Vibrio
219940
224807623
2008-07-10T14:35:37Z
155.198.212.171
{{Taxobox
| color = lightgrey
| name = ''Vibrio''
| image = Vibrio_cholerae_01.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = [[Flagella]]r stain of ''V. cholerae''
| regnum = [[Bacterium|Bacteria]]
| phylum = [[Proteobacteria]]
| classis = Gamma Proteobacteria
| ordo = Vibrionales
| familia = [[Vibrionaceae]]
| genus = '''''Vibrio'''''
| genus_authority = Pacini 1854
| type_species = ''Vibrio cholerae''
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
''[[Vibrio aerogenes|V. aerogenes]]''<br/>
''[[Vibrio aestuarianus|V. aestuarianus]]''<br/>
''[[Vibrio agarivorans|V. agarivorans]]''<br/>
''[[Vibrio albensis|V. albensis]]''<br/>
''[[Vibrio alginolyticus|V. alginolyticus]]''<br/>
''[[Vibrio brasiliensis|V. brasiliensis]]''<br/>
''[[Vibrio calviensis|V. calviensis]]''<br/>
''[[Vibrio campbellii|V. campbellii]]''<br/>
''[[Vibrio chagasii|V. chagasii]]''<br/>
''[[Vibrio cholerae|V. cholerae]]''<br/>
''[[Vibrio cincinnatiensis|V. cincinnatiensis]]''<br/>
''[[Vibrio coralliilyticus|V. coralliilyticus]]''<br/>
''[[Vibrio crassostreae|V. crassostreae]]''<br/>
''[[Vibrio cyclitrophicus|V. cyclitrophicus]]''<br/>
''[[Vibrio diabolicus|V. diabolicus]]''<br/>
''[[Vibrio diazotrophicus|V. diazotrophicus]]''<br/>
''[[Vibrio ezurae|V. ezurae]]''<br/>
''[[Vibrio fischeri|V. fischeri]]''<br/>
''[[Vibrio fluvialis|V. fluvialis]]''<br/>
''[[Vibrio fortis|V. fortis]]''<br/>
''[[Vibrio furnissii|V. furnissii]]''<br/>
''[[Vibrio gallicus|V. gallicus]]''<br/>
''[[Vibrio gazogenes|V. gazogenes]]''<br/>
''[[Vibrio gigantis|V. gigantis]]''<br/>
''[[Vibrio halioticoli|V. halioticoli]]''<br/>
''[[Vibrio harveyi|V. harveyi]]''<br/>
''[[Vibrio hepatarius|V. hepatarius]]''<br/>
''[[Vibrio hispanicus|V. hispanicus]]''<br/>
''[[Vibrio ichthyoenteri|V. ichthyoenteri]]''<br/>
''[[Vibrio kanaloae|V. kanaloae]]''<br/>
''[[Vibrio lentus|V. lentus]]''<br/>
''[[Vibrio litoralis|V. litoralis]]''<br/>
''[[Vibrio logei|V. logei]]''<br/>
''[[Vibrio mediterranei|V. mediterranei]]''<br/>
''[[Vibrio metschnikovii|V. metschnikovii]]''<br/>
''[[Vibrio mimicus|V. mimicus]]''<br/>
''[[Vibrio mytili|V. mytili]]''<br/>
''[[Vibrio natriegens|V. natriegens]]''<br/>
''[[Vibrio navarrensis|V. navarrensis]]''<br/>
''[[Vibrio neonatus|V. neonatus]]''<br/>
''[[Vibrio neptunius|V. neptunius]]''<br/>
''[[Vibrio nereis|V. nereis]]''<br/>
''[[Vibrio nigripulchritudo|V. nigripulchritudo]]''<br/>
''[[Vibrio ordalii|V. ordalii]]''<br/>
''[[Vibrio orientalis|V. orientalis]]''<br/>
''[[Vibrio pacinii|V. pacinii]]''<br/>
''[[Vibrio parahaemolyticus|V. parahaemolyticus]]''<br/>
''[[Vibrio pectenicida|V. pectenicida]]''<br/>
''[[Vibrio penaeicida|V. penaeicida]]''<br/>
''[[Vibrio pomeroyi|V. pomeroyi]]''<br/>
''[[Vibrio ponticus|V. ponticus]]''<br/>
''[[Vibrio proteolyticus|V. proteolyticus]]''<br/>
''[[Vibrio rotiferianus|V. rotiferianus]]''<br/>
''[[Vibrio ruber|V. ruber]]''<br/>
''[[Vibrio rumoiensis|V. rumoiensis]]''<br/>
''[[Vibrio salmonicida|V. salmonicida]]''<br/>
''[[Vibrio scophthalmi|V. scophthalmi]]''<br/>
''[[Vibrio splendidus|V. splendidus]]''<br/>
''[[Vibrio superstes|V. superstes]]''<br/>
