Vasco da Gama
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2008-07-16T06:12:31Z
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{{Infobox Person
| name = Vasco da Gama
| image = Vasco da Gama.png
| image_size = 180px
| caption =
| birth_date = ca. 1460-1469
| birth_place = [[Sines, Portugal|Sines]], [[Alentejo]], [[Portugal]]
| death_date = {{death date|1524|12|24|mf=y}} (aged approx. 54-64)
| death_place = [[Kochi (India)|Kochi, India]]
| occupation = Explorer, military naval commander
| spouse = [[Catarina de Ataíde]]
}}
[[D.|Dom]] '''Vasco da Gama''', 1st [[Count of Vidigueira]] ({{IPA2|'vaʃku dɐ 'gɐmɐ}}) ([[Sines, Portugal|Sines]] or [[Vidigueira]], [[Alentejo]], [[Portugal]], ca. either 1460 or 1469 – [[December 24]], [[1524]] in [[Kochi (India)|Kochi]], [[India]]) was a [[Portugal in the Age of Discovery|Portuguese explorer]], one of the most successful in the European [[Age of Discovery]] and the commander of the first ships to sail directly from [[Europe]] to [[India]].
== Early life ==
Vasco da Gama was probably born in either 1460<ref>Sourcebook: Vasco da Gama: Round Africa to India, 1497-1498 CE] Retrieved [[June 27]], [[2007]]</ref> or 1469,<ref>[ Vasco da Gama] Retrieved [[June 27]], [[2007]]</ref> in [[Sines, Portugal|Sines]], on the southwest coast of Portugal, probably in a house near the church of Nossa Senhora das Salas. Sines, one of the few seaports on the Alentejo coast, consisted of little more than a cluster of whitewashed, red-tiled cottages, tenanted chiefly by fisherfolk.
Vasco da Gama's father was [[Estêvão da Gama (15th century)|Estêvão da Gama]]. In the 1460s he was a [[knight]] in the household of the Duke of [[Viseu]], [[Infante Fernando, Duke of Viseu|Dom Fernando]].<ref name=ames>{{cite book|title=The Globe Encompassed|author=Ames, Glenn J.|page=27|isbn=0131933884|date=2008|accessdate=2008-01-10}}</ref> Dom Fernando appointed him Alcaide-Mór or Civil Governor of Sines and enabled him to receive a small revenue from taxes on soap making in [[Estremoz]].
Estêvão da Gama was married to [[Don (honorific)|Dona]] Isabel Sodré, who was the daughter of João Sodré (also known as João de Resende). Sodré, who was of [[England|English]] descent, had links to the household of Prince Diogo, [[Duke of Viseu]], Vasco da Gama [[Edward I of Portugal]] and governor of the military [[Order of Christ]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The career and Legend of Vasco da Gama|author=Subrahmanyam, Sanjay|date=1997|page=61}}</ref>
Little is known of Vasco da Gama's early life. It has been suggested by the Portuguese historian Teixeira de Aragão that he studied at the inland town of [[Évora]], which is where he may have learned mathematics and navigation. It is evident that Gama knew astronomy well, and it is possible that he may have studied under the astronomer [[Abraham Zacuto]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The career and Legend of Vasco da Gama|author=Subrahmanyam, Sanjay|date=1997|page=62}}</ref>
In 1492 King [[John II of Portugal]] sent Gama to the port of [[Setúbal]], south of [[Lisbon]] and to the [[Algarve]] to seize [[France|French]] ships in retaliation for peacetime depredations against Portuguese shipping - a task that Vasco rapidly and effectively performed.
== Exploration before Gama ==
From the early fifteenth century, the nautical school of [[Henry the Navigator]] had been extending Portuguese knowledge of the African coastline. From the 1460s, the goal had become one of rounding that continent's southern extremity to gain easier access to the riches of India (mainly black pepper and other spices) through a reliable sea route.
