Vellum
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2008-06-16T17:17:44Z
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'''Vellum''' (from the [[Old French]] ''Vélin,'' for "calfskin"<ref>[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=vellum Online Etymological Dictionary]</ref>) is a sort of processed animal [[hides|hide]] that is thin, smooth, durable and was used in the pre-[[printing]] age to produce written works in the form of a [[scroll]], [[codex]] or [[book]]. Modern "paper vellum" is used for a variety of purposes, especially for plans, technical drawings and [[blueprint]]s.
==Material and manufacture==
[[Image:1638vellumlarge.jpg|thumb|right|A vellum [[deed]] with [[seal (device)|seal]] tag dated [[1638]].]]
In Europe the term from Roman times was used for the best quality of [[parchment]] regardless of the animal from which the hide was obtained, calf, sheep and goat all being commonly used. The very best quality, Uterine vellum, was made from the skins of still-born or even unborn [[animal]]s. Strictly speaking in Jewish practice, vellum or klaf (Hebrew) should only be made from the hide of a [[kosher]] animal; deer was preferred historically.
Vellum was originally a [[translucent]] or [[Opacity (optics)|opaque]] [[material]] produced from [[calfskin]] of an unborn calf that had been soaked, [[Calcium hydroxide|limed]], and scudded (a [[depilatory]] process), and then dried at normal [[temperature]] under [[tension]], usually on a wooden device called a stretching [[Picture frame|frame]]. However, except for Jewish use, animal vellum can include hide from any animal, including [[calfskin]], [[Sheepskin (material)|sheepskin]], or virtually any other [[Rawhide|skin]] obtained from a relatively small animal, e.g., [[antelope]], [[deer]] or [[goat]] and even a piglet although they are generally too small for the purpose, and equine foals although these are far too valuable as working animals. The terms vellum and parchment became confused early on; according to some sources the former was made from an unsplit calfskin, and consequently had a grain pattern on one side (unless removed by scraping), while the latter was produced from the flesh split of a sheep or goat or other kind of skin, and consequently had no grain pattern. Vellum always denoted the higher quality in any case.
The important distinction between vellum (or parchment) and [[leather]] is that the former is not processed using [[tanning]].
==Manuscripts==
[[Image:Albrecht-self.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The earliest painted ''Self-Portrait'' (1493) by [[Albrecht Dürer]]; originally executed in oil on vellum, now transferred to linen. [[Louvre]], [[Paris]]]]
Most of the finer sort of [[medieval]] manuscripts, whether [[Illuminated manuscript|illuminated]] or not, were written on vellum. Some [[Gandharan Buddhist texts]] were written on vellum, and all Sifrei [[Torah]] (Hebrew: ספר תורה ; plural: ספרי תורה, Sifrei Torah) are written on [[kosher]] klaf or vellum.
A quarter of the 180 copy edition of [[Johannes Gutenberg]]'s first [[Gutenberg Bible|Bible]] printed in 1455 with [[movable type]] was also printed on vellum, presumably because his market expected this for a high-quality book. [[Paper]] soon took over for most book-printing, as it was cheaper and easier to process through a [[printing-press]] and [[bind]].
In art, vellum was used widely for [[painting]]s, especially if they needed to be sent long distances, before [[canvas]] became widely used in about 1500, and continued to be used for [[drawing]]s, and [[watercolour]]s. [[Old master print]]s were sometimes printed on vellum, especially for presentation copies, until at least the seventeenth century.
[[Limp vellum]] or limp-parchment bindings were used frequently in the 16th and 17th centuries, and were sometimes gilt but were also often not [[embellishment|embellished]]. In later centuries vellum has been more commonly used like leather, that is, as the covering for stiff board bindings. Vellum can be stained virtually any color but seldom is, as a great part of its beauty and appeal rests in its faint grain and hair markings, as well as its warmth and simplicity.
Lasting in excess of 1,000 years—[[Gregory the Great, Pastoral Care (Troyes, Bibliothèque Municipale, MS 504)]], for example dates from about 600 and is in excellent condition—animal vellum can be far more durable than paper. For this reason, many important documents have been written on animal vellum, such as diplomas. Indeed, referring to a diploma as a "sheepskin" alludes to the time when diplomas were written on vellum made from animal hides.
Another example of a document written on vellum is the [[Irish bog psalter]], discovered in July 2006 in a [[bog]] in Ireland, which was written over 1,000 years ago.
==Modern use==
British [[Acts of Parliament]] are still printed on vellum for archival purposes,<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/502342.stm BBC report on Parliament's continued use of vellum]</ref> as are those of the [[Republic of Ireland]].<ref>[http://www.oireachtas.ie/viewdoc.asp?fn=%2Fdocuments%2FFAQ%2Fdocument1.htm Frequently Asked Questions about the Houses of the Oireachtas - Tithe an Oireachtais<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> True vellum is still used for [[Jewish]] [[scroll]]s, of the [[Torah]] in particular, for luxury book-binding, [[memorial book]]s, and for various documents in [[calligraphy]].
Today, because of low demand and complicated manufacturing process, animal vellum is expensive and hard to find. A modern imitation is made out of cotton. Known as paper vellum, this material is considerably cheaper than animal vellum and can be found in most art and drafting supply stores. Some brands of writing-paper and other sorts of paper use the term "vellum" merely to suggest quality, when it is actually not vellum.
