Village
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{{Otheruses2|Village}}
[[Image:castle.combe.mainstreet.arp.jpg|thumb|right|The main street of the village of [[Castle Combe]], [[Wiltshire]], [[England]]]]
[[Image:masouleh.jpg|thumb|right|[[Masouleh]] village, [[Gilan Province]], [[Iran]].]]
[[Image:saifivillage.JPG|thumb|right|The main square of Saifi Village in [[Beirut Central District|Centre Ville]], [[Beirut]], [[Lebanon]]]]
[[Image:KippelLötschental WoodenHouses.jpg|thumb|right|An [[Swiss Alps|alpine]] village in the [[Lötschental]] Valley, [[Switzerland]].]]
A '''village''' is a clustered human settlement or [[Residential community|community]], larger than a [[hamlet (place)|hamlet]], but smaller than a [[town]] or [[city]]<ref>[http://www.answers.com/village&r=67 village: Definition and Much More from Answers.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. Though generally located in [[rural]] areas, the term [[urban village]] may be applied to certain [[urban area|urban]] [[neighbourhood]]s, such as the [[West Village]] in [[Manhattan]], [[New York City]] and the [[Saifi Village]] in [[Beirut]], [[Lebanon]]. Villages are normally permanent, with fixed dwellings; however, transient villages<ref>http://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=en&safe=off&q=%22transient+villages%22&btnG=Search&meta=</ref> can occur. Further, the dwellings of a village are fairly close to one another, as against being scattered broadly over the landscape (‘[[dispersed settlement]]’).
Villages have been the usual form of [[community]] for societies that practice subsistence agriculture, and even for some non-agricultural societies. Towns and cities were few, and were home to only a small proportion of the population. The [[Industrial Revolution]] caused many villages to grow into towns and cities; this trend of [[urbanisation]] has continued, though not always in connection with industrialisation. Villages have thus been eclipsed in importance, as units of human society and settlement.
== Traditional villages ==
Although many patterns of village life have existed, the typical village was small, consisting of perhaps 5 to 30 families. Homes were situated together for sociability and defense, and land surrounding the living quarters was farmed.
== South Asia ==
'''India'''
[[Image:Indianvillage.jpg|thumb|right|A village in [[central India]].]]
"The soul of [[India]] lives in its villages", declared M. K. [[Gandhi]] <ref>http://www.pibbng.kar.nic.in/feature1.pdf</ref> at the beginning of 20th century. According to the 2001 Indian census, 74% of Indians live in 638,365 different villages.<ref>http://www.censusindia.net/results/2001census_data_index.html</ref> The size of these villages varies considerably. 236,004 Indian villages have a population less than 500, while 3,976 villages have a population of 10,000+. Most villages have their own temple, mosque or church depending on the local religious following.
== East Asia ==
'''Taiwan'''
In [[Taiwan]], villages are divisions under [[Township (Taiwan)|president]]. The village is called a ''GRAM/GAON'' (村) under a rural township (鄉) and a ''li'' (里) under an urban township (鎮) or a county-controlled city.
== Southeast Asia ==
'''Brunei, Indonesia and Malaysia'''
[[Image:Pariangan.jpg|thumb|The ''kampong'' of [[Pariangan]], [[West Sumatra]].]]
[[Image:Msia- Johor Kampung.JPG|thumb|150px|A kampung in the Malaysian state of Johor.]]