The [[Republic of Venice]] had gained control over much of the trade routes between Europe and Asia. Portugal hoped to use the route pioneered by [[Bartolomeu Dias]] to break the Venetian trading monopoly.challenging older trading networks of mixed land and sea routes, such as the [[Spice route]]s that utilized the [[Persian Gulf]] and [[Red Sea]] and [[camel train|caravans]] to reach the eastern Mediterranean.
By the time Gama was ten years old, these long-term plans were coming to fruition. [[Bartolomeu Dias]] had returned from rounding the Cape of Good Hope, having explored as far as the [[Fish River, Eastern Cape|Fish River]] (''Rio do Infante'') in modern-day [[South Africa]] and having verified that the unknown coast stretched away to the northeast.
Concurrent land exploration during the reign of [[João II of Portugal]] supported the theory that India was reachable by sea from the Atlantic Ocean. [[Pero da Covilhã]] and [[Afonso de Paiva]] were sent via [[Barcelona]], [[Naples]] and [[Rhodes]], into [[Alexandria]] and thence to [[Aden]], [[Hormuz]] and [[India]], which gave credence to the theory.
It remained for an explorer to prove the link between the findings of Dias and those of da Covilhã and de Paiva and to connect these separate segments into a potentially lucrative trade route into the Indian Ocean. The task, originally given to Vasco da Gama's father, was offered to Vasco by [[Manuel I of Portugal|Manuel I]] on the strength of his record of protecting Portuguese trading stations along the African [[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast]] from depredations by the French.
== First voyage ==
[[Image:Gama route 1.png|360px|thumb|The route followed in Vasco da Gama's first voyage (1497 - 1499).]]
On [[8 July]] [[1497]] the fleet, consisting of four ships and a crew of 170 men, left [[Lisbon]].<ref>[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1497degama.html da Gama's ''Round Africa to India''], Retrieved [[16 November]] [[2006]]</ref> The vessels were:
* The ''São Gabriel'', commanded by Vasco da Gama; a [[carrack]] of 178 tons, length 27 m, width 8.5 m, [[draft (hull)|draft]] 2.3 m, sails of 372 [[square metre|m²]];
* The ''São Rafael'', whose commander was his brother [[Paulo da Gama]]; similar dimensions to the ''São Gabriel'';
* The [[caravel]] ''Berrio'', slightly smaller than the former two (later re-baptized São Miguel), commanded by [[Nicolau Coelho]];
* A storage ship of unknown name, commanded by Gonçalo Nunes, later lost near the Bay of São Brás, along the east coast of Africa.<ref name=ames/>
=== Journey to the Cape ===
The expedition set sail from Lisbon on [[July 8]], [[1497]], following the route pioneered by earlier explorers along the coast of Africa via [[Tenerife]] and the [[Cape Verde|Cape Verde Islands]]. After reaching the coast of present day [[Sierra Leone]], Gama took a course south into the open ocean, crossing the [[Equator]] and seeking the [[South Atlantic]] [[westerlies]] that Bartolomeu Dias had discovered in 1487. This course proved successful and on [[November 4]], [[1497]], the expedition made landfall on the African coast. For over three months the ships had sailed more than 6,000 miles of open ocean, by far the longest journey out of sight of land made by the time.<ref>{{cite book |last= Fernandez-Armesto |first= Felipe |title= Pathfinders: A Global History of Exploration |year= 2006 |publisher= W.W. Norton & Company |isbn= 0-393-06259-7 |pages= pp. 177-178}}</ref>
Rounding the Cape
By [[December 16]], the fleet had passed the [[Great Fish River]] - where Dias had turned back - and sailed into waters previously unknown to Europeans. With Christmas pending, Gama and his crew gave the coast they were passing the name [[KwaZulu-Natal Province|Natal]], which carried the connotation of "birth of Christ" in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]].
