Vincent van Gogh 32603 226004137 2008-07-16T12:05:02Z Econt 7213202 /* Antwerp (1885 &ndash; 1886) */ Image {{sprotected2}} <!-- NOTE TO EDITORS: THIS PAGE HAS HAD A LOT OF HIGH QUALITY WORK WITH VERIFIABLE REFERENCES. EDITS WHICH DO NOT MEET THIS STANDARD ARE LIKELY TO BE REMOVED. IF IN DOUBT, DISCUSS ON THE TALK PAGE FIRST. --> {{redirect|Van Gogh}} {{Infobox Artist | name = Vincent van Gogh | image = VanGogh 1887 Selbstbildnis.jpg | imagesize = 170px | caption = [[Self-portraits by Vincent van Gogh|Self-portrait (1887)]] | birthname = Vincent Willem van Gogh | died at age of = 37 | birthdate = {{Birth date|1853|3|30|df=yes}} | location = [[Zundert]], [[The Netherlands]] | deathdate = {{Death date and age|1890|7|29|1853|3|30|df=yes}} | deathplace = [[Auvers-sur-Oise]], [[France]] | nationality = [[Dutch people|Dutch]] | field = [[Painter]] | training = | movement = [[Post-Impressionism]] | works = ''[[The Potato Eaters]], [[Sunflowers (paintings)|Sunflowers]], [[The Starry Night]], [[Irises (painting)|Irises]], [[Portrait of Dr. Gachet]]'' | patrons = | awards = }} '''Vincent Willem van Gogh''' ([[30 March]] [[1853]] &ndash; [[29 July]] [[1890]]) was a [[Dutch people|Dutch]] [[Post-Impressionism|Post-Impressionist]] artist.<ref>Rewald, John. Post-Impressionism: From van Gogh to Gauguin, revised edition, Secker & Warburg 1978, ISBN 0-436-41151-2</ref> His paintings and drawings include some of the world's best known, most popular and most expensive pieces. Van Gogh spent his early adult life working for a firm of art dealers. After a brief spell as a teacher, he became a missionary worker in a very poor mining region. He did not embark upon a career as an artist until 1880. Initially, van Gogh worked only with sombre colours, until he encountered [[Impressionism]] and [[Neo-Impressionism]] in [[Paris]]. He incorporated their brighter colours and style of painting into a uniquely recognizable style, which was fully developed during the time he spent at [[Arles]], [[France]]. He produced more than 2,000 works, including around 900 paintings and 1,100 drawings and sketches, during the last ten years of his life. Most of his best-known works were produced in the final two years of his life, during which time he cut off part of his left ear following a breakdown in his friendship with [[Paul Gauguin]]. After this he suffered recurrent bouts of [[mental illness]], which led to his [[suicide]]. The central figure in Van Gogh's life was his brother [[Theo van Gogh (art dealer)|Theo]], who continually and selflessly provided financial support. Their lifelong friendship is documented in numerous letters they exchanged from August 1872 onwards. Van Gogh is a pioneer of what came to be known as ''[[Expressionism]]''. He had an enormous influence on [[Modern art|20th century art]], especially on the [[Fauvism|Fauves]] and [[German Expressionism|German Expressionists]]. The [[Dutch language|Dutch pronunciation]] of Vincent van Gogh's name is {{IPAudio|Pronunciation_Vincent_van_Gogh.ogg|&#91;ˈvɪnsɛnt vɑn ˈɣɔx&#93;}}. It is also often pronounced as &#91;ˈvɪnsənt væn ˈɡɒf&#93; or &#91;ˈvɪnsənt vɑn ˈɡɔx&#93; in British English and &#91;ˈvɪnsənt væn ˈɡoʊ&#93; in US English. ==Biography== :''For a timeline, see [[Vincent van Gogh chronology]]''. ===Early life (1853 &ndash; 1869)=== Vincent Willem van Gogh was born in [[Zundert|Groot-Zundert]], a village close to [[Breda]] in the Province of [[North Brabant]] in the southern [[Netherlands]].<ref>[http://www.arthistoryarchive.com/arthistory/expressionism/Vincent-Van-Gogh.html Vincent Van Gogh - Biography, Quotes & Paintings], retrieved [[June 14]] 2007.</ref> Van Gogh was the son of Anna Cornelia Carbentus and Theodorus van Gogh, who was a minister of the [[Dutch Reformed Church]]. He was given the same name as his grandfather&mdash;and a first brother stillborn exactly one year before. It has been suggested<ref>Lubin, Albert J. ''Stranger on the earth: A psychological biography of Vincent van Gogh,'' Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1972. ISBN 0-03-091352-7. pages 82&ndash;84</ref> that being given the same name as his dead elder brother might have had a deep psychological impact on the young artist, and that elements of his art, such as the portrayal of pairs of male figures, can be traced back to this. The practice of reusing a name in this way was not uncommon. The name "Vincent" was often used in the Van Gogh family: the baby's grandfather was called Vincent van Gogh (1789-1874); he had received his degree of theology at the [[University of Leiden]] in 1811. Grandfather Vincent had six sons, three of whom became art dealers, including another Vincent, referred to in Van Gogh's letters as "Uncle Cent." Grandfather Vincent had perhaps been named after his own father's uncle, the successful sculptor Vincent van Gogh (1729-1802).<ref name=erickson9> Erickson, page 9.</ref> Art and religion were the two occupations to which the Van Gogh family gravitated. Four years after Van Gogh was born, his brother [[Theo van Gogh (art dealer)|Theodorus]] (Theo) was born on [[1 May]] [[1857]]. There was also another brother named Cor and three sisters, Elisabeth, Anna and Wil. As a child, Van Gogh was serious, silent and thoughtful. In 1860 he attended the Zundert village school, where the only teacher was [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]] and there were around 200 pupils. From 1861 he and his sister Anna were taught at home by a governess, until [[1 October]] [[1864]], when he went away to the elementary [[boarding school]] of Jan Provily in [[Zevenbergen]], the Netherlands, about {{convert|20|mi|km}} away. He was distressed to leave his family home, and recalled this even in adulthood. On [[15 September]] [[1866]], he went to the new middle school, [[Willem II College]] in [[Tilburg]], the Netherlands. Constantijn C. Huysmans, who had achieved a certain success himself in Paris, taught Van Gogh to draw at the school and advocated a systematic approach to the subject. In March 1868 Van Gogh abruptly left school and returned home. His comment on his early years was: "My youth was gloomy and cold and sterile...."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://webexhibits.org/vangogh/letter/14/347.htm|title= Letter from Vincent van Gogh to Theo van Gogh - Nuenen, c. 18 December 1883}}</ref> ===Art dealer and preacher (1869 &ndash; 1878)=== [[Image:VincentVanGoghFoto.jpg|thumb|left|Vincent van Gogh, c. 1876, photographer unknown]] In July 1869, at the age of fifteen, he obtained a position with the art dealer [[Goupil & Cie]] in [[The Hague]] through his Uncle Vincent ("Cent"), who had built up a good business which became a branch of the firm. After his training, Goupil transferred him to [[London]] in June 1873, where he lodged at 87 Hackford Road, [[Brixton]]<ref>{{cite web | title =Hackford Road | work =vauxhallsociety.org | url =http://www.vauxhallsociety.org.uk/Hackford.html | accessdate =2007-03-24}}</ref> and worked at Messrs. Goupil & Co., 17 Southampton Street.<ref>{{cite web | last =van Gogh | first =Vincent | title =Letter from Vincent to Theo | work =webexhibits.org | date =1873-05-05 | url =http://webexhibits.org/vangogh/letter/1/007.htm%20007 | accessdate =2007-03-24}}</ref> This was a happy time for Van Gogh: he was successful at work, and was already, at the age of 20, earning more than his father.