Vibrio cholerae
52080
219891548
2008-06-17T09:47:34Z
84.170.228.208
removed bogus/superfluous "toxin" ("Zona Occludans Toxin toxin")
{{Taxobox
| color = lightgray
| name = ''Vibrio cholerae''
| image = vibrio_cholerae.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = [[Transmission electron microscope|TEM]] image
| regnum = [[Bacterium|Bacteria]]
| phylum = [[Proteobacteria]]
| classis = Gamma Proteobacteria
| ordo = Vibrionales
| familia = [[Vibrionaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Vibrio]]''
| species = '''''V. cholerae'''''
| binomial = ''Vibrio cholerae''
| binomial_authority = Pacini 1854
}}
'''''Vibrio cholerae''''' (also ''Kommabacillus'') is a [[gram negative]] [[bacterium]] with a curved-rod shape that causes [[cholera]] in [[human]]s.<ref name=Sherris>{{cite book | author = Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) | title = Sherris Medical Microbiology | edition = 4th ed. | publisher = McGraw Hill | year = 2004 | id = ISBN 0838585299 }}</ref><ref name= FaruqueNair>{{cite book | author = Faruque SM; Nair GB (editors). | title = Vibrio cholerae: Genomics and Molecular Biology | publisher = Caister Academic Press | year = 2008 | url=http://www.horizonpress.com/vib | id = [http://www.horizonpress.com/vib ISBN 978-1-904455-33-2 ]}}</ref> ''V. cholerae'' and other species of the [[genus]] ''[[Vibrio]]'' belong to the gamma subdivision of the [[Proteobacteria]]. There are two major strains of ''V. cholerae'', classic and [[El Tor]], and numerous other [[serogroup]]s.
''V. cholerae'' was first isolated as the cause of cholera by Italian anatomist [[Filippo Pacini]] in [[1854]], but his discovery was not widely known until [[Robert Koch]], working independently thirty years later, publicized the knowledge and the means of fighting the disease.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}
==Habitat==
''V. cholerae'' occurs naturally in the [[plankton]] of [[fresh water|fresh]], [[brackish water|brackish]], and [[Seawater|salt water]], attached primarily to [[copepod]]s in the [[zooplankton]]. Coastal cholera outbreaks typically follow [[algal bloom|zooplankton blooms]]. This makes cholera a typical [[zoonosis]].
==Pathogenesis==
''V. cholerae'' colonizes the [[gastrointestinal]] tract, where it adheres to villi.
Additionally, it produces two different proteases called chitinase and mucinase. [[Chitinase]] is responsible for the ability of ''Vibrio cholerae'' to enter copapods. Mucinase is a non-specific protease that assists entry into the human [[gastro-intestinal tract]].
''Vibrio cholerae'' produces what is called a ZOT, termed as "Zona Occludans Toxin". This toxin specifically attacks the zona occludans or "tight" junctions joining epithelial cells.
==Genomics and Evolution==
The 4.0 Mbp [[genome]] of N16961, an O1 serogroup, El Tor biotype, 7th pandemic strain of ''V. cholerae'', is comprised of two circular [[chromosome]]s of unequal size that are predicted to encode a total of 3,885 [[gene]]s. The [[DNA sequence|genomic sequence]] of this representative strain has furthered our understanding of the genetic and phenotypic diversity found within the species ''V. cholerae''. Sequence data have been used to identify horizontally acquired sequences, dissect complex regulatory and signaling pathways, and develop computational approaches to predict patterns of [[gene expression]] and the presence of [[metabolic pathway]] components. [[Microarray]]s are being used to study the evolution of the organism. Genomic sequencing of additional strains, [[subtractive hybridization]] studies and the introduction of new model systems have also contributed to the identification of novel sequences and pathogenic mechanisms associated with other strains.<ref name= FaruqueNair>{{cite book | author = Faruque SM; Nair GB (editors). | title = Vibrio cholerae: Genomics and Molecular Biology | publisher = Caister Academic Press | year = 2008 | url=http://www.horizonpress.com/vib | id = [http://www.horizonpress.com/vib ISBN 978-1-904455-33-2 ]}}</ref>
==See also==
*[[Cholera]]
==References==
<div class="references-small"><references/></div>
== External links ==
* [http://www.nsf.gov/news/speeches/colwell/rc01_anatlesson/tsld024.htm Copepods and cholera in untreated water]
{{cholera}}
[[Category:Vibrionales]]
[[Category:Microbiology]]
[[Category:Gram negative bacteria]]
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