The term ''kampung'' in the [[English language]] has been defined specifically as "a Malay hamlet or village in a Malay-speaking country" <ref>http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/kampung Meriam-Webster Online</ref> In other words, a '''''kampung''''' is defined today as a village in [[Brunei]], [[Indonesia]] or [[Malaysia]]. In Malaysia, a ''kampung'' is determined as a locality with 10,000 or fewer people. Since historical times, every Malay village came under the leadership of a ''penghulu'' (village chief), who has the power to hear civil matters in his village (see [[Courts_of_Malaysia#Other_courts|Courts of Malaysia]] for more details). A Malay village typically contains a ''"masjid"'' ([[mosque]]) or ''"surau"'' (Muslim chapel), [[stilt house]]s and [[paddy fields]]. Malay and Indonesian villagers practice the culture of helping one another as a community, which is better known as "joint bearing of burdens" (''[[gotong royong]]'')<ref>Geertz, Clifford. "Local Knowledge: Fact and Law in Comparative Perspective", pp. 167-234 in Geertz ''Local Knowledge: Further Essays in Interpretive Anthropology,'' NY: Basic Books. 1983.</ref>, as well as being family-oriented (especially the concept of respecting one's family [particularly the parents and elders]), [[Etiquette_in_Asia#Brunei.2C_Indonesia_and_Malaysia|courtesy]] and believing in [[God]] (''"Tuhan"'') as paramount to everything else. It is common to see a cemetery near the mosque, as all Muslims in the Malay or Indonesian village want to be [[Prayer#Islam|pray]]ed for, and to receive [[Allah]]'s blessings in the [[Afterlife#Islam|afterlife]].
'''Philippines'''
In urban areas of the Philippines, the term "village" most commonly refers to private subdivisions, especially [[gated community|gated communities]]. These villages emerged in the mid-twentieth century and were initially the domain of elite urban dwellers. However, they are now common in [[Metro Manila]] and other major cities in the country and their residents can have a wide range of income levels. They may or may not correspond to administrative units (usually [[barangay]]s) and/or be privately administered. Some examples of well-known villages in Metro Manila are [[Forbes Park]] and [[Dasmariñas Village]].
'''Vietnam'''
Village, or "làng", is a basis of Vietnam society. Vietnam's village is the typical symbol of Asian agricultural production. Vietnam's village typically contains: a village gate, "lũy tre" (bamboo hedges), "đình làng" (communal house) where "thành hoàng" (tutelary god) is worshiped, "đồng lúa" (rice field), "chùa" (temple) and houses of all families in the village. All the people in Vietnam's villages usually have a blood relationship. They are [[farmers]] who grow rice and have the same traditional handicraft. Vietnam's villages have an important role in society (Vietnamese saying: "Custom rules the law" -"Phép vua thua lệ làng" [literally: the king's law yields to village customs]). Everyone in Vietnam wants to be buried in their village when they die.
==Central and Eastern Europe==
===Slavic countries===
'''Selo''' ([[Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic]]: село; {{lang-pl|wieś}}) is a [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] word meaning "village" in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Croatia]], [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]], [[Russia]], [[Serbia]], and [[Ukraine]]. For example there are numerous ''sela'' called [[Novo Selo]] in [[Bulgaria]], [[Croatia]], and others in [[Serbia]], and [[Republic of Macedonia]]. In [[Slovenia]], the word ''selo'' is archaic; the common [[Slovene language|Slovene]] word for village is ''vas''. <!-- Another example is [[Sviyazhsk]] in Russia. ??? Sviyazhsk is intypical selo, so another example will be better-->
'''Bulgaria'''
In Bulgaria the different types of ''Sela'' vary from a small selo of 5 to 30 families to one of several thousand people. In Bulgaria it is becoming popular to visit villages for the atmosphere, culture, crafts, hospitality of the people and the surrounding nature. This is called the "selski tourism" (Bulgarian:селски туризъм meaning village tourism) .
====Russia====<!--this heading has numerous incoming links-->
[[Image:Russia village.jpg|thumb|right|Typical house in a [[Russia| Russian]] village (derevnya)]]
In Russia, the bulk of the rural population are concentrated in villages. In [[Russian language|Russian]], two terms are mainly used to refer to these [[types of inhabited localities in Russia|rural localities]]: ''selo'' ({{lang|ru|село}}) or ''derevnya'' ({{lang|ru|деревня}}). Historically, the formal indication of status was religious: a city (''gorod'') would have a [[cathedral]], a ''selo'' would have a church, while a ''derevnya'' would have neither.
The lowest administrative unit of the [[Russian Empire]], ''[[volost]]'', or its Soviet or modern Russian successor, ''[[selsoviet]]'', would usually be headquartered in a ''selo'' and embrace a few neighboring villages.