<ref>Theo's wife later remarked that this was the happiest year of Vincent's life. Wilkie, pages 34-36</ref> He fell in love with his landlady's daughter, Eugénie Loyer,<ref>Wilkie, pages 38 - 52</ref> but when he finally confessed his feeling to her, she rejected him, saying that she was already secretly engaged to a previous lodger. Vincent became increasingly isolated and fervent about religion. His father and uncle sent him to Paris, where he became resentful at how art was treated as a commodity, and he manifested this to the customers. On [[1 April]] [[1876]], it was agreed that his employment should be terminated. His religious emotion grew to the point where he felt he had found his true vocation in life, and he returned to England to do unpaid work, first as a supply teacher in a small boarding school overlooking the harbour in [[Ramsgate]]; he made some sketches of the view. The proprietor of the school relocated to [[Isleworth]], [[Middlesex]]. Vincent decided to walk to the new location. This new position did not work out, and Vincent became a nearby [[Methodism|Methodist]] minister's assistant in wanting to "preach the gospel everywhere." At [[Christmas]] that year he returned home, and then worked in a bookshop in [[Dordrecht]] for six months, but he was not happy in this new position and spent most of his time in the back of the shop either doodling, or translating passages from the [[Bible]] into [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]], and [[German language|German]].<ref name=callow54> Callow, page 54</ref> His roommate from this time, a young teacher called Görlitz, later recalled that Vincent ate frugally, preferring to eat no meat.<ref>See the recollections gathered in Dordrecht by [http://webexhibits.org/vangogh/letter/5/etc-94a.htm M. J. Brusse], Nieuwe Rotterdamsche Courant, May 26 and June 2, 1914.</ref><ref>"he would not eat meat, only a little morsel on Sundays, and then only after being urged by our landlady for a long time. Four potatoes with a suspicion of gravy and a mouthful of vegetables constituted his whole dinner"&mdash; from a letter to Frederik van Eeden, to help him with preparation for his article on Van Gogh in ''[[De Nieuwe Gids]]'' (issue 1 December, 1890), quoted in ''Van Gogh: A Self-Portrait; Letters Revealing His Life as a Painter,'' selected by [[W. H. Auden]], New York Graphic Society, Greenwich, CT. 1961. See pages 37 &ndash; 39.</ref> In an effort to support his wish to become a pastor, his family sent him to [[Amsterdam]] in May 1877 where he lived with his uncle Jan van Gogh, a rear admiral in the navy.<ref>Erickson page 23</ref> Vincent prepared for university, studying for the theology entrance exam with his uncle [[Johannes Stricker]], a respected theologian who published the first "Life of Jesus" available in the Netherlands. Vincent failed at his studies and had to abandon them. He left uncle Jan's house in July 1878. He then studied, but failed, a three-month course at the Protestant missionary school (''Vlaamsche Opleidingsschool'') in Laeken, near [[Brussels]]. ===Borinage and Brussels (1879 &ndash; 1880)=== [[Image:Cuesmes JPG001.jpg|thumb|right|The house where Van Gogh stayed in Cuesmes in 1880; it was while living here that he decided to become an artist.]] In January 1879 Van Gogh got a temporary post as a missionary in the village of [[Petit Wasmes]]<ref>Letter [http://webexhibits.org/vangogh/letter/8/129.htm 129], April 1879, and Letter [http://webexhibits.org/vangogh/letter/8/132.htm 132]. Van Gogh lodged in Wasmes, at 22 rue de Wilson, with Jean-Baptiste Denis, a breeder or grower ('cultivateur', in the French original) according to Letter [http://webexhibits.org/vangogh/letter/18/553b.htm 553b]. In the recollections of his nephew Jean Richez, gathered by Wilkie (in the 1970s!), page 72-78, Denis and his wife Esther were running a bakery, and Richez admits that the only source of his knowledge is Aunt Esther.</ref> in the [[coal]]-mining district of [[Borinage]] in [[Belgium]], bringing his father's profession to people felt to be the most wretched and hopeless in Europe. Taking Christianity to what he saw as its logical conclusion, Vincent opted to live like those he preached to, sharing their hardships to the extent of sleeping on straw in a small hut at the back of the baker's house where he was billeted;<ref>Wilkie page 75</ref> the baker's wife used to hear Vincent sobbing all night in the little hut.<ref>Wilkie, page 77</ref> His choice of squalid living conditions did not endear him to the appalled church authorities, who dismissed him for "undermining the dignity of the priesthood." After this he walked to Brussels,<ref>Letter from mother to Theo, [http://webexhibits.org/vangogh/letter/8/etc-fam-1879.htm 7 August 1879] and Callow, work cited, page 72</ref> returned briefly to the Borinage, to the village of [[Cuesmes]], but acquiesced to pressure from his parents to come "home" to [[Etten-Leur|Etten]]. He stayed there until around March the following year,<ref>there are different views as to this period; Jan Hulsker in ''Vincent and Theo van Gogh, a dual biography,'' Fuller Publications, Ann Arbor, 1990. ISBN 0-940537-05-2 opts for a return to the Borinage and then back to Etten in this period; the forthcoming catalogue for the 2006 Budapest Van Gogh exhibition supports the line taken in this article</ref> to the increasing concern and frustration of his parents. There was considerable conflict between Vincent and his father, and his father made enquiries about having his son committed to a lunatic asylum<ref>Letter [http://webexhibits.org/vangogh/letter/10/158.htm 158]</ref> at [[Geel]].<ref>see Jan Hulsker's speech ''The Borinage Episode and the Misrepresentation of Vincent van Gogh,'' Van Gogh Symposium, 10-11 May 1990, referenced in Erickson, pages 67-68</ref> Vincent fled back to Cuesmes where he lodged with a miner named Charles Decrucq,<ref>Letter [http://webexhibits.org/vangogh/letter/8/134.htm 134], dated 20 August 1880 from Cuesmes; also Wilkie, page 79</ref> with whom he stayed until October. He became increasingly interested in the everyday people and scenes around him, which he recorded in drawings. In 1880, Vincent followed the suggestion of his brother Theo and took up art in earnest. In autumn 1880, he went to Brussels, intending to follow Theo's recommendation to study with the prominent Dutch artist [[Willem Roelofs]], who persuaded Van Gogh (despite his aversion to formal schools of art) to attend the Royal Academy of Art. There he not only studied anatomy, but the standard rules of modelling and perspective, all of which, he said, "you have to know just to be able to draw the least thing." Vincent wished to become an artist while in God's service as he stated, "to try to understand the real significance of what the great artists, the serious masters, tell us in their masterpieces, that leads to God; one man wrote or told it in a book; another in a picture."