Urbanism 935041 216457750 2008-06-01T19:19:58Z Michael Hardy 4626 don't use a hyphen for an mdash :''This article is about the study of cities. For the similarly named record company, see [[Urbanizm Music]].'' '''Urbanism''' is the study of [[City|cities]] &mdash; their [[geographic]], [[economic]], [[political]], [[social]] and [[cultural]] [[Social environment|environment]], and the imprint of all these forces on the [[built environment]]. Urbanism is also the practice of creating human communities for living, work, and play, covering the more human aspects of [[urban planning]]. Urbanists define urban areas by their high population [[Urban density|density]]. They maintain that this characteristic makes cities physically and [[Sociology|sociologically]] distinct from rural areas. Some scholars {{Fact|date=February 2007}} initially rejected the notion that there were any significant differences between the social and political order between the [[rural]] or [[urban area|urban]], hence there was no point in a specifically 'urban studies'. However, this debate has been largely resolved. It is widely accepted <ref>UN Habitat (2000)</ref> that cities do exist in a fundamentally distinct state from rural areas, and that the [[world population]] is increasingly living in urbanized areas. The world urban/rural population distribution provides evidence for this, and since 2007, at least 50% of the population has been living in urban environments.<ref> Lopez </ref> The importance of the interaction between the urban and rural is also studied, along with the importance of the [[hinterland]]. In the contemporary world this hinterland is less easily defined due to communications technology, but in [[pre-industrial]], [[agrarian]] societies, it would have been much more evident that the city cannot exist without a hinterland to supply it. This, however, assumes that such an agrarian society thought within the same framework as the modern, and in many cases (such as that of the [[Roman Empire]] or [[ancient Greece]]) this can be seen to be untrue; The Roman and Greek [[municipium]] or [[polis]] can be seen to be a social, political and economic entity consisting of "urban" centre and hinterland. Having established that cities are genuinely distinct from rural areas, scholars have studied cities according to several [[dimension]]s: the [[internalist perspective]]s which looks at [[spatial]] and [[social order]] within a city, [[externalist perspective]]s which views cities as stable points or nodes in the wider globalizing space of networks and flows, and the [[interstitial perspective]] which attempts to reconcile the two perspectives: by trying to understand how globalizing flows and external forces influence, and are influenced by, the social, temporal and spatial ordering of a city. [[Ash Amin|Amin]] and Graham (1997) argue in ''[[The Ordinary City]]'' that the urbanscape can best be understood as a site of co-presence of multiple spaces, multiple times and multiple webs of relations, tying local sites, subjects and fragments into globalizing networks of economic, social and cultural change. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{cite web | last = Eduardo | first = Lopez | authorlink = | coauthors = Rasna Warah | title = Urban and Slum Trends in the 21st Century | work = | publisher = UN Chronicle | date = [[2006-7]] | url = http://www.un.org/Pubs/chronicle/2006/issue2/0206p24.htm | format = | doi = | accessdate = [[2007-8-21]] }} == See also == * [[Landscape urbanism]], an urbanism modeled on the disciplines of [[landscape architecture]] and [[ecology]]. * [[New urbanism]], a response to contemporary problems such as [[urban sprawl]] and traffic congestion. * [[Unitary urbanism]], a critique of urbanism as a technology of power by the [[situationists]]. * [[Urban geography]] * [[Urban design]] * [[Urban planning]] * [[Urbanate]], a living environment envisioned by the [[Technocracy movement]]. * [[World Urbanism Day]]. == External links == * [http://www.urbanizamkula.co.yu/stranice/englpocetna.htm “A Home for Town Planning Kula-Odzaci” [[Kula]], [[Serbia]]] * [http://www.altruists.org/f462 Hollow city] MP3 interview with Rebecca Solnit on the evolution of the US city and contemporary threats to it * [http://www.abahlali.org Collection of articles on Shack Settlements] * [http://www.shackdwellers.org/?q=aggregator/categories Housing struggles and theory newswire] * [http://www.zonamoebius.com/00002007/marzo07/nudos/avr_0307_anonimato.htm Urbanism and Aisthesis: Rostros y lugares del anonimato | ciudades, pintura metafísica y sobremodernidad] by Adolfo Vasquez Rocca PhD * [http://www.urbanism.org Urbanism News Daily] * [http://www.amazon.com/dp/B000QBW8DK/ Kerb 15 - Landscape Urbanism]. This issue includes contributions from Charles Waldheim, Mohsen Mostafavi, FOA, Karres en Brands, Kongjian Yu, Kyong Park, Kathryn Gustafson, Stephen Read, Kelly Shannon, Richard Weller, RMIT Press, 2007. * [http://www.aaschool.ac.uk/lu Landscape Urbanism Program at the Architectural Association] * [http://www.linkedin.com/e/gis/36697/67EAE4447924 Professional network for Landscape Urbansim] * [http://www.NewUrbanism.org NewUrbanism.org] ==Further reading== *[[Ash Amin|Amin]] and Graham (1997) "The Ordinary City" in ''Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers'', NS '''22''' pp 411-429 *[[Manuel Castells]] ''The Urban Question'', ''Network Society'' *[[Peter Geoffrey Hall]] ''Cities of Tomorrow: An Intellectual History of Urban Planning and Design in the Twentieth Century'' *[[David Harvey]] (1989)''Flexible accumulation through urbanization'' *[[Jane Jacobs]], ''[[The Death and Life of Great American Cities]]'' *[[Henri Lefebvre]] (1970) "The Urban Revolution" *[[Kevin Lynch]], ''[[Image of the City]]'' *[[Lewis Mumford]], ''[[The City in History|The City in History: Its Origins, Its Transformations, and Its Prospects]]'' *[[Robert E. Park]], ''The City - Suggestions for the Study of Human Nature in the Urban Environment'' (1925) and all the publications of the [[Chicago school (sociology)|Chicago school]] *[[Saskia Sassen]] (1997) ''[[Global city|The global city: London, New York, Tokyo]]'' *[[Richard Sennett]] ''The Uses of Disorder'' *[http://www.scapemagazine.com Scape Magazine] ’Scape is the new international magazine for landscape architecture and urbanism. [[Category:Urban studies and planning]] [[br:Kersavouriezh]] [[ca:Urbanisme]] [[cs:Urbanismus]] [[cy:Cynllunio tref]] [[de:Urbanität]] [[es:Urbanismo]] [[eu:Urbanismo]] [[fr:Urbanisme]] [[ka:ქალაქგეგმარება]] [[lb:Urbanismus]] [[li:Urbanisme]] [[nl:Planologie]] [[ja:アーバニズム]] [[pl:Urbanistyka]] [[pt:Urbanismo]] [[ru:Урбанизм (архитектура)]] [[sr:Урбанизам]] [[zh:城市规划]]