[[Arab]]-controlled territory on the East African coast was an integral part of the network of trade in the Indian Ocean. Fearing the local population would be hostile to Christians, Gama impersonated a Muslim and gained audience with the Sultan of Mozambique. With the paltry trade goods he had to offer, Gama was unable to provide a suitable gift to the ruler and soon the local populace became suspicious of Gama and his men. Forced by a hostile crowd to flee Mozambique, Gama departed the harbor, firing his cannons into the city in retaliation.<ref>[http://www.oldnewspublishing.com/dagamma.htm Vasco da Gamma Seeks Sea Route to India] www.oldnewspublishing.com; Retrieved [[8 July]] [[2006]]</ref>
=== Mombasa ===
In the vicinity of modern [[Kenya]], the expedition resorted to [[piracy]], looting Arab merchant ships - generally unarmed trading vessels without heavy cannons. The Portuguese became the first known Europeans to visit the port of [[Mombasa]] but were met with hostility and soon departed.
=== Malindi ===
[[Image:Pillar of Vasco da Gama.jpg|thumb|220px|Pillar of Vasco da Gama in Malindi.]]
In February 1498, Vasco da Gama continued north, landing at the friendlier port of [[Malindi]] - whose leaders were then in conflict with those of Mombasa - and there the expedition first noted evidence of Indian traders. Gama and his crew contracted the services of a pilot whose knowledge of the [[monsoon]] winds allowed him to bring the expedition the rest of the way to [[Calicut]] (modern Kozhikode), located on the southwest coast of India. Sources differ over the identity of the pilot, calling him variously a Christian, a Muslim, and a Gujarati. One traditional story describes the pilot as the famous Arab navigator [[Ibn Majid]], but other contemporaneous accounts place Majid elsewhere, and he could not have been near the vicinity at the time.<ref>{{cite book |last= Fernandez-Armesto |first= Felipe |title= Pathfinders: A Global History of Exploration |year= 2006 |publisher= W.W. Norton & Company |isbn= 0-393-06259-7 |pages= pp. 178-179}}</ref>
=== Calicut, India ===
The fleet arrived in Calicut on [[20 May]], [[1498]]. Negotiations with the local ruler, the [[Zamorins|Zamorin]] of Calicut, occasionally took on a violent nature. Efforts by Gama and the Portuguese to obtain favorable trade terms were complicated by resistance from indigenous Arab merchants. Eventually Gama was able to gain an ambiguous letter of concession for trading rights, but he had to depart without giving notice of his intention to do so after the Zamorin insisted that Gama leave all his goods as [[collateral (finance)|collateral]]. Vasco da Gama kept his goods, but left a few Portuguese with orders to start a trading post.
=== Return ===
[[Image:Vascodagama.JPG|thumb|200px|Vasco da Gama lands at [[Calicut]], [[May 20]], [[1498]].]]
Vasco da Gama set sail for home on [[August 29]], [[1498]]. Eager to leave he ignored the local knowledge of monsoon wind patterns, which was still blowing onshore. Crossing the Indian Ocean to India, sailing with the monsoon wind, had taken Gama's ships only 23 days. The return trip across the ocean, sailing against the wind, took 132 days, and Gama arrived in [[Malindi]] on [[January 7]], [[1499]]. During this trip, approximately half of the crew died, and many of the rest were afflicted with [[scurvy]]. Two of Gama's ships made it back to Portugal, arriving in July and August of 1499.<ref>{{cite book |last= Fernandez-Armesto |first= Felipe |title= Pathfinders: A Global History of Exploration |year= 2006 |publisher= W.W. Norton & Company |isbn= 0-393-06259-7 |pages= p. 180}}</ref>
Paulo da Gama died in the Azores on the homeward voyage. Vasco da Gama returned to Portugal in September 1499 and was richly rewarded as the man who had brought to fruition a plan that had taken eighty years to fulfill. He was given the title "Admiral of the Indian Seas,"<ref> {{cite book|title=The Globe Encompassed|author=Ames, Glenn J.|page=28|isbn=0131933884|date=2008|accessdate=2008-01-10}}</ref> and his feudal rights to Sines were confirmed.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Career and Legend of Vasco da Gama|author=Subrahmanyam, Sanjay|year=1997|page=169}}</ref> [[Manuel I of Portugal|Manuel I]] also awarded the perpetual title of ''Dom'' ([[lord]]) to Gama, as well as to his brothers and sisters and to all of their descendants. He was created first Earl of Vidigueira, and Gama was named the first Portuguese count who was not born with royal blood.