<ref>{{cite web | title =Vincent Van Gogh biography | work =expo-vangogh.com | date =2007 | url =http://www.expo-vangogh.com/2.cfm | accessdate =2007-03-23}}</ref> ===Etten (1881)=== [[Image:Vincent Willem van Gogh 129.jpg|thumb|Still-Life, arranged by [[Anton Mauve]] and executed by Van Gogh, December 1881]] In April 1881, Van Gogh went to live in the countryside with his parents in Etten and continued drawing, using neighbours as subjects. Through the summer he spent much time walking and talking with his recently widowed cousin, Kee Vos-Stricker, the daughter of his mother's older sister and Johannes Stricker, who had shown real warmth towards his nephew.<ref name=erickson5>Erickson, page 5.</ref> Kee was seven years older than Vincent, and had an eight-year-old son. Vincent proposed marriage, but she flatly refused with the words: "No, never, never" (''niet, nooit, nimmer'').<ref>Letter [http://webexhibits.org/vangogh/letter/10/153.htm 153] to Theo dated 3 November 1881</ref> At the end of November he wrote a strong letter to Uncle Stricker,<ref>Letter [http://webexhibits.org/vangogh/letter/10/161.htm 161] to Theo 23 November 1881</ref> and then, very soon after, hurried to Amsterdam where he talked with Stricker again on several occasions,<ref>Letter [http://webexhibits.org/vangogh/letter/10/164.htm 164] from Etten c.21 December 1881, describing the visit in more detail</ref> but Kee refused to see him at all. Her parents told him "Your persistence is disgusting".<ref name="Letter193">Letter [http://webexhibits.org/vangogh/letter/11/193.htm 193] from Vincent to Theo, The Hague, 14 May 1882</ref> In desperation he held his left hand in the flame of a lamp, saying, "Let me see her for as long as I can keep my hand in the flame."<ref name="Letter193"/> He did not clearly recall what happened next, but assumed that his uncle blew out the flame. Her father, "Uncle Stricker," as Vincent refers to him in letters to Theo, made it clear that there was no question of Vincent and Kee marrying, given Vincent's inability to support himself financially.<ref name=Gayford130> Gayford, work cited, pages 130 &ndash; 131</ref> What he saw as the hypocrisy of his uncle and former tutor affected Vincent deeply. At Christmas he quarreled violently with his father, even refusing a gift of money, and immediately left for [[The Hague]].<ref>Letter [http://webexhibits.org/vangogh/letter/11/166.htm 166], </ref> ===Drenthe and The Hague (1881 &ndash; 1883)=== In January 1882 he settled in The Hague, where he called on his cousin-in-law, the painter [[Anton Mauve]], who encouraged him towards painting. He soon fell out with Mauve, however, perhaps over the issue of drawing from plaster casts; Mauve appeared suddenly to go cold towards Vincent, not returning a couple of his letters. Vincent guessed that Mauve had learned of his new domestic relationship with the alcoholic prostitute, Clasina Maria Hoornik (born February 1850, The Hague;<ref>Callow, page 116, citing the work of Hulsker</ref> she was known as Sien) and her young daughter.<ref>Callow pages 123 - 124</ref> Van Gogh had met Sien towards the end of January.<ref>Callow page 117</ref> Sien had a five year-old daughter, and was pregnant. She had already had two other children who had died, although Vincent was unaware of this.<ref>Callow, page 116, citing the research of [[Jan Hulsker]]; the two dead children were born in 1874 and 1879.</ref> On 2 July, Sien gave birth to a baby boy, Willem.<ref>Wilkie, page 176. Forceps were used in the birth. Baby Willem was 3.42&nbsp;kg and 53&nbsp;cm at birth, suggesting conception occurred late August or early September 1881&nbsp;... see Wilkie page 201. Vincent had visited The Hague briefly 23 &ndash; 26 August where he visited [[Anton Mauve]] and viewed the [[Panorama Mesdag]]</ref> When Vincent's father discovered the details of this relationship, considerable pressure was put on Vincent<ref>Callow, page 132</ref> to abandon Sien and her children. Vincent was at first defiant in the face of his family's opposition. [[Image:Vincent Willem van Gogh 016.jpg|thumb|Vincent van Gogh: View from his atelier in The Hague, watercolour]] His uncle Cornelis, an art dealer, commissioned 20 ink drawings of the city from him; they were completed by the end of May.<ref>Letter [http://webexhibits.org/vangogh/letter/11/203.htm 203], 30 May 1882 (postcard written in English) </ref> In June Vincent spent three weeks in a hospital suffering [[gonorrhoea]].<ref>Letter [http://webexhibits.org/vangogh/letter/11/206.htm 206]8 or 9 June 1882</ref> In the summer, he began to paint in oil. In autumn 1883, after a year with Sien, he abandoned her and the two children. Vincent had thought of moving the family away from the city, but in the end he made the break.<ref>Arnold, page 38</ref> It is possible that lack of money had pushed Sien back to prostitution; the home had become a less happy one, and Vincent may have felt family life was irreconcilable with his artistic development. When Vincent left, Sien gave her daughter to her mother, and baby Willem to her brother, and moved to Delft and then Antwerp.<ref name="Wilkiepg183">Wilkie, page 183</ref> Willem remembered being taken to visit his mother in Rotterdam at around the age of 12, where his uncle tried to persuade Sien to marry in order to legitimize the child. Willem remembered his mother saying: "But I know who the father is. He was an artist I lived with nearly 20 years ago in The Hague. His name was Van Gogh." She then turned to Willem and said "You are called after him."<ref>Wilkie, page 185</ref> Willem believed himself to be Van Gogh's son, but the timing of the birth makes this unlikely.<ref>Wilkie, page 201</ref> In 1904 Sien drowned herself in the river [[Scheldt]].<ref name="Wilkiepg183"/> Van Gogh moved to the Dutch province of [[Drenthe]] in the north of the Netherlands, and in December, driven by loneliness, to stay with his parents who were by then living in [[Nuenen]], [[North Brabant]], also in the Netherlands. ===Nuenen (1883 &ndash; 1885)=== [[Image:Vincent Van Gogh - The Potato Eaters.png|thumb|left|''[[The Potato Eaters]]'' (1885)]] In [[Nuenen]], he devoted himself to drawing&mdash;paying boys to bring him birds' nests&mdash;<ref>Johannes de Looyer, Karel van Engeland, Hendricus Dekkers, and Piet van Hoorn all as old men recalled being paid 5, 10 or 50 cents per nest, depending on the type of bird. See Wilkie, pages 25-26, and Theos' son's [http://webexhibits.org/vangogh/letter/15/etc-435a.htm note]</ref> and rapidly<ref>Vincent's nephew [http://webexhibits.org/vangogh/letter/15/etc-435a.htm noted] some reminiscences of local residents in 1949, including the description of the speed of his drawing</ref> sketching the weavers in their cottages. In autumn 1884, a neighbour's daughter, Margot Begemann, ten years older than Vincent, accompanied him constantly on his painting forays and fell in love, which he reciprocated (though less enthusiastically). They agreed to marry, but were opposed by both families. Margot tried to kill herself with [[strychnine]] and Vincent rushed her to the hospital.