Between 1926 and 1989, Russia's rural population shrank from 76 million people to 39 million, due to urbanization, [[collectivization]], [[dekulakization|dekulakisation]] and the [[World War II]] losses, but has nearly stabilized since.{{Fact|date=October 2007}} Mass starvation in Russia and other parts of the [[Soviet Union]] lead to the death of at least 14.5 million of peasants in the period 1930–1937 (including 5-7 million in the [[Holodomor]]).
<ref> [[Robert Conquest]] (1986) ''The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-Famine''. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-505180-7. </ref>
Most Russian villages have populations of less than 200 people, and it is the smaller villages which take the brunt of depopulation: e.g., in 1959, about one half of Russia's rural population lived in villages of fewer than 500 people, while now less than one third does. In the 1960s–1970s, the depopulation of the smaller villages was driven by the central planners' drive to get the farm workers out of smaller, "prospect-less" hamlets and into the [[kolkhoz|collective]] or [[sovkhoz|state farm]]'s main village, with more amenities.<ref>[http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2006/0253/tema04.php "Российское село в демографическом измерении" (''Rural Russia measured demographically'')] {{ru icon}}. This article reports the following [[Russian Census|census]] statistics:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Census year
!1959
!1970
!1979
!1989
!2002
|-
| Total number of rural localities in Russia
|294,059
|216,845
|177,047
|152,922
|155,289
|-
| Of them, with population 1 to 10 persons
|41,493
|25,895
|23,855
|30,170
|47,089
|-
| Of them, with population 11 to 200 persons
|186,437
|132,515
|105,112
|80,663
|68,807
|}
</ref>
Most Russian rural residents are involved in agricultural work, and it is very common for villagers to produce their own food. As prosperous urbanites purchase village houses for their second homes, Russian villages sometimes are transformed into [[dacha]] settlements, used mostly for seasonal residence.
The historically [[Cossack]] regions of Southern Russia and parts of [[Ukraine]], with their fertile soil and absence of [[serfdom]], had a rather different pattern of settlement from central and northern Russia. As opposed to the peasants of central Russia living in a village around the lord's manor, a Cossack family would often live on a farm of their own, called ''[[khutor]]''. The word ''[[stanitsa]]'' ({{lang-ru|стани́ца}}; {{lang-uk|станиця, ''stanytsia''}}) would be used to refer to an administrative unit including a central village as well as a number of such ''khutors''. Such a ''stanitsa'' village, often with a few thousand residents, would usually be larger than a ''selo'' in central Russia.
The term ''[[aul]]''/''aal'' is used to refer mostly Muslim-populated villages in [[Caucasus]] and [[Idel-Ural]], without regard to the number of residents.
== Western & Southern Europe ==
===United Kingdom===
A village in the [[United Kingdom|UK]] is a compact settlement of houses, smaller in size than a town, and generally based on agriculture or, in some areas, mining or quarrying.
The major factors in the type of settlement pattern found are location of water sources, the organization of agriculture and landholding and the likelihood of flooding. For example, in areas such as the [[Lincolnshire Wolds]] the villages are often found along the spring line halfway down the hillsides, and with the original open field systems around the village. In northern [[Scotland]], most villages are planned to a grid pattern located on or close to major roads, whereas in areas such as the Forest of Arden, woodland clearances produced small hamlets around village greens.
Some villages have disappeared (for example, [[deserted medieval village]]s), sometimes leaving behind a church or manor house and sometimes nothing but [[Earthworks (archaeology)|bumps in the fields]]. Clearances may have been to accommodate sheep or game estates, or they may have resulted from depopulation, such as after the [[Black Death]] or following a move of the inhabitants to more prosperous districts. Others have grown and merged and often form hubs within the general mass of suburbia - [[Charlton, London]] or [[Hampstead]] in [[London]] and in some cases outgrew a nearby town, such as [[Birmingham]] which outgrew [[Aston]] to become a major city. Many are now predominantly [[dormitory]] locations and have suffered the loss of shops, churches and other facilities.