The spice trade would prove to be a major asset to the Portuguese economy, and other consequences soon followed. For example, Gama's voyage had made it clear that the east coast of Africa, the ''Contra Costa'', was essential to Portuguese interests; its ports provided fresh water, provisions, timber, and harbors for repairs, and served as a refuge where ships could wait out unfavorable weather. One significant result was the colonization of [[Mozambique]] by the Portuguese Crown.
However, Gama's achievements were somewhat dimmed by his failure to bring any trade goods of interest to the nations of India. Moreover, the sea route was fraught with its own perils - his fleet went more than thirty day's without seeing land and only 60 of his 180 companions, on one of his three ships, returned to Portugal in 1498. Nevertheless, Gama's initial journey opened direct sea route to Asia.
==Second voyage ==
On [[12 February]] [[1502]], Gama sailed with a fleet of twenty [[warship]]s, with the object of enforcing Portuguese interests in the east. This was subsequent to the voyage of [[Pedro Alvares Cabral|Pedro Álvares Cabral]], who had been sent to India two years earlier. (Swinging far to the west across the Atlantic in order to make use of the pattern of favourable winds, Cabral became the official European discoverer of [[Brazil]]. The find may have been an accident). When he finally reached India, Cabral learned that the Portuguese citizens who had been left by Gama at the trading post had been murdered. After encountering further resistance from the locals, he bombarded [[Calicut]] and then sailed south of Calicut to reach [[Cochin]], a small kingdom where he was given a warm welcome. He returned to Europe with silk and gold.
Once he had reached the northern parts of the Indian Ocean, Gama waited for a ship to return from [[Mecca]] and seized all the merchandise on it. He then ordered that the hundreds of passengers be locked in the hold and the ship - which was named ''Mîrî'', and which contained many wealthy Muslim merchants - to be set on fire.<ref> {{cite book|title=The Career and Legend of Vasco da Gama|author=Subrahmanyam, Sanjay|date=1997|page=205}}</ref> When Gama arrived at Calicut on [[October 30]], [[1502]] the Zamorin was willing to sign a treaty.<ref>[http://66.102.7.104/u/northparkuniversity?q=cache:xiWVHIS7CAoJ:www.northpark.edu/history/webChron/WestEurope/DaGama.CP.html+DaGama+Mecca&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1&ie=UTF-8 Vasco da Gama Arrives in India 1498] (Google cached version) Dana Thompson, Felicity Ruiz, Michelle Mejiak; [[December 15]], [[1998]]; Retrieved [[8 July]] [[2006]]</ref>
Gama assaulted and exacted tribute from the Arab-controlled port of [[Kilwa (district)|Kilwa]] in East Africa, one of those ports involved in frustrating the Portuguese. His ships engaged in [[privateer]] actions against Arab merchant ships, and then destroyed a Calicut fleet of twenty-nine ships. Following that battle he extracted favorable trading concessions from the Zamorin.
On his return to Portugal, in September 1503, he was made Count of [[Vidigueira]], with his seat in land sold to him by the Duke of Bragança (the future royal family of [[Bragança (royal house)|Bragança]]). He was also awarded feudal rights and jurisdiction over [[Vidigueira]] and [[Vila dos Frades]].
== Third voyage ==
[[Image:Belem.Jeronimos07.jpg|thumb|right|Tomb in the Jerónimos Monastery in Belem.]]
Having acquired a fearsome reputation as a "fixer" of problems that arose in India, Vasco da Gama was sent to the subcontinent once more in 1524.
The intention was that he was to replace the incompetent [[Eduardo de Menezes]] as viceroy (representative) of the Portuguese possessions, but Gama contracted malaria not long after arriving in Goa and died in the city of Cochin on Christmas Eve in 1524.