<ref>Wilkie, page 82</ref> On [[26 March]] [[1885]], Van Gogh's father died of a stroke. Van Gogh grieved deeply. For the first time there was interest from Paris in some of his work. In spring he painted what is now considered his first major work, ''[[The Potato Eaters]]'' (Dutch ''De Aardappeleters''). In August his work was exhibited for the first time, in the windows of a paint dealer, Leurs, in The Hague. In September he was accused of making one of his young peasant sitters pregnant,<ref>the girl was Gordina de Groot, who died in 1927; she claimed the father was not Van Gogh, but a relative; see Wilkie page 26</ref> and the Catholic village priest forbade villagers from modelling for him. During his time in Nuenen Van Gogh's palette was of sombre earth tones, particularly dark brown, and he showed no sign of developing the vivid colouration that distinguishes his later, best known work. (When Vincent complained that Theo was not making enough effort to sell his paintings in Paris, Theo replied that they were too dark and not in line with the current style of bright Impressionist paintings.) During his two-year stay in Nuenen, he completed numerous drawings and watercolours, and nearly 200 oil paintings. ===Antwerp (1885 &ndash; 1886)=== [[Image:Van Gogh - Skull with a burning cigarette.jpg|thumb|left|''Skull with a Burning Cigarette '', oil on canvas, 1885.]] In November 1885 he moved to [[Antwerp]] and rented a little room above a paint dealer's shop in the Rue des Images (Lange Beeldekensstraat).<ref name=callow181>Callow, page 181</ref> He had little money and ate poorly, preferring to spend what money his brother Theo sent to him on painting materials and models. Bread, coffee, and tobacco were his staple intake. In February 1886 he wrote to Theo saying that he could only remember eating six hot meals since May of the previous year. His teeth became loose and caused him much pain.<ref name=callow184>Callow, page 184</ref> While in Antwerp he applied himself to the study of colour theory and spent time looking at work in museums, particularly the work of [[Peter Paul Rubens]], gaining encouragement to broaden his palette to [[carmine]], [[cobalt blue|cobalt]] and [[emerald green]]. He also bought some Japanese [[Ukiyo-e]] woodcuts in the docklands, which he imitated and incorporated into the background of some of his paintings.<ref name=hammacher84>Hammacher, page 84</ref> It was while he was living in Antwerp that Vincent began to drink [[absinthe]] heavily.<ref name=callow253>Callow, page 253</ref> He was treated by Dr Cavenaile whose surgery was near the docklands,<ref>Vincent's doctor was Hubertus Amadeus Cavenaile; Wilkie, pages 143-146</ref> possibly for [[syphilis]];<ref>Arnold, page 77. The evidence for syphilis is thin, coming solely from interviews with the grandson of the doctor; see Tralbaut, M. E. ''Vincent van Gogh,'' New York, The Alpine Fine Arts Collection, 1981, pages 177-178, and Wilkie, pages 143-146</ref> the treatment of alum irrigations and sitz baths was jotted down by Vincent in one of his notebooks.<ref>van der Wolk, J. ''The Seven Sketchbooks of Vincent van Gogh: a facsimile edition,'' Harry Abrams Inc, New York, 1987, pages 104-105</ref> In January 1886 he matriculated at the [[Royal Academy of Fine Arts Antwerp|Academy of Fine Arts]] in Antwerp, studying painting and drawing. Despite disagreements over his rejection of academic teaching, he nevertheless took the higher-level admission exams. For most of February he was ill, run down by overwork and a poor diet (and excessive smoking). ===Paris (1886 &ndash; 1888)=== [[Image:Paris rue lepic 54.jpg|thumb|upright|54, Rue Lepic, [[Paris]]]] In March 1886 he moved to Paris to study at [[Fernand Cormon]]'s studio, and in May 1886 his mother and sister Wil moved to [[Breda]].<ref>70 of Van Gogh's abandoned paintings were bought by a junk dealer, who burnt some and sold others at very low prices.</ref> The brothers first shared Theo's Rue Laval apartment on [[Montmartre]]. In June they took a larger flat at 54 Rue Lepic, further uphill. As there was no longer the need to communicate by letters, less is known about Van Gogh's time in Paris than earlier or later periods of his life. For some months Vincent worked at Cormon's studio where he frequented the circle of the British-Australian artist [[John Peter Russell]], and met fellow students like [[Émile Bernard]] and [[Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec]], who used to meet at the paint store run by Julien "Père" Tanguy, which was at that time the only place to view works by [[Paul Cézanne]]. [[Image:Toulouse-Lautrec de Henri Vincent van Gogh Sun.jpg|thumb|left|Vincent van Gogh, pastel drawing by Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, 1887.]] It was not difficult to see and study Impressionist works in Paris at this time. In 1886, for example, two large vanguard exhibitions were staged, the 8th and final exhibition of the Impressionists and an exhibition of the Artistes Indépendants. In these shows Neo-Impressionism made its first appearance; works of [[Georges Seurat]] and [[Paul Signac]] were the talk of the town. Though Theo, too, kept a stock of [[Impressionism|Impressionist]] paintings in his gallery on Boulevard Montmarte, by artists including [[Claude Monet]], [[Alfred Sisley]], [[Edgar Degas]] and [[Camille Pissarro]], Vincent evidently had problems acknowledging these recent ways to see and paint. Conflicts arose, and at the turn of 1886 to 1887 Theo found shared life with Vincent "almost unbearable," but in spring 1887 they made peace. Then Vincent set out for a campaign in Asnières, where he became personally acquainted with [[Paul Signac]]. Vincent and his friend Emile Bernard, who lived with parents in Asnières, adopted elements of the [[pointillism|"pointillé"]] (pointillism) style, where many small dots are applied to the canvas, resulting in an optical blend of hues, when seen from a distance. The theory behind this also stresses the value of [[complementary colour]]s<ref>[http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/cgi-bin/WebObjects.dll/CollectionPublisher.woa/wa/content?contentName=GL_Pointillism "Glossary term: Pointillism"], [[National Gallery]]. Retrieved [[13 September]] [[2007]].</ref> (for example, [[blue]] and [[orange (colour)|orange]]), which form vibrant contrasts and enhance each other, when juxtaposed.<ref>[http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/cgi-bin/WebObjects.dll/CollectionPublisher.woa/wa/content?contentName=GL_Complementary%20Colours "Glossary term: Complimentary colours"], [[National Gallery]]. Retrieved [[13 September]] [[2007]].</ref> In November 1887, Theo and Vincent met and befriended [[Paul Gauguin]], who had just arrived in Paris.<ref>D. Druick & P. Zegers, ''Van Gogh and Gauguin: The Studio of the South,'' Thames & Hudson, 2001, page 81; Gayford, work cited, page 50</ref> Towards the end of the year, Vincent arranged an exhibition of paintings by himself, Bernard, Anquetin and (probably) Toulouse-Lautrec in the ''Restaurant du Chalet'', on Montmartre. There, Bernard and Anquetin sold their first painting, and Vincent exchanged work with Gauguin, who soon departed to [[Pont-Aven]]. But the discussions on art, artists and their social situation started during this exhibition continued, and expanded to visitors of the show like Pissarro and his son, Signac and Seurat. Finally in February 1888, when Vincent felt worn out from life in Paris, he left the city, having painted over 200 paintings during his two years there. Only hours before his departure, accompanied by Theo, he paid his first and only visit to Seurat in his atelier.