Conceptually, from an English point of view, the village represents an [[ideal]] of [[England]]. Seen as being far from the bustle of modern life, it is quiet, harmonious, if a little inward-looking. This concept of an unspoilt [[Arcadia (utopia)|Arcadia]] is present in many popular representations of the village such as [[The Archers]] or the [[best kept village]] competitions.
Many villages in [[South Yorkshire]], [[North Nottinghamshire]], [[North East Derbyshire]] and [[Northumberland]] are known as [[pit village]]s to denote their origins, as many of these villages such as [[Murton, County Durham]] only existed as [[hamlet]]s before the sinking of a [[colliery]] in the early 20th centuary forced a rapid expansion of the population of these settlements and the colliery owners built new housing, shops, pubs and even churches for this new population. Some of these villages became so large they out grew nearby towns, both in terms of land area and population; a good example of this is [[Rossington]] in [[South Yorkshire]] which became over four times larger (in terms of population) than the nearby town of [[Bawtry]]; and some [[pit village]]s became so large, they actually became [[town]]s themselves, Such as [[Maltby]] in [[South Yorkshire]] whose population rose from 500 in the 19th centuary to over 75,000 in [[2007]].
Villages tend to occur in lowland [[England]] where they partly replaced the more scattered pattern of single farms and hamlets in the mid-Saxon period. In the UK the main historical distinction between a [[hamlet (place)|hamlet]] and a village is that the latter will have a [[church]], and will therefore usually have been the worship centre of an [[ecclesiastical parish]]. However, it should be noted that some [[civil parish]]es may contain more than one village. The typical village used to have a pub and shops as well as a blacksmith. However, many of these facilities are now gone and many villages are dormitories for commuters. The population of such a settlement could range from a few hundred people to around five thousand. A village is distinguished from a town in that:
* A village should not have a regular agricultural [[market]], although today such markets are uncommon even in settlements which clearly are towns.
* A village does not have a town hall nor a [[mayor]].
* There should also be a clear [[green belt]] or open fields surrounding its parish borders.
===France===
Same general definition as in England, see, for example, [[Saint-Benoît-du-Sault]].
===Netherlands===
In the flood prone districts of the Netherlands, villages were traditionally built on low man-made hills called [[Artificial dwelling hill| terps]] before the introduction of regional dyke-systems.
===Ireland===
Villages in Ireland would traditionally consist of a church, a pub, a shop and a post office. Some also contain facilities such as schools and health centres.
== The Middle East ==
'''Lebanon'''
Like France, villages in [[Lebanon]] are usually located in remote mountainous areas. The majority of villages in Lebanon retain their [[Aramaic]] names or are derivative of the Aramaic names, and this is because Aramaic was still in use in [[Mount Lebanon]] up to the 18th century.<ref>[http://almashriq.hiof.no/lebanon/400/410/412/elies_project/glimse_of_yesterday.html A project proposal<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
Many of the Lebanese villages are a part of districts, these districts are known as "kadaa" which includes the districts of Baabda (Baabda), Aley (Aley), Matn (Jdeideh), Keserwan (Jounieh), Chouf (Beiteddine), Jbeil (Byblos), Tripoli (Tripoli), Zgharta (Zgharta / Ehden), Bsharri (Bsharri), Batroun (Batroun), Koura (Amioun), Miniyeh-Danniyeh (Minyeh / Sir Ed-Danniyeh), Zahle (Zahle), Rashaya (Rashaya), Western Beqaa (Jebjennine / Saghbine), Sidon (Sidon), Jezzine (Jezzine), Tyre (Tyre), Nabatiyeh (Nabatiyeh), Marjeyoun (Marjeyoun), Hasbaya (Hasbaya), Bint Jbeil (Bint Jbeil), Baalbek (Baalbek), and Hermel (Hermel).
The district of Danniyeh conists of thirty six small villages, which includes Almrah, Kfirchlan, Kfirhbab, Hakel al Azimah, Siir, Bakhoun, Miryata, Assoun, Sfiiri, Kharnoub, Katteen, Kfirhabou, Zghartegrein, Ein Qibil.