His body was first buried at St. Francis Church, which was located at [[Fort Kochi]] in the city of [[Kochi (India)|Kochi]], but his remains were returned to Portugal in 1539. The body of Vasco da Gama was re-interred in Vidigueira in a casket decorated with gold and jewels.
The [[Jerónimos Monastery, Lisbon|Monastery of the Hieronymites]] in [[Belém, Lisbon|Belém]] was erected in honour of his voyage to India.
== Legacy ==
[[Image:Portugal 1521-1557.gif|thumb|right|300px|Map of the Portuguese Empire during the reign of [[John III of Portugal|John III]] (1502–1557).<!--What does the green shading mean, and what do the red dots mean?-->]]
Gama and his wife, [[Catarina de Ataíde]], had six sons and one daughter: Dom Francisco da Gama, 2nd [[Count of Vidigueira]]; Dom [[Estêvão da Gama (16th century)|Estevão da Gama]], 11th [[Governor]] of [[Portuguese India|India]] ([[1540]]-[[1542]]); Dom Paulo da Gama; Dom Pedro da Silva da Gama; Dom Álvaro de Ataíde da Gama, [[Captain-major|Captain]] of [[Malacca]]; Dona Isabel de Ataíde da Gama and Dom [[Cristovão da Gama]], a [[Martyr]] in [[Ethiopian Empire|Ethiopia]]. His male line issue became extinct in [[1747]], though the title went through female line.
As much as anyone after Henry the Navigator, Gama was responsible for Portugal's success as an early colonising power. Beside the fact of the first voyage itself, it was his astute mix of politics and war on the other side of the world that placed Portugal in a prominent position in [[Indian Ocean]] trade. Following Gama's initial voyage, the Portuguese crown realized that securing outposts on the eastern coast of Africa would prove vital to maintaining national trade routes to the Far East.
The Portuguese [[national epic]], the ''[[Lusíadas]]'' of [[Luís de Camões|Luís Vaz de Camões]], largely concerns Vasco da Gama's voyages. The 1865 [[opera]] ''[[L'Africaine|L'Africaine: Opéra en Cinq Actes]]'', composed by [[Giacomo Meyerbeer]] and [[Eugène Scribe]], prominently includes the character of Vasco da Gama. A 1989 production of the composition by the [[San Francisco Opera]] featured noted [[tenor]] [[Placido Domingo]] in the role of Gama.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Career and Legend of Vasco da Gama|author=Subrahmanyam, Sanjay|year=1997|page=2}}</ref>
The port city of [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco da Gama]] in [[Goa]] is named after him, as is the [[Vasco da Gama crater]], a big crater on the [[Moon]]. There are three football clubs in Brazil (including [[Club de Regatas Vasco da Gama]]) and [[Vasco Sports Club]] in Goa that were also named after him. A church in [[Kochi (India)|Kochi]], [[Kerala]] [[Vasco da Gama Church]], a private residence on the island of [[Saint Helena]] and Lisbon's [[Vasco da Gama Bridge]] and Centro Vasco da Gama shopping centre are also named after him. The suburb of Vasco in Cape Town also honours him.
South African musician [[Hugh Masekela]] recorded an anti-colonialist song entitled "Vasco da Gama (The Sailor Man)", which contains the lyric "Vasco da Gama was no friend of mine". He later recorded another version of this song under the name "Colonial Man".
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== Bibliography ==
*{{cite book |last=Ames |first=Glenn J. |title=The Globe Encompassed: The Age of European Discovery, 1500-1700 |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2007 |publisher=Prentice Hall |location= |isbn=978-0131933880 |pages= }}
*{{cite book |last=Ames |first=Glenn J. |title=Vasco da Gama: Renaissance Crusader |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2004 |publisher=Longman |location= |isbn=0321092821 |pages= }}
*{{cite book |last=Corrêa |first=Gaspar |title=The Three Voyages of Vasco da Gama, and His Viceroyalty |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2001 |publisher=Adamant Media Corporation |location= |isbn=1402195435 |pages= }} Facsimile reprint of a 1869 edition by the [[Hakluyt Society]], London.