<ref>Letter [http://webexhibits.org/vangogh/letter/18/510.htm 510], Letter [http://webexhibits.org/vangogh/letter/18/544a.htm 544a]</ref> ===Arles (February 1888 &ndash; May 1889)=== [[Image:Vincent Willem van Gogh 128.jpg|thumb|left|''[[Sunflowers (painting)|Still Life: Vase with Twelve Sunflowers]]'', August 1888 (Neue Pinakothek, Munich).]] Van Gogh arrived on [[21 February]] [[1888]], at the railroad station in [[Arles]], crossed Place Lamartine, entered the city through the Porte de la Cavalerie, and took quarters a few steps further, at the ''Hôtel-Restaurant Carrel'', 30 Rue Cavalerie. He had ideas of founding a [[Utopia]]n art colony. His companion for two months was the Danish artist, Christian Mourier-Petersen. In March, he painted local landscapes, using a gridded "perspective frame." Three of his pictures were shown at the annual exhibition of the [[Société des Artistes Indépendants]]. In April he was visited by the American painter, [[Dodge MacKnight]], who was resident in [[Fontvieille, Bouches-du-Rhône|Fontvieille]] nearby. [[Image:Vincent Willem van Gogh 015.jpg|right|thumb|''[[The Café Terrace on the Place du Forum, Arles, at Night]]'', September 1888.]] On [[1 May]] he signed a lease for 15 francs a month to rent the four rooms in the right hand side of the "[[Yellow House (Arles)|Yellow House]]" (so called because its outside walls were yellow) at No. 2 Place Lamartine. The house was unfurnished and had been uninhabited for some time so he was not able to move in straight away. He had been staying at the Hôtel Restaurant Carrel in the Rue de la Cavalerie, just inside the medieval gate to the city, with the old Roman Arena in view. The rate charged by the hotel was 5 francs a week, which Van Gogh regarded as excessive. He disputed the price, and took the case to the local arbitrator who awarded him a twelve franc reduction on his total bill.<ref>Alfred Nemeczek, ''Van Gogh in Arles,'' Prestel Verlag, 1999, ISBN 3-7913-2230-3, pages 59 &ndash; 61.</ref> On [[7 May]] he moved out of the Hôtel Carrel, and moved into the Café de la Gare.<ref>Gayford, ''The Yellow House,'' page 16</ref> He became friends with the proprietors, Joseph and Marie Ginoux. Although the Yellow House had to be furnished before he could fully move in, Van Gogh was able to use it as a studio.<ref name=callow219>Callow, p 219</ref> His major project at this time was a series of paintings intended to form the [[The Décoration for the Yellow House|''décoration'' for the Yellow House]]. In June he visited [[Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer]]. He gave drawing lessons to a [[Zouave]] second lieutenant, [[Portrait of Paul-Eugène Milliet|Paul-Eugène Milliet]], who also became a companion. MacKnight introduced him to [[Eugène Boch]], a Belgian painter, who stayed at times in Fontvieille (they exchanged visits in July). Gauguin agreed to join him in Arles. In August he painted [[sunflower]]s; Boch visited again. On [[8 September]], upon advice from his friend the station's postal supervisor [[The Roulin Family|Joseph Roulin]], he bought two beds,<ref>Letter [http://webexhibits.org/vangogh/letter/18/534.htm 534]; Gayford, page 18</ref> and he finally spent the first night in the still sparsely furnished Yellow House on [[17 September]].<ref>Letter [http://webexhibits.org/vangogh/letter/18/537.htm 537]; Nemeczek, page 61</ref>; [[Image:red vineyards.jpg|thumb|left|''[[The Red Vineyard]]'' (November 1888), [[Pushkin Museum]], [[Moscow]]). Sold to [[Anna Boch]], 1890.]] On [[23 October]] Gauguin eventually arrived in Arles, after repeated requests from Van Gogh. During November they painted together. Uncharacteristically, Van Gogh painted some pictures from memory, deferring to Gauguin's ideas in this. Their first joint outdoor painting exercise was conducted at the picturesque [[Alyscamps]].<ref>Martin Gayford, ''The Yellow House: Van Gogh, Gauguin, and Nine Turbulent Weeks in Arles,'' Fig Tree, Penguin, 2006. ISBN 0-670-91497-5. See page 61</ref> It was in November that Van Gogh painted ''[[The Red Vineyard]]''. In December the two artists visited [[Montpellier]] and viewed works by [[Gustave Courbet|Courbet]] and [[Eugene Delacroix|Delacroix]] in the Museé Fabre. However, their relationship was deteriorating badly. They quarrelled fiercely about art. Van Gogh felt an increasing fear that Gauguin was going to desert him, and what he described as a situation of "excessive tension" reached a crisis point on [[23 December]] [[1888]], when Van Gogh stalked Gauguin with a razor and then cut off the lower part of his own left ear lobe, which he wrapped in newspaper and gave to a prostitute named Rachel in the local brothel, asking her to "keep this object carefully."<ref>According to Doiteau & Leroy, the diagonal cut removed the lobe and probably a little more.</ref> Gauguin left Arles and did not see Van Gogh again. Van Gogh was hospitalised and in a critical state for a few days. He was immediately visited by Theo (whom Gauguin had notified), as well as Madame Ginoux and frequently by Roulin. In January 1889 Van Gogh returned to the "Yellow House", but spent the following month between hospital and home, suffering from hallucinations and paranoia that he was being poisoned. In March the police closed his house, after a petition by thirty townspeople, who called him ''fou roux'' ("the redheaded madman"). Signac visited him in hospital and Van Gogh was allowed home in his company. In April he moved into rooms owned by Dr. Rey, after floods damaged paintings in his own home. On [[17 April]] Theo married Johanna Bonger in Amsterdam. ===Saint-Rémy (May 1889 &ndash; May 1890)=== [[Image:VanGogh-starry night.jpg|right|thumb|''[[The Starry Night]]'', June 1889 ([[The Museum of Modern Art]], [[New York]].]] On [[8 May]] [[1889]] Van Gogh, accompanied by a carer, the Reverend Salles, committed himself to the mental hospital of Saint-Paul-de-Mausole in a former monastery in [[Saint Rémy de Provence]], a little less than {{convert|20|mi|km}} from Arles. The monastery was a mile and a half out of the town and was in an area of cornfields, vineyards, and olive trees. The hospital was run by a former naval doctor, Dr. [[Théophile Peyron]], who had no specialist qualifications. Theo van Gogh arranged for his brother to have two small rooms, one for use as a studio, although in reality they were simply adjoining cells with barred windows.<ref name=callow246>Callow, page 246</ref> During his stay there, the clinic and its garden became his main subject. At this time some of his work was characterised by swirls, as in one of his best-known paintings, ''[[The Starry Night]]''. He took some short supervised walks, which gave rise to images of [[Cupressus|cypresses]] and [[olive]] trees, but because of the shortage of subject matter due to his limited access to the outside world, he painted interpretations of Millet's paintings, as well as his own earlier work. In September 1889 he painted two new versions of the ''[[Bedroom in Arles]]'', and in February 1890 he painted four portraits of ''[[L'Arlésienne (painting)|L'Arlésienne]] (Madame Ginoux)'', based directly on a charcoal sketch Gauguin had produced when Madame Ginoux had sat for both artists at the beginning of November 1888.