Danniyeh (known also as Addinniyeh, Al Dinniyeh, Al Danniyeh, Arabic: سير الضنية) is a region located in Miniyeh-Danniyeh District in the North Governorate of Lebanon. The region lies east of Tripoli, extends north as far as Akkar District, south to Bsharri District and Zgharta District and as far east as Baalbek and Hermel. Dinniyeh has an excellent ecological environment filled with woodlands, orchards and groves. Several villages are located in this mountainous area, the largest town being Sir Al Dinniyeh.
An example of a typical mountainous Lebanese village in Dannieh would be Hakel al Azimah which is a small village that belongs to the district of Danniyeh, situated between Bakhoun and Assoun's boundaries. It is in the centre of the valleys that lie between the Arbeen Mountains and the Khanzouh.
*http://Rmaich.com Village in South Lebanon
== Sub-Saharan Africa ==
== Australasia & Oceania ==
'''Pacific Islands'''
Communities on pacific islands were historically called villages by English speakers who traveled and settled in the area. Some communities such as several [[Villages of Guam]] continue to be called villages despite having large populations that can exceed 40,000 residents.
'''New Zealand'''
The traditional [[Maori]] village was the [[Pā (Māori)|pa]], a fortified hill-top settlement. Tree-fern logs and flax were the main building materials.
'''Australia'''
The term village often is used in reference to small planned communities such as [[retirement communities]], shopping districts, and tourist areas. Small rural communities are usually known as towns regardless of how small they are.
== South America ==
'''Argentina'''
Usually set in remote mountainous areas, some also cater to winter sports and/or tourism, see: [[Uspallata]], [[La Cumbrecita]], [[Villa Traful]] and [[La Cumbre, Córdoba|La Cumbre]]
== North America ==
'''United States'''<!-- This section is linked from [[Cleveland, Ohio]] -->
{{main|Village (United States)}}
'''Incorporated villages'''<!-- This section is linked from [[Oak Lawn, Illinois]] -->
{{See also|Administrative divisions of New York#Village|Village (Oregon)}}
In twenty<ref>[http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/english/vi/village.html#Definitions Village<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> [[U.S. state]]s, the term "village" refers to a specific form of incorporated [[municipal government]], similar to a city but with less authority and geographic scope. However, this is a generality; in many states, there are villages that are an order of magnitude larger than the smallest cities in the state. The distinction is not necessarily based on population, but on the relative powers granted to the different types of municipalities and correspondingly, different obligations to provide specific services to residents.
In some states such as New York, Wisconsin, or Michigan, a village is an incorporated municipality, usually, but not always, within a single town or [[civil township]]. Residents pay taxes to the village and town or township and may vote in [[elections]] for both as well. In some cases, the village may be [[wiktionary:coterminous|coterminous]] with the town or township. There are also many villages which span the boundaries of more than one town or township, and some villages may even straddle county borders.
There is no limit to the population of a village in New York; [[Hempstead (village), New York|Hempstead]], the largest village in the state, has 55,000 residents, making it more populous than some of the state's cities. However, villages in the state may not exceed five square miles (13 km²) in area.
In the state of [[Wisconsin]] a village is always legally separate from the [[townships|township(s)]] that it has been incorporated from. The largest village is [[Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin|Menomonee Falls]], which has over 32,000 residents.
Michigan and Illinois also have no set population limit for villages and there are many villages that are larger than cities in those states.
Villages in [[Ohio]] are almost always legally separate from any [[townships]] that they may have been incorporated from (there are exceptions, such as [[Chagrin Falls, Ohio|Chagrin Falls]], where the township includes the entirety of the village). They have no area limitations, but must reincorporate as cities if they grow to over 5,000 in population. Villages have the same home-rule rights as cities with fewer of the responsibilities. Unlike cities, they have the option of being either a "statutory village" and running their governments according to state law (with a six-member council serving four-year terms and a mayor who votes only to break ties) or being a "charter village" and writing a [[charter]] to run their government as they see fit.</br>{{Facts|date=February 2007}}
In [[Maryland]], a locality designated "Village of ..." may be either an incorporated town or a [[special-purpose district|special tax district]].<ref>[http://www.census.gov/prod/2005pubs/gc021x2.pdf 2002 Census of Governments, Individual State Descriptions] ([[PDF]])</ref> An example of the latter is the [[Friendship Village, Maryland#The Village of Friendship Heights|Village of Friendship Heights]].