*{{cite book |last=Disney |first=Anthony |title= The Indian Ocean in World History |authorlink= |coauthors=Emily Booth (eds.) |year=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New Delhi and New York |isbn= }}
*{{cite book |last=Fernández-Armesto |first=Felipe |title=Civilizations |authorlink=Felipe Fernández-Armesto |coauthors= |year=2001 |publisher=Macmillan |location=Basingstoke and Oxford, U.K. |isbn=0743202481 |pages= }}
*{{cite book |last=Fernández-Armesto |first=Felipe |title=Pathfinders: A Global History of Exploration |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2006 |publisher=W.W. Norton |location= |isbn=978-0393062595 |pages=pp. 177-181 }}
*{{cite book |last=Jayne |first=Kingsley Garland |title=Vasco Da Gama and his successors, 1460-1580 |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1910 |publisher=Methuen |location=London |isbn= |pages= |url=http://www.archive.org/details/vascodagamahissu00jaynuoft }}
*{{cite book |last=Panikkar |first=K. M. |title=Asia and Western Dominance: A Survey of the Vasco da Gama Epoch of Asian History, 1498–1945 |authorlink=Kavalam Madhava Panikkar |coauthors= |editions=new ed. |year=1959 |publisher=Allen & Unwin |location=London |isbn= |id={{ASIN|B000Q5T6X6}} |pages= |url=http://www.archive.org/details/asiaandwesterndo009963mbp }}
*{{cite book |last=Ravenstein |first=E. G. |title=A Journal of the First Voyage of Vasco da Gama, 1497-99 |authorlink=Ernst Georg Ravenstein |coauthors=ed. and trans. |year=1898 |publisher=Hakluyt Society |location=London |isbn= |pages= |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=13stAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:Vasco+inauthor:Ravenstein&lr=&num=30&as_brr=0&ei=Lzm2R6iwEo3AsQPrtv2RBQ }}
*{{cite book |last=Russell-Wood |first=A. J. R. |title=A World on the Move: The Portuguese in Africa, Asia, and America, 1415-1808 |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1993 |publisher=Macmillan |location= |isbn=978-0312094270 }}
*{{cite book |last=Subrahmanyam |first=Sanjay |title=The Career and Legend of Vasco da Gama |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1997 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location= |isbn=978-0521470728 |pages= }}
*{{cite book |last=Towle |first=George Makepeace |title=Vasco da Gama, his voyages and adventures |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=c. 1878 |publisher=Lothrop, Lee & Shepard |location=Boston |isbn= |url=http://www.archive.org/details/vascodagamahisvo00towl }}
==''' External links ==
{{commons|Vasco da Gama}}
* [http://www.prominentpeople.co.za/people/35.php Vasco da Gama] at Prominent People
* [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1497degama.html da Gama's ''Round Africa to India''] in English
* [http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/eurvoya/vasco.html da Gama web tutorial] with animated maps
* [http://sify.com/itihaas/fullstory.php?id=13233617 Brief description] of da Gama's journeys
== See also ==
* [[Exploration of Asia]]
* [[Ferdinand Magellan]]
* [[Francisco de Almeida]]
* [[Pedro Álvares Cabral]]
* [[Portuguese India|Estado da Índia]]
{{Persondata
|NAME=da Gama, Vasco
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=Portuguese explorer
|DATE OF BIRTH=c. 1469
|PLACE OF BIRTH= [[Sines, Portugal|Sines]], [[Alentejo]], [[Portugal]]
|DATE OF DEATH=[[December 24]], [[1524]]
|PLACE OF DEATH=[[Kochi (India)|Kochi]], [[India]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gama, Vasco da}}
[[Category:1524 deaths]]
[[Category:Portuguese explorers]]
[[Category:Explorers of Asia]]
[[Category:Explorers of Africa]]
[[Category:Age of Discovery]]
[[Category:Deaths from malaria]]
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