<ref>One of these four portraits sold at auction in May 2006 for more than $40 million.</ref> In January 1890, his work was praised by [[Albert Aurier]] in the ''[[Mercure de France]]'', and he was called a genius. In February, invited by [[Les XX]], a society of avant-garde painters in Brussels, he participated in their [[Vincent van Gogh's display at Les XX, 1890|annual exhibition]]. When, at the opening dinner, Henry de Groux, a member of Les XX, insulted Van Gogh's works, Toulouse-Lautrec demanded satisfaction, and Signac declared, he would continue to fight for Van Gogh's honour, if Lautrec should be surrendered. Later, when Van Gogh's exhibit was on display with the Artistes Indépendants in Paris, Monet said that his work was the best in the show.<ref>John Rewald, ''Post-Impressionism'', revised edition: Secker & Warburg, London England. 1978, p. 346-347 and 348-350</ref> ===Auvers-sur-Oise (May &ndash; July 1890)=== [[Image:Portrait of Dr. Gachet.jpg|thumb|''[[Portrait of Dr. Gachet]]'' was sold for 82.5 million US dollars, current whereabouts unknown]] In May 1890, Van Gogh left the clinic and went to the physician Dr. [[Paul Gachet]], in [[Auvers-sur-Oise]] near Paris, where he was closer to his brother Theo. Dr. Gachet had been recommended to him by Pissarro, as he had previously treated several artists and was an amateur artist himself. Van Gogh's first impression was that Gachet was "sicker than I am, I think, or shall we say just as much."<ref>Letter [http://webexhibits.org/vangogh/letter/21/648.htm 648]</ref> Later Van Gogh did two portraits of Gachet in oils, as well as a third&mdash;his only etching, and in all three emphasis is on Gachet's melancholic disposition. In his last weeks at Saint-Rémy Van Gogh's thoughts had been returning to his "memories of the North",<ref>[http://webexhibits.org/vangogh/letter/20/629.htm Letter 629] 30 April 1890</ref> and several of the approximately 70 oils he painted during his 70 days in Auvers-sur-Oise&mdash;such as ''[[The Church at Auvers]]''&mdash;are reminiscent of northern scenes. [[Image:Van Goghs Final View - Window by Attic Room Deathbed.jpg|thumb|left|Probably van Gogh's final view of the outside world (looking through a window at the Auberge Ravoux)]] ''[[Wheat Field with Crows]]''&mdash;an example of the unusual [[Double-squares and Squares|double square]] canvas-size he used in the last weeks of his life&mdash;with its turbulent intensity is often, but mistakenly, thought to be Van Gogh's last work ([[Jan Hulsker]] lists seven paintings after it<ref>Hulsker, J: 'The Complete Van Gogh'' Phaidon, Oxford, 1980 ISBN 0714820288. pages 480&ndash;483. ''Wheat Field with Crows'' is work number 2117 of 2125</ref>). ''[[:commons:Image:Vincent Willem van Gogh 021.jpg|Daubigny's Garden]]'' is a more likely candidate. There are also seemingly unfinished paintings, such as ''[[Thatched Cottages by a Hill]].'' [[Image:Auberge ravoux auvers-sur-oise.jpg|thumb|L’''Auberge Ravoux'', in Auvers-sur-Oise, where Vincent Van Gogh spent his final months and where he died. It is now a restaurant.]] Van Gogh's [[clinical depression|depression]] deepened, and on [[27 July]] [[1890]], at the age of 37, he walked into the fields and shot himself in the chest with a [[revolver]]. Without realizing that he was fatally wounded he returned to the [[Portrait of Adeline Ravoux|Ravoux]] Inn where he died in his bed two days later. Theo hastened to be at his side and reported his last words as "''La tristesse durera toujours''" ([[French language|French]] for "the sadness will last forever"). Vincent was buried at the cemetery of [[Auvers-sur-Oise]].<ref>{{cite web | title =Vincent van Gogh study guide | work =sparknotes.com | date =2006 | url =http://www.sparknotes.com/biography/vangogh/section9.rhtml | accessdate =2007-03-25}}</ref> Theo had contracted syphilis&mdash;though this was not admitted by the family for many years&mdash;and not long after Vincent's death, was himself admitted to hospital. He was not able to come to terms with the grief of his brother's absence, and died six months later on [[25 January]] at [[Utrecht (city)|Utrecht]]. In 1914 Theo's body was exhumed and re-buried beside Vincent. {{-}} ==Medical records== [[Image:Grave of Vincent van Gogh.jpg|thumb|left|Vincent and Theo van Gogh's graves at the cemetery of [[Auvers-sur-Oise]].]] {{main|Vincent van Gogh's medical condition}} Van Gogh cut off<ref>an alternative theory proposed by Dr Rita Wildegans, in an essay '' Van Goghs Ohr Ein Corpusculum als Corpus Delicti'' which appears in ''Curiosa Poliphili. Festgabe für Horst Bredekamp.'' Leipzig 2007, is that Gauguin may have damaged Van Gogh's ear in a fight. See [http://www.wildegans.de/vangogh/ the article] (in German) on Dr Wildegan's website.</ref> the lobe of his left ear during some sort of seizure on [[24 December]] [[1888]].<ref>{{cite web | last =DIEUMO | first =J.B. | title =Homage To Vincent Van Gogh (1853-1890) | work =vangoghpromo.co | publisher =[[Studio-web]] | date =2006 | url =http://www.vangoghpromo.com/en/vincent/homage/index.html | accessdate =2007-03-25 }}</ref> Mental problems afflicted him, particularly in the last few years of his life. During some of these periods he did not paint or was not allowed to. There has been much debate over the years as to the source of Van Gogh's mental illness and its effect on his work. Over 150 psychiatrists have attempted to label his illness, and some 30 different diagnoses have been suggested.<ref name="Blumer">Blumer, Dietrich (2002)[http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/159/4/519 "The Illness of Vincent van Gogh"] ''American Journal of Psychiatry''</ref> Diagnoses which have been put forward include [[schizophrenia]], [[bipolar disorder]], syphilis, poisoning from swallowed paints, [[temporal lobe epilepsy]] and [[acute intermittent porphyria]]. Any of these could have been the culprit and been aggravated by malnutrition, overwork, insomnia, and a fondness for alcohol, and [[absinthe]] in particular. [[Image:Van Gogh - Still Life with Absinthe.jpg|thumb|''Still Life with Absinthe'' (1887)]] Medical theories have even been proposed to explain Van Gogh's use of the colour yellow. One theory holds that Van Gogh's colour vision might have been affected by his love of [[absinthe]], a liquor that contains a neurotoxin called [[thujone]]. High doses of thujone can cause [[xanthopsia]]: seeing objects in yellow. However, a 1991 study indicated that an absinthe drinker would become unconscious from the alcohol content long before consuming enough [[thujone]] to develop yellow vision. Another theory suggests that Dr. Gachet might have prescribed [[digitalis]] to Van Gogh as a treatment for epilepsy. There is no direct evidence that he ever took digitalis, but he did paint Gachet with some cut flower stalks of [[Common Foxglove]], the plant from which the drug is derived. Those who take large doses of digitalis often report yellow-tinted vision or yellow spots surrounded by coronas (like those in the ''The Starry Night'') and changes in overall colour perception.