''[[Vibrio tapetis|V. tapetis]]''<br/>
''[[Vibrio tasmaniensis|V. tasmaniensis]]''<br/>
''[[Vibrio tubiashii|V. tubiashii]]''<br/>
''[[Vibrio vulnificus|V. vulnificus]]''<br/>
''[[Vibrio wodanis|V. wodanis]]''<br/>
''[[Vibrio xuii|V. xuii]]''<br/>
}}
'''''Vibrio''''' is a [[genus]] of [[Gram-negative]] [[bacteria]] possessing a curved rod shape.<ref name=Thompson1>{{cite journal |title = Biodiversity of Vibrios |author=Thompson FL, Iida T, Swings J |journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews |year=2004 |pages=403–431 |volume=68 |issue=3 |doi = 10.1128/MMBR.68.3.403-431.2004 |pmid = 15353563}}</ref> <ref name=Sherris>{{cite book | author = Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) | title = Sherris Medical Microbiology | edition = 4th ed. | publisher = McGraw Hill | year = 2004 | id = ISBN 0-8385-8529-9 }}</ref><ref name= FaruqueNair>{{cite book | author = Faruque SM; Nair GB (editors). | title = Vibrio cholerae: Genomics and Molecular Biology | publisher = Caister Academic Press | year = 2008 | url=http://www.horizonpress.com/vib | id = [http://www.horizonpress.com/vib ISBN 978-1-904455-33-2 ]}}</ref> Typically found in [[Seawater|saltwater]], ''Vibrio'' are [[Facultative anaerobic organism|facultative anaerobes]] that test positive for [[oxidase]] and do not form spores.<ref name=Brock>{{cite book | author = Madigan, Michael; Martinko, John (editors) | title = Brock Biology of Microorganisms | edition = 11th ed. | publisher = Prentice Hall | year = 2005 | id = ISBN 0-13-144329-1 }}</ref> All members of the genus are [[Motility|motile]] and have polar [[Flagellum|flagella]] with sheaths. Recent phylogenies have been constructed based on a suite of genes (multi-locus sequence analysis).<ref name= Thompson2>{{cite journal |title =Phylogeny and Molecular Identification of Vibrios on the Basis of Multilocus Sequence Analysis
|author=Thompson FL, Gevers D, Thompson CC, Dawyndt P,Naser S, Hoste B, Munn CB, Swings J |journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology |year=2005 |pages=5107–5115 |volume=71 |issue=9 |doi =10.1128/AEM.71.9.5107-5115.2005 |pmid =16151093
}}</ref>
==Pathogenic strains==
Several species of ''Vibrio'' include clinically important human [[pathogens]]. Most disease causing strains are associated with [[gastroenteritis]] but can also infect open wounds and cause [[septicemia]]. It can be carried by numerous sea living animals, such as crabs or prawns, and has been known to cause fatal infections in humans during exposure. Pathogenic ''Vibrio'' include ''[[Vibrio cholerae|V. cholerae]]'' (the causative agent of [[cholera]]), ''[[Vibrio parahaemolyticus|V. parahaemolyticus]]'', and ''[[Vibrio vulnificus|V. vulnificus]].'' ''[[Vibrio cholerae]]'' is generally transmitted via contaminated water.<ref name= FaruqueNair>{{cite book | author = Faruque SM; Nair GB (editors). | title = Vibrio cholerae: Genomics and Molecular Biology | publisher = Caister Academic Press | year = 2008 | url=http://www.horizonpress.com/vib | id = [http://www.horizonpress.com/vib ISBN 978-1-904455-33-2 ]}}</ref> Pathogenic ''Vibrio'' can cause [[food poisoning]], usually associated with eating undercooked seafood.