In states that have [[New England town]]s, a "village" is a center of population or trade, including the town center, in an otherwise sparsely-developed town or city — for instance, the village of [[Hyannis, Massachusetts|Hyannis]] in the city of the [[Barnstable, Massachusetts|Town of Barnstable]].
'''Unincorporated villages'''
In many states, the term "village" is used to refer to a relatively small [[unincorporated community]], similar to a [[Administrative divisions of New York#Hamlet|hamlet]] in New York state. This informal usage may be found even in states that have villages as an incorporated municipality, although such usage might be considered incorrect and confusing.
==See also==
{{Commonscat|Coats of arms of cities and villages of Poland}}
*[[Developed Environments]]
*[[Aul]]
*[[Ksar]]
*[[Dogon#Dogon villages|Dogon villages]]
*[[Dugout (shelter)|Dugout]]
*[[Hakka architecture]]
*[[Pueblo]]
*[[Linear village]]
*[[Village green]]
*[[Village lock-up]]
*[[Ville]]
*Settlement types:
**[[Hamlet (place)|Hamlet]]
**[[Village]]
**[[Town]]
**[[City]]
**[[Megalopolis (city type)|Megalopolis]]
**[[Types of inhabited localities in Russia]]
*[[Villages in China]]
*[[Microtown]]
*Developed environments:
**'''[[Rural]]'''
**[[Suburb]]an
*[[Anthropogenic biomes]]
*[[Villages in Bihar]]
**[[Urban area|Urban]]
**[[Exurb]]an
*[[Global Village]]
== Footnotes ==
<references/>
== External links ==
''Village types:''
*[http://www.gloriousindia.com/places/villages/index.html Information about villages in India from GloriousIndia]
*[http://www.ukvillages.co.uk Information on all villages in the UK]
*[http://www.archinomy.com/blog/planning-a-village.html Planning A Village]
*[http://www.ecotope.org/anthromes/v1/guide/villages/ Types of villages (anthropogenic biomes)]
{{Types of administrative country subdivision}}
[[Category:Villages in Assam]]
[[Category:Villages| ]]
[[Category:Administrative divisions]]
[[Category:Urban geography]]
[[Category:French loanwords]]
[[Category:French words and phrases]]
[[Category:Settlements]]
[[ar:قرية]]
[[an:Lugar]]
[[bn:গ্রাম]]
[[be:Вёска]]
[[be-x-old:Вёска]]
[[bg:Село]]
[[ca:Poble (localitat)]]
[[cv:Ял]]
[[cs:Vesnice]]
[[da:Landsby]]
[[pdc:Schtettel]]
[[de:Dorf]]
[[et:Küla]]
[[es:Pueblo (rural)]]
[[eo:Vilaĝo]]
[[fa:روستا]]
[[fr:Village]]
[[fy:Doarp]]
[[gl:Vila]]
[[ko:리 (행정 구역)]]
[[hr:Selo]]
[[id:Desa]]
[[it:Villaggio]]
[[he:כפר]]
[[kk:Ауыл]]
[[lt:Kaimas]]
[[hu:Falu]]
[[mk:Село]]
[[ms:Kampung]]
[[nl:Dorp]]
[[ja:村]]
[[nn:Tettstad]]
[[pl:Wieś]]
[[pt:Povoado]]
[[ksh:Dörp]]
[[ro:Sat]]
[[rmy:Gav]]
[[qu:Uchuy llaqta]]
[[ru:Деревня]]
[[sk:Dedina]]
[[sl:Vas]]
[[sr:Село]]
[[fi:Kylä]]
[[sv:By]]
[[te:గ్రామం]]
[[th:หมู่บ้าน]]
[[vi:Làng]]
[[tg:Деҳа]]
[[tr:Köy]]
[[uk:Село]]
[[bat-smg:Suoda]]
[[zh:村]]