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Wolf | first = Paul | title = Creativity and chronic disease Vincent van Gogh (1853-1890) | journal = Western Journal of Medicine | volume = 175 | issue = 5 | pages = 348 | date = November 2001 | url = http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1071623 | accessdate = 2006-10-07 | doi = 10.1136/ewjm.175.5.348 | pmid = 11694494}}</ref> A recently proposed illness is [[lead poisoning]]. The paints he used were lead-based, and one of the symptoms of lead poisoning results in a swelling of the retina, which may have led to the halo effect seen in many of Van Gogh's later works.<ref name="King">Ross King. ''The Judgment of Paris: The Revolutionary Decade that Gave the World Impressionism''. New York: Waller & Company, 2006 ISBN 0-8027-1466-8. See page 61.</ref> It has been suggested that Van Gogh suffered from the brain disorder, [[Hypergraphia]]. The disorder causes a near constant overwhelming urge to write and is associated with epilepsy or mania.<ref name="Hypermania">{{cite web |url=http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2004/01.29/01-creativity.html |author=William J. Cromie |title=The brains behind writer's block |publisher= Harvard Gazette |date=2004-01-29}}</ref> ==Work== Van Gogh drew and painted water-colours while he went to school, though very few of these works survive, and his authorship is challenged for many claimed to be from this period. When he committed himself to art as an adult (1880), he started at the elementary level by copying the "Cours de dessin," edited by [[Charles Bargue]] and published by [[Goupil & Cie]]. Within his first two years he began to seek commissions, and in spring 1882, his uncle, Cornelis Marinus (owner of a renowned gallery of contemporary art in Amsterdam) asked him to provide drawings of the Hague; Van Gogh's work did not prove up to his uncle's expectations. Despite this, Uncle Cor (or "C.M. " as he was referred to by his nephews) offered a second commission, specifying the subject matter in detail, but he was once again disappointed with the result. Nevertheless, Van Gogh persevered with his work. He improved the lighting of his atelier (studio) by installing variable shutters, and experimented with a variety of drawing materials. For more than a year he worked hard on single figures&mdash;highly elaborated studies in "black and white," which at the time gained him only criticism. Nowadays they are appreciated as his first masterpieces. In spring 1883, he embarked on multi-figure compositions, based on the drawings. He had some of them photographed, but when his brother commented that they lacked liveliness and freshness, Vincent destroyed them and turned to oil painting. Already in autumn 1882, Theo had enabled him to do his first paintings, but the amount Theo could supply was soon spent. Then, in spring 1883, Vincent turned to renowned [[Hague School]] artists like [[Johan Hendrik Weissenbruch|Weissenbruch]] and [[Bernard Blommers|Blommers]], and received technical support from them, as well as from painters like [[Théophile de Bock|De Bock]] and [[Herman Johannes van der Weele|Van der Weele]], both Hague School artists of the second generation. When he moved to Nuenen, after the intermezzo in Drenthe, he started various large size paintings, but he destroyed most of them himself. ''[[The Potato Eaters]]'' and its companion pieces, ''The Old Tower'' on the Nuenen cemetery and ''The Cottage,'' are the only ones that have survived. After a visit to the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam, Vincent was aware that many faults of his paintings were due to a lack of technical experience. So he went to Antwerp, and later to Paris to improve his technical skill. [[Image:Whitehousenight.jpg|thumb|This piece from the [[Hermitage Museum]] was painted six weeks before the artist's death, at around eight o'clock on 16 June 1890, as astronomers determined by [[Venus]]'s position in the painting.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/world/europe/1209192.stm Star dates Van Gogh canvas] 8 March, 2001</ref>]] More or less acquainted with impressionist and neo-impressionist techniques and theories, Van Gogh went to Arles to develop these new possibilities. But within a short time, older ideas on art and work reappeared: ideas like doing series on related or contrasting subject matter, which would reflect the purpose of art. Already in 1884 in Nuenen he had worked on a series that was to decorate the dining room of a friend in Eindhoven. Similarly in Arles, in spring 1888 he arranged his ''[[Flowering Orchards]]'' into triptychs, began a ''series of figures'' which found its end in ''[[The Roulin Family]]'', and finally, when Gauguin had consented to work and live in Arles side by side with Vincent, he started to work on the ''[[The Décoration for the Yellow House]]'', probably the most ambitious effort he ever undertook. Most of his later work is elaborating or revising its fundamental settings. The paintings from the Saint-Rémy period are often characterized by swirls and spirals. The patterns of luminosity in these images have been shown<ref>[http://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0606246 'Kolmogorov scaling in impassioned van Gogh paintings'] by J. L. Aragón, Gerardo G. Naumis, M. Bai, M. Torres, P.K. Maini; 28 June 2006</ref> to conform to [[Andrey Kolmogorov|Kolmogorov's]] statistical model of [[turbulence]]. At various times in his life Van Gogh painted the view from his window; this culminated in the great series of paintings of [[The Wheat Field|the wheat field]] he could see from his adjoining cells in the asylum at Saint-Rémy. ==Legacy== ;Posthumous fame {{main|Posthumous fame of Vincent van Gogh}} Since his first exhibits in the late 1880s, Van Gogh's fame grew steadily, among his colleagues and among art critics, dealers and collectors. After his death, memorial exhibitions were mounted in Brussels, Paris, The Hague and Antwerp. In the early 20th century, the exhibitions were followed by vast retrospectives in Paris (1901 and 1905), Amsterdam (1905), [[Cologne]] (1912), [[New York City]] (1913) and [[Berlin]] (1914). These prompted a noticeable impact over a new generation of artists. ;Influence on art The French [[Fauvism|Fauves]], including [[Henri Matisse]], extended both his use of colour and freedom in applying it, as did German Expressionists in the [[Die Brücke]] group. The 1950s' [[Abstract Expressionism]] is seen as benefiting from the exploration Van Gogh started with gestural marks. In 1957, Anglo-Irish artist [[Francis Bacon (painter)|Francis Bacon]] based several paintings on reproductions of Van Gogh's ''The Painter on his Way to Work'' (which had been destroyed during [[World War II]]). ;Cultural depictions {{main|Cultural depictions of Vincent van Gogh}} He has been the subject or inspiration for a number of different works, including films, and classical and popular music, including [[Don McLean]]'s 1971 ballad "[[Vincent (song)|Vincent]]", also known by its opening words, "Starry Starry Night," which refer to the painting ''[[The Starry Night]]''. ==Gallery== <gallery> Image:Van Gogh the blooming plumtree (after Hiroshige), 1887.jpg|''The Blooming