highest [[winning percentage]] in NCAA history.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://und.cstv.com/auto_pdf/p_hotos/s_chools/nd/sports/m-footbl/auto_pdf/07fbguidehistory|title=Notre Dame Media Guide:History and Records|publisher=University of Notre Dame|format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]]|accessdate=2007-12-17}}</ref> With the long history, Notre Dame has accumulated many [[Notre Dame Fighting Irish football rivalries|rivals]], and its annual game against [[University of Southern California Trojans football|USC]] for the [[Jeweled Shillelagh]] has been named by some as the second greatest [[College rivalry|college football rivalry]] ever.<ref>{{cite news|author=Fiutak, Pete|url=http://cfn.scout.com/2/591649.html|title=The Ten Greatest College Football Rivalries|publisher=College Football News|date=[[November 17]], [[2006]]|accessdate=2007-06-25}}</ref>
Today the team competes in Notre Dame Stadium, an 80,795 seat stadium on campus.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://und.cstv.com/facilities/nd-stadium.html|title=Notre Dame Stadium|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=2007-12-19}}</ref> The team is coached by Charlie Weis who was named as coach on [[December 12]], [[2004]],<ref name="Weis" /> and is currently signed to coach until 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/news/story?id=2207478|title=Notre Dame extends Weis through 2015|publisher=ESPN.com|date=2005-10-30|accessdate=2007-11-13}}</ref> After three years coaching the Irish, Weis has accumulated a 22–15 record,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/news/story?id=3140021|title=Weis plans to let next season stand as answer to critics|publisher=ESPN|date=[[December 3]], [[2007]]|accessdate=2007-12-19}}</ref> and led his team to two [[Bowl Championship Series]] [[bowl game]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://und.cstv.com/sports/m-footbl/mtt/weis_charlie00.html|title=Profile: Charlie Weis|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=2007-12-19}}</ref> However, the [[2007 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team|2007 team]] had the most losses ever for the school.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/recap?gameId=273140087|title=Air Force 41, Notre Dame 24 - Fighting Irish suffer school-record ninth loss this season|publisher=ESPN|date=[[November 11]][[2007]]|accessdate=2007-11-10}}</ref> The football team generates enough revenue to operate independently while $22.1 million is retained from the team's profits for academic use. ''[[Forbes]]'' named the team as the most valuable in college football, worth a total of $101 million in 2007.<ref>{{cite news|author=Schwartz, Peter J.|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21916667/|title=College football teams getting filthy rich|publisher=''Forbes''|date=[[November 21]], [[2007]]|accessdate=2007-12-19}}</ref>
===Men's basketball===
{{main|Notre Dame Fighting Irish men's basketball}}
The men's basketball team has over 1,600 wins, one of only 12 schools who have reached that mark, and have appeared in 28 [[NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship|NCAA tournaments]].<ref name="BBall">{{cite web|url=http://und.cstv.com/photos/schools/nd/sports/m-baskbl/auto_pdf/0708mbbmgintro.pdf|title=Notre Dame Men's Basketball Media Guide: Notre Dame Basketball A Storied Tradition|publisher=University of Notre Dame|format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]]|accessdate=2007-12-20}}</ref> Former player, [[Austin Carr]], holds the record for most points scored in a single game of the tournament with 61.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportsline.com/collegebasketball/mayhem/history/singlescoring|title=Tourney History: Single-Game Scoring Performances|publisher=CBS|accessdate=2007-12-20}}</ref> Although the team has never won the NCAA Tournament, they were named by the [[Helms Foundation]] as national champions twice.<ref name="BBall" /> The team has orchestrated a number of [[upset]]s of number one ranked teams, the most notable of which was ending [[UCLA Bruins men's basketball|UCLA]]'s record 88 game winning streak in 1974.<ref>{{cite news|author=Marquette, Ray|url=http://www.sportingnews.com/archives/sports2000/numbers/139123.html|title=88 consecutive wins|date=[[February 2]], [[1974]]|publisher=The Sporting News|accessdate=2007-12-20}}</ref> The team has beaten an additional eight number one teams, and those nine wins rank second, to UCLA's 10, all-time in wins against the top team.<ref name="BBall" /> Currently, the team plays in the 11,418 seat, [[Edmund P. Joyce Center]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://und.cstv.com/facilities/nd-joycecenter.html|title=Joyce Center (Basketball)|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=2007-12-20}}</ref> The team is coached by [[Mike Brey]], who, as of the 2006–07 season, his seventh, has achieved a 142–78 record.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://und.cstv.com/sports/m-baskbl/spec-rel/050307aag.html|title=Mike Brey Signs Two-Year Contract Extension Through 2012-13|publisher=University of Notre Dame|date=[[May 3]], [[2007]]|accessdate=2007-12-20}}</ref>
===Other sports===
{{see also|Notre Dame Fighting Irish men's ice hockey}}
Notre Dame has been successful in other sports besides football, with an additional 14 national championships in various sports. Three teams have won multiple national championships with the fencing team leading them with seven,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://und.cstv.com/photos/schools/nd/sports/c-fenc/auto_pdf/0708fenguidehistory.pdf|title=Notre Dame Fencing Media Guide:History|publisher=University of Notre Dame|format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]]|accessdate=2007-12-20}}</ref> followed by the men's [[tennis]] and women's [[Soccer (football)|soccer]] teams each with two.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fansonly.com/photos/schools/nd/sports/m-tennis/auto_pdf/0708mtquickfacts.pdf|title=Men's Tennis: Quick Facts|publisher=University of Notre Dame|accessdate=2007-12-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncaasports.com/soccer/womens/history|title=History - Past Champions|publisher=NCAA|accessdate=2007-12-20}}</ref> Also, the men's [[cross country]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncaasports.com/crosscountry/history|title=History - Past Champions|publisher=NCAA|accessdate=2007-12-20}}</ref> men's [[golf]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncaasports.com/golf/mens/history|title=History - Past Champions|publisher=NCAA|accessdate=2007-12-20}}</ref> and women's basketball teams each won one in their histories.<ref>{{cite news|author=Coyle, Tom|url=http://www.usatoday.com/sports/basketba/marchmania/2001womens/stories/2001-04-01-notredame-campus.htm#more|title=Irish students overjoyed after national title win|publisher=USA Today|date=[[April 2]], [[2001]]|accessdate=2007-12-19}}</ref> Additionally, in the first ten years that Notre Dame competed in the Big East Conference its teams won a total of 64 championships.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://und.cstv.com/genrel/020705aaa.html|title=Notre Dame Will Officially Mark Its 10th Year In The BIG EAST Conference Tuesday Night|publisher=University of Notre Dame|date=[[February 7]], [[2005]]|accessdate=2007-12-20}}</ref>
==References==
{{reflist|3}}
== See also ==
* [[Notre Dame, Our Mother]]
==External links==
{{commons | Category:University of Notre Dame}}
* http://www.nd.edu — Official university site
* http://und.cstv.com — Official Notre Dame athletics site
* [http://www.notredameonline.com/ University of Notre Dame Online]
* http://alumni.nd.edu - Official Alumni Association Web Site
{{Geolinks-US-streetscale|41.702995|-86.238972}}
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