''[[Vibrio vulnificus]]'' outbreaks commonly occur in warm climates and small, generally lethal, outbreaks occur regularly. An outbreak occurred in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina <ref name=Jablecki_2005>{{cite journal |journal=Mortality and Morbidity Weekly Report |title=Infectious Disease and Dermatologic Conditions in Evacuees and Rescue Workers After Hurricane Katrina - Multiple States, August-September, 2005 |volume=54 |pages=1–4 |year=2005 |author=Jablecki J, Norton SA, Keller GR, DeGraw C, Ratard R, Straif-Bourgeois S, Holcombe JM, Quilter S, Byers P, McNeill M, Schlossberg D, Dohony DP, Neville J, Carlo J, Buhner D, Smith BR, Wallace C, Jernigan D, Sobel J, Reynolds M, Moore M, Kuehnert M, Mott J, Jamieson D, Burns-Grant G, Misselbeck T, Cruise PE, LoBue P, Holtz T, Haddad M, Clark TA, Cohen A, Sunenshine R, Jhung M, Vranken P, Lewis FMT, Carpenter LR}}</ref>and several lethal cases occur most years in Florida.<ref name=Florida>{{cite journal |journal=Food and Waterborne Illness Surveillance and Investigation |title=Annual Report, Florida |year=2005 |author=Bureau of Community Environmental Health, Division of Environmental Health, Florida Department of Health |pages=21}}</ref>
''V. parahaemolyticus'' is also associated with the ''Kanagawa phenomenon'', in which strains isolated from human [[Host (biology)|hosts]] (clinical isolates) are [[Hemolysis|hemolytic]] on [[blood agar plate]]s, while those isolated from non-human sources are non-hemolytic.<ref name=Joseph_1982>{{cite journal |author=Joseph S, Colwell R, Kaper J |title=Vibrio parahaemolyticus and related halophilic Vibrios |journal=Crit Rev Microbiol |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=77–124 |year=1982 |pmid=6756788 |doi=10.3109/10408418209113506}}</ref>
Many ''Vibrio'' are also zoonotic. They cause disease in fish and shellfish, and are common causes of mortality among domestic marine life.
==Other strains==
''[[Vibrio fischeri]]'', ''[[Photobacterium phosphoreum]]'', and ''[[V. harveyi]]'' are notable for their ability to communicate. Both ''[[V. fischeri]]'' and ''[[Ph. phosphoreum]]'' are [[symbiosis|symbiotes]] of other marine organisms (typically [[jellyfish]], [[fish]], or [[squid]]), and produce light via [[bioluminescence]] through the mechanism of [[quorum sensing]]. ''[[Vibrio harveyi]]'' is a pathogen of several aquatic animals and notable as a cause of luminous vibriosis in shrimps (prawns)<ref name Austin & Zhang>{{cite journal | author=Austin B & Zhang X-H |title=''Vibrio harveyi'': a significant pathogen of marine vertebrates and invertebrates |journal=Letters in Applied Microbiology |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=119–214 |year=2006 |doi=10.1111/j.1472-765X.2006.01989.x}}</ref>
.
==Flagella==
The "typical", early-discovered vibrio such as ''V. cholerae'' have a single polar flagellum (monotrichous) with sheath. Some species such as ''V. parahaemolyticus'' and ''V. alginolyticus'' have both a single polar flagellum with sheath and thin flagella projecting in all directions (peritrichous), and the other species such as ''V. fischeri'' have tufts of polar flagella with sheath (lophotrichous).<ref>{{cite book|author=George M. Garrity (editor)|title=Bergey's manual of Systematic Bacteriology|edition= 2nd ed. |series=Vol. 2 Part B|publisher=Springer|year=2005|pages=496-8|id= ISBN 0-387-24144-2}}</ref>
==See also==
* [[Vibrio cholerae]]
* [[Cholera]]
* [[Cholera toxin]]
* [[Flagellum|Flagella]]
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
==External links==
*[http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~ebam/bam-9.html Bacteriological Analytical Manual Online]
[[Category:Vibrionales]]
[[ca:Vibrió]]
[[de:Vibrionen]]
[[es:Vibrio]]
[[eu:Vibrio]]
[[fr:Vibrio]]
[[it:Vibrio]]
[[ja:ビブリオ属]]
[[pt:Vibrião]]
[[sk:Vibrio]]
[[uk:Вібріон]]
[[zh:弧菌屬]]