Plumtree (after [[Hiroshige]]),'' (1887) Image:Van Gogh - Portrait of Pere Tanguy 1887-8.JPG|''Portrait of Père Tanguy,'' (1887) Image:Vincent Van Gogh 0021.jpg|''Cherry Tree,'' (1888) Image:Vincent van Gogh (1853-1890) - The Old Mill (1888).jpg|''The Old Mill,'' (1888) Image:Vincent Van Gogh 0019.jpg|''The Harvest,'' Arles, (1888) Image:Vincent Van Gogh 0014.jpg|''Bridge at Arles,'' (1888) Image:VanGogh-View of Arles with Irises.jpg|''View of Arles with Irises,'' (1888) Image:Vincent Van Gogh 0015.jpg|''The Rhônebarken,'' (1888) Image:Starry_Night_Over_the_Rhone.jpg|''[[Starry Night Over the Rhone]],'' (1888) Image:Vincent Willem van Gogh 089.jpg|''Joseph Roulin, (the Postmaster),'' (1888) Image:Vincent Willem van Gogh 076.jpg|[[The Night Café]], (1888), [[Yale]] Image:VanGogh Bedroom Arles1.jpg|[[Bedroom in Arles]], (1888), [[Van Gogh Museum]] Image:Vincent Van Gogh 0016.jpg|''Cypresses,'' (1889) Image:Vincent Van Gogh 0020.jpg|''Cornfield with Cypresses,'' (1889) Image:Vincent Van Gogh 0018.jpg|''View of Arles (Flowering Orchards),'' (1889) Image:Vincent van Gogh (1853-1890) - The Olive Trees (1889).jpg|''The Olive Trees,'' (1889) Image:Vincent Van Gogh 0012.jpg|''Entrance of the Hospital,'' Saint-Remy, (1889) Image:VincentVanGoghDieArlesierin1890.jpg|''L'Arlesienne: (Madame Ginoux),'' (1890) Image:Vincent Willem van Gogh 037.jpg|''The Round of the Prisoners,'' (1890) Image:Vincent van Gogh (1853-1890) - Wheat Field with Crows (1890).jpg|''[[Wheat Field with Crows]],'' (1890) </gallery> ==Sources== <div class="references-small"> * Beaujean, Dieter. ''Vincent van Gogh: Life and Work'', Könemann 1999, ISBN 3-8290-2938-1 * Bernard, Bruce (ed.), ''Vincent by Himself. London: Time Warner, 2004. * <sup>†</sup>Callow, Philip. ''Vincent Van Gogh: A Life'', Ivan R. Dee, 1990, ISBN 1-56663-134-3 * Erickson, Kathleen Powers. ''At Eternity's Gate: The Spiritual Vision of Vincent van Gogh'', 1998, ISBN 0-8028-4978-4 * <sup>†</sup>Gayford, Martin. ''The Yellow House: Van Gogh, Gauguin, and Nine Turbulent Weeks in Arles'', Fig Tree, Penguin, 2006, ISBN 0-670-91497-5 * Hammacher, A.M. ''Vincent van Gogh: Genius and Disaster'', Harry N. Abrams, Incorporated, New York, 1985, ISBN 0-8109-8067-3 * van Heugten, Sjraar ''Van Gogh The Master Draughtsman'', Thames and Hudson, 2005 ISBN 978-0-500-23825-7 * Hulsker, Jan. ''Vincent and Theo van Gogh, a dual biography'', Fuller Publications, Ann Arbor, 1990, ISBN 0-940537-05-2 * Rewald, John. ''Post-Impressionism: From van Gogh to Gauguin'', revised edition, Secker & Warburg 1978, ISBN 0-436-41151-2 * Walther, Ingo F., and Metzger, Rainer. ''Van Gogh: the Complete Paintings'', Benedikt Taschen 1997, ISBN 3-8228-8265-8 * <sup>†</sup>Wilkie, Ken. ''The Van Gogh Assignment'', Paddington Press, 1978; republished: ''The Van Gogh File. A Journey of Discovery'', Souvenir Press, 1990, ISBN 0-285-62965-4 * <sup>†</sup>Wilkie, Ken. ''In Search of Van Gogh,'' 1991, ISBN 1-55958-101-8 (not valid?) * Grossvogel, David I. "Behind the Van Gogh Forgeries: A Memoir by David I. Grossvogel" Authors Choice Press (March 2001), ISBN 0595177174 :<sub>† Tertiary sources, with little or no reference to sources</sub> </div> ==Notes== {{reflist|2}} ==External links== {{Commons|Vincent van Gogh}} {{wikiquote}} {{wikisource author}} *[http://www.vggallery.com/ Vincent van Gogh Gallery]. The complete works and letters of Vincent van Gogh. *[http://webexhibits.org/vangogh/ Van Gogh's Letters], unabridged and annotated. *[http://www.vangoghmuseum.nl/ Van Gogh Museum], Amsterdam, The Netherlands. *[http://www.nga.gov/exhibitions/vgwel.shtm Van Gogh at the National Gallery of Art], Washington D.C., United States. *[http://pagesperso-orange.fr/crampman/album_cris/auvers_1.html Photographs of locations in Auvers-sur-Oise] painted by Van Gogh. *[http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0PAL/is_523_162/ai_n15880259 'Drama at Arles new light on Van Gogh's self-mutilation'] from Apollo, September 2005 by Martin Bailey. *''[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/28/arts/design/28vinc.html Painted with Words: Vincent van Gogh's Letters to Emile Bernard]'', New York Times, September 9, 2007 *{{worldcat id|id=lccn-n79-22935}} *[http://portlandartmuseum.org/asp/templates/collection_object_page.asp?collectionID=10&imageID=203 Van Gogh at Portland Art Museum], Portland, Oregon, U.S.A. {{Vincent van Gogh}} {{Post-Impressionism}} <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] --> {{Persondata |NAME=Van Gogh, Vincent |ALTERNATIVE NAMES= |SHORT DESCRIPTION=Painter |DATE OF BIRTH=[[30 March]], [[1853]] |PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Zundert|Groot-Zundert]], [[Netherlands]] |DATE OF DEATH=[[July 29]], [[1890]] |PLACE OF DEATH=[[Auvers-sur-Oise]], [[France]] }} {{BD|1853|1890|Gogh, Vincent van}} [[Category:Vincent van Gogh|Vincent van Gogh]] [[Category:Post-impressionist painters]] [[Category:Dutch painters]] [[Category:Flower artists]] [[Category:Suicides by firearm]] [[Category:Artists who committed suicide]] [[Category:Deaths by firearm in France]] [[Category:People from North Brabant]] [[Category:Suicides in France]] {{Link FA|vi}} [[af:Vincent van Gogh]] [[ar:فينسنت فان غوخ]] [[az:Vinsent van Qoq]] [[bn:ভিনসেন্ট ভ্যান গখ]] [[zh-min-nan:Vincent van Gogh]] [[be:Вінцэнт ван Гог]] [[bs:Vincent van Gogh]] [[br:Vincent van Gogh]] [[bg:Винсент ван Гог]] [[ca:Vincent van Gogh]] [[cs:Vincent van Gogh]] [[cy:Vincent van Gogh]] [[da:Vincent van Gogh]] [[de:Vincent van Gogh]] [[et:Vincent van Gogh]] [[el:Βίνσεντ βαν Γκογκ]] [[eml:Vincent van Gogh]] [[es:Vincent van Gogh]] [[eo:Vincent van Gogh]] [[ext:Vincent Van Gogh]] [[eu:Vincent van Gogh]] [[fa:ونسان ونگوگ]] [[fr:Vincent van Gogh]] [[fy:Vincent van Gogh]] [[ga:Vincent van Gogh]] [[gd:Vincent van Gogh]] [[gl:Vincent van Gogh]] [[ko:빈센트 반 고흐]] [[hy:Վինսենթ վան Գոգ]] [[hr:Vincent van Gogh]] [[io:Vincent van Gogh]] [[bpy:ভিনসেন্ট ভ্যান গগ]] [[id:Vincent van Gogh]] [[is:Vincent van Gogh]] [[it:Vincent van Gogh]] [[he:וינסנט ואן גוך]] [[jv:Vincent van Gogh]] [[ka:ვინსენტ ვან გოგი]] [[sw:Vincent van Gogh]] [[ku:Vincent van Gogh]] [[lad:Vincent van Gogh]] [[la:Vincentius van Gogh]] [[lv:Vinsents van Gogs]] [[lb:Vincent van Gogh]] [[lt:Vincent van Gogh]] [[li:Vincent van Gogh]] [[hu:Vincent van Gogh]] [[mk:Винсент ван Гог]] [[ml:വിന്‍സന്റ് വാന്‍‌ഗോഗ്]] [[mi:Vincent van Gogh]] [[mr:फिन्सेंत फां गोघ]] [[nl:Vincent van Gogh]] [[nds-nl:Vincent van Gogh]] [[ja:フィンセント・ファン・ゴッホ]] [[no:Vincent van Gogh]] [[nn:Vincent van Gogh]] [[oc:Vincent van Gogh]] [[uz:Vincent van Gogh]] [[pag:Vincent van Gogh]] [[nds:Vincent van Gogh]] [[pl:Vincent van Gogh]] [[pt:Vincent van Gogh]] [[ro:Vincent Van Gogh]] [[qu:Vincent van Gogh]] [[ru:Гог, Винсент ван]] [[sc:Vincent Van Gogh]] [[sco:Vincent van Gogh]] [[sq:Vincent van Gogh]] [[scn:Vincent van Gogh]] [[simple:Vincent van Gogh]] [[sk:Vincent van Gogh]] [[sl:Vincent van Gogh]] [[sr:Винсент ван Гог]] [[sh:Vincent van Gogh]] [[fi:Vincent van Gogh]] [[sv:Vincent van Gogh]] [[tl:Vincent van Gogh]] [[th:ฟินเซนต์ ฟาน ก็อกฮ์]] [[vi:Vincent van Gogh]] [[tr:Vincent van Gogh]] [[uk:Ван Гог Вінсент]] [[vo:Vincent van Gogh]] [[fiu-vro:Van Goghi Vincent]] [[wa:Vincent van Gogh]] [[yi:ווינצענט וואן גאך]] [[zh-yue:梵高]] [[bat-smg:Vincents van Gogs]] [[zh:文森特·梵高]]