Uranian 750467 222003470 2008-06-27T02:30:46Z User0529 7280847 :''This article refers to a historical concept of sexual identity. The word '''Uranian''' as an adjective can also refer to the planet [[Uranus]] or the Greek muse [[Urania]].'' [[image:Uranismus(1896).jpg|frame|right|From [[John Addington Symonds]]' 1891 book ''A Problem in Modern Ethics''.]] '''Uranian''' is a nineteenth century term that referred to a person of a [[third sex]] — originally, someone with "a female psyche in a male body" who is sexually attracted to men, and later extended to cover homosexual [[gender variant]] females, and a number of other sexual types. It is believed to be an [[English language|English]] adaptation of the [[German language|German]] word '''Urning''', which was first published by activist [[Karl Heinrich Ulrichs]] in 1864 and 1865 in a series of five booklets which were collected under the title ''Forschungen über das Räthsel der mannmännlichen Liebe'' ("The Riddle of Man-Manly Love"). Ulrich developed his terminology before the first public use of the term "[[homosexual]]", which appeared in 1869 in a pamphlet published anomymously by [[Karl-Maria Kertbeny]]. The term "uranian" was quickly adopted by English-language advocates of homosexual emancipation in the [[Victorian era]], such as [[Edward Carpenter]] and [[John Addington Symonds]], who used it to describe a comradely love that would bring about true democracy, uniting the "estranged ranks of society" and breaking down class and gender barriers. The term also gained currency among a group of Oxford and Cambridge graduates who studied Classics and dabbled in [[pederasty|pederastic]] poetry from the 1870s to the 1930s. The writings of this group are now known by the phrase "[[Uranian poetry]]". The art of [[Henry Scott Tuke]] and [[Wilhelm von Gloeden]] is also sometimes referred to as "Uranian". ==Etymology== The word itself alludes to [[Plato]]'s ''[[Symposium (Plato dialogue)|Symposium]]'', a discussion on [[Eros (love)]]. In this dialog, [[Pausanias (Athenian)|Pausanias]] distinguishes between two types of love, symbolised by two different accounts of the birth of [[Aphrodite]], the goddess of love. In one, she was born of [[Uranus (mythology)|Uranus]] (the heavens), a birth in which "the female has no part". This Uranian Aphrodite is associated with a noble love for male youths, and is the source of Ulrichs's term ''urning''. Another account has Aphrodite as the daughter of [[Zeus]] and [[Dione (mythology)|Dione]], and this Aphrodite is associated with a common love which "is apt to be of women as well as of youths, and is of the body rather than of the soul". After Dione, Ulrichs gave the name ''dioning'' to men who are sexually attracted to women. However, unlike Plato's account of male love, Ulrichs understood male urnings to be essentially feminine, and male dionings to be masculine in nature. John Addington Symonds, who was one of the first to take up the term ''Urnanian'' in the English langage, was a student of [[Benjamin Jowett]], the greatest Victorian popularizer of Plato, and was very familiar with the ''Symposium''. However, it has been argued that this etymology, at least for the English-speaking countries, is unrelated to Ulrichs's "coinage". In his volume ''Secreted Desires: The Major Uranians'', Michael M. Kaylor writes: {{quotation|Given that the prominent Uranians were trained Classicists, I consider ludicrous the view, widely held, that ‘Uranian’ derives from the German apologias and legal appeals written by Karl-Heinrich Ulrichs (1825-95) in the 1860s, though his coinage ''Urning'' — employed to denote ‘a female psyche in a male body’ — does indeed derive from the same Classical sources, particularly the ''Symposium''. Further, the Uranians did not consider themselves the possessors of a ‘female psyche’; the Uranians are not known, as a group, to have read works such as ''Forschungen über das Räthsel der mannmännlichen Liebe'' (''Research on the Riddle of Male-Male Love''); the Uranians were opposed to Ulrichs’s claims for androphilic, homoerotic liberation at the expense of the paederastic; and, even when a connection was drawn to such Germanic ideas and terminology, it appeared long after the term ‘Uranian’ had become commonplace within Uranian circles, hence was not a ‘borrowing from’ but a ‘bridge to’ the like-minded across the Channel by apologists such as Symonds.|p.xiii, footnote}} ==Development of classification scheme for sexual types== Ulrichs came to understand that not all male-bodied people with sexual attraction to men were feminine in nature. He developed a more complex threefold axis for understanding sexual and gender variance: [[sexual orientation]] (male-attracted, [[bisexual]], or female-attracted), preferred sexual behavior (passive, no preference, or active), and gender characteristics (feminine, intermediate, or masculine). The three axes were usually, but not necessarily, linked — Ulrichs himself, for example, was a Weibling (feminine) Urning (homosexual) who preferred the active sexual role. ===The taxonomy of ''Uranismus''=== * ''Urningin'' (or occasionally the variants ''Uranierin'', ''Urnin'', and ''Urnigin''): A female-bodied person with a male psyche, whose main sexual attraction is to women. * ''Urning'': A male-bodied person with a female psyche, whose main sexual attraction is to men. * ''Dioningin'': A "normal" (heterosexual and feminine) woman. * ''Dioning'' : A "normal" (heterosexual and masculine) man. * ''Uranodioningin'': A female [[bisexual]]. * ''Uranodioning'': A male bisexual. * ''Zwitter'': [[Intersex|Intersexual]] ''Urningthum'', "male homosexuality" (or ''urnische Liebe'', homosexual love) was expanded with the following terms: * ''Mannlinge'': very masculine, except for feminine psyche and sex drive towards effeminate men ("butch gay") * ''Weiblinge'': feminine in appearance, behaviour and psyche, with a sex drive towards masculine men ("queen") * ''Manuring'': feminine in appearance and behaviour, with a male psyche and a sex drive towards women ("feminine straight man") * ''Zwischen-Urning'': Adult male who prefers adolescents. ("[[pederast]]") * Conjunctive, with tender and passionate feelings for men * Disjunctive, with tender feelings for men but passionate feelings for women * ''Virilisierte Mannlinge'': Male Urnings who have learned to act like Dionings, through force or habit ("closeted gay") * ''Uraniaster'' or ''uranisierter Mann'': A dioning engaging in [[situational homosexuality]] (e.g. in prison or the military) ==See also== *[[Uranian poetry]] *[[Uranian astrology]] ==References== * [http://www.mmkaylor.com Michael Matthew Kaylor, ''Secreted Desires: The Major Uranians: Hopkins, Pater and Wilde'' (Brno, CZ: Masaryk University Press, 2006)] * Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature, "Urania" (Springfield MA, Merriam-Webster Inc, 1995.) * Webster's Dictionary of the English Language - Unabridged Encyclopedia Edition, "Uranian" (New York NY: Publisher's International Press, 1977.) * Winston Dictionary of the English Language, "Uranian (Philadelphia PA, John C. Winston Company, 1954.) 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