==Paper vellum==
Modern imitation or "paper vellum" made from plasticized [[cotton]]. Usually translucent, paper vellum is often used in applications where tracing is required, such as architectural plans. Like natural vellum, the synthetic is more dimensionally stable than a linen or paper sheet, which is frequently critical in the development of large scaled drawings and plans such as [[Blueprint]]s. It was also extremely important in that reproduction technology for dissemination of the plans as like a high quality natural vellum, it could be produced in a thin enough sheet to be virtually transparent to strong light enabling a source drawing to be used directly in the reproduction of field-used drawings.
During the last century, antedating integrated [[Computer Aided Design|CAD]] and modern [[laser printer|laser printing]] which only came about after development of [[VLSI]] based [[microprocessor]]s, synthetic vellums were at the heart of any large engineering or architectural project. "Blueprints" are a copy of such master drawings, and are used as the field and day to day references originally drafted on the vellum masters. Large paper drawings require an additional step (tracing paper amenable to letting light pass through it, and hence is more error prone)
{|class="wikitable" style="float: left; clear:right; margin: 1em .5em 1em 0em;"
!Drawing<br />type "name"||Dimensions<br />(width X height)||Drawing <br />type "name"||Dimensions<br />(width X height)
|-
| <b>A-size</b>|| 08.5'' ''by 11.0 inches <br /> 022 cm by 028 cm || <b>B-size</b> || 11.0 by ''17.0'' inches <br /> 028 cm by 043 cm
|-
| <b>C-size</b> || 17.0 by ''22.0'' inches <br /> 043 cm by 056 cm
| <b>D-size</b> || 22.0 by ''34.0'' inches <br /> 056 cm by 086 cm
|-
| <b>E-size</b> || 34.0 by ''44.0'' inches <br /> 086 cm by 112 cm
| <b>F-size</b> || 44.0 by ''68.0'' inches <br /> 112 cm by 173 cm
<!--
|-
| <b>{{in to cm|44}}||{{in to cm|88}}||{{in to cm|68}}||{{in to cm|136}}
gives:
44 inches (112 cm)
88 inches (224 cm)
68 inches (173 cm)
136 inches (345 cm)
--->
|-
| <b>G-size</b> || 68.0 by ''88.0'' inches <br /> 173 cm by 224 cm
| <b>H-size</b> || 88.0 by ''136'' inches <br /> 224 cm by 345 cm
|-
|Colspan=4|As can be seen in the series, the width of the previous<br /> drawing size becomes the height of the next size in the sequence.
|-
|colspan=4|<small>
(Doubled dimension shown in italics in each pairing) The given series <br />
are the standardized sizes of the United States "[[MIL-SPEC]]" standards<br />
(Military-Aerospace industrial complex) widely used in the United States, <br />
though other (especially Architectural series) based on a different "base size" <br />
(beginning drawing sizes) are also in common use commercially. The <br />
MIL-SPEC series was also replicated by [[NATO]] countries, and so <br />
metric ([[SI]]) equivalents were used widely outside the US. <br />
Standardization was also driven by the need to have a compatible <br />
blueprint reproduction ability where the copying technology is 1:1, so <br />
non-MIL-SPEC variants differ only a small amount from commercial <br />
alternative sized documents. Today's laser printed field use drawings <br />
are usually "black on white" not blue on white or white on blue, but they are still called blueprints.</small>
|-
|}
Drafting vellums eventually came to be standardized into a series of drawing sizes known as "A-size", "B-size", ..., "G-size" drawings which doubled in sheet size area with every step. Indeed, VLSI microcircuits themselves were laid out on such vellums layer by layer, "masked" to the dimensions of the given layer (a tracing step of sorts), and those masks photographed, all to scale in very large specialty [[light box]]es. The negatives (known as photomicrographs, photo+micro+graph) thus obtained, were then step-reproduced in carefully aligned arrays and etched onto a glass plate Master of that layer.
In short huge dimensional drawings representing the guts of an integrated circuit were scaled down optically and reproduced to produce each layer of the computer chips which eventually came to be part of the systems which replaced the vellums that made the CAD technology possible. Large scale [[drafting|hand drafted]] drawings in today's world are unusual and rare, but the old technology still exists and is the foundation upon which the modern computerized world is built. It is still common for engineers and architects to work out the details of a concept, so called "Sketches" on paper drawings before going to CAD. Even in the heyday of hand drafted blueprint technology technical workers found that working with a sketch was an aid to clear thinking.
==Preservation==
Vellum is typically stored in a stable environment with constant temperature and 30% (+/-5%) [[relative humidity]]. If vellum is stored in an environment with less than 11% relative humidity, it becomes fragile, brittle, and susceptible to mechanical stresses; if it is stored in an environment with greater than 40% relative humidity, it becomes vulnerable to gelation and to mold or fungus growth.<ref>Eric F. Hansen and Steve N. Lee, “The Effects of Relative Humidity on Some Physical Properties of Modern Vellum: Implications for the Optimum Relative Humidity for the Display and Storage of Parchment,” ''The Book and Paper Group Annual'' (1991).</ref>
==References==
<references />
==See also==
*[[Golden Fleece]]
==External links==
*[http://classes.bnf.fr/phebus/explo/index3b.htm On-line demonstration of the preparation of vellum from the BNF, Paris. Text in French, but mostly visual.]
*[http://www.infosrvr.nuk.uni-lj.si/jana/ICOMd/17RYallop.pdf Contains advice on cleaning of vellum]
[[Category:Hides]]
[[Category:Book design]]
[[Category:Calligraphy]]
[[Category:Writing media]]
[[br:Leuegen]]
[[cy:Memrwn]]
[[de:Velinpapier]]
[[es:Papel vitela]]
[[fr:Vélin]]
[[pl:Welin]]
[[ru:Веленевая бумага]]
[[sv:Veläng]]