Vemork
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220761570
2008-06-21T13:15:28Z
Arsenikk
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/* Heavy water sabotage */ copyedit
[[Image:VemorkHydroelectricPlant.jpg|thumb|The Vemork hydroelectric plant, site of the [[heavy water]] production]]
'''Vemork''' is the name of an [[hydroelectricity|hydroelectric]] [[power plant]] outside [[Rjukan]] in [[Tinn]], [[Norway]]. It opened in 1911 by [[Norsk Hydro]], and was the site of [[hydrogen]] plant and the first in the world to mass produce [[heavy water]]. During [[World War II]] Vemork was the target of the [[Norwegian heavy water sabotage]]. While the power station remains, the hydrogen plant was closed in 1971, and in 1988 the [[Norwegian Industrial Workers Museum]] moved in.
==History==
In 1906, [[Norsk Hydro]] started construction of what was to be the world's largest hydro electrical powerplant. The 60-MW Vemork power station at the Rjukan waterfall in was the world’s largest power plant when it opened in 1911 after six years of construction. The project was so expensive that the works had to be financed by overseas sources. The plant became the corporate precursor to Norsk Hydro. Ten 6-MW T/G sets were supplied by Voith and AEG (Units 1-5) and Escher Wyss and Oerlikon (Units 6-10).
In 1911, construction was complete. The plant itself was built to power a factory producing artificial [[fertilizer]] by a new method invented by [[Kristian Birkeland]]. Later, [[Norsk Hydro]] another project that was developed and realized was the production of heavy water (deuterium) by means of electrolysis. The company built a unit for producing high concentrations of heavy water at the Vemork plant at Rjukan although for what purpose is not stated. Production started in December 1934..
===Heavy water sabotage===
{{main|Norwegian heavy water sabotage}}
In 1940, the French Government purchased the entire stock then available of heavy water from Norway. The Germans had offered to purchase it also, but the Norwegian Government was told of its possible military use, and gave it to a French agent, who smuggled it to France via England. This supply eventually went back to England. (see [[Tube Alloys#The Paris Group]])
During the German occupation of Norway in [[World War II]], the heavy water production plant [[Norwegian heavy water sabotage|was sabotaged]] by [[Special Operations Executive|SOE]] in order to prevent the Germans from making an [[atomic bomb]]. It was, however, later discovered that the Germans were not as close to making an atomic bomb as was initially feared.
The production of heavy water was judged to be a serious enough threat that at least 5 separate attacks were launched during World War II.<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/ops/vemork.htm Vemork Heavy Water Plant - 1942-44<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
*On October 18, 1942, Norwegian SOE commandos, code-named "Grouse", staged a reconnaissance mission.
*In November 1942, Operation Freshman was conducted by British Special Operations Executive (SOE). Their aircraft crashed and the survivors were captured and executed by the Germans.
*On 28 February 1943, a Norwegian commando raid destroyed the Rjukan electrolysis plant, with the loss of 500kg of heavy water.
*On 16 November 1943, an American air-raid took place but there was minimal damage to the electrolysis building.
*On 20 February 1944 a successful attack by Norwegian resistance sank the ferry D/F"HYDRO" taking a shipment of heavy water to Germany.
Today the original powerplant is an industrial museum. The exhibitions cover both the heavy water sabotage and the early Norwegian labour movement.
== Other media ==
A Norwegian movie about the sabotage operation against the heavy water powerplant was made after World War II, starring several of the original saboteurs. Later, in [[1965]], director [[Anthony Mann]] made an English version entitled ''[[The Heroes of Telemark]]'', starring [[Kirk Douglas]] and [[Richard Harris]].
In 2003, British survival expert [[Ray Mears (author)|Ray Mears]] made a BBC documentary series and [http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/0340830158 book] called the Real Heroes of Telemark giving a more realistic view of the difficulties encountered in the mission to sabotage the heavy water powerplant.
In 1975 a nonfiction book by (author) Thomas Gallagher and (published) by Bantam called "Assault in Norway" was produced. It states on the cover to be "the true story of the secret mission that blasted Hitler's dream of an atomic bomb".
==References==
<references />
==External links==
{{coor title dms|59|52|18|N|8|29|40|E|type:landmark}}
* [http://www.visitvemork.com/ The museum at Vemork - official website]
* [http://www.rjukan-turistkontor.no/uk/attraksjoner/industrimuseet.asp Rjukan's local tourist office]
* {{imdb title|id=0059263|title=The Heroes of Telemark}}
* [http://www.panoramio.com/photo/353876 Pickture of Vemork]
[[Category:Hydroelectric power plants in Norway]]
[[Category:Norsk Hydro]]
[[Category:Tinn]]
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