Vireo 260857 224148092 2008-07-07T15:15:04Z Sandhillcrane 3386197 {{Taxobox | name = Vireos | image = BellsvireoF1.jpg | image_caption = Bell's Vireo | regnum = [[Animal]]ia | phylum = [[chordate|Chordata]] | classis = [[bird|Aves]] | ordo = [[passerine|Passeriformes]] | subordo = [[Passeri]] | familia = '''Vireonidae''' | familia_authority = [[William Swainson|Swainson]], 1837 | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision = *'' [[Vireo (genus)|Vireo]]'' *'' [[Hylophilus]] '' *'' [[Vireolanius]] '' *'' [[Cyclarhis]]'' }} :''For the record label, see [[Vireo Records]]'' The '''vireos''' are a group of small to medium-sized [[passerine]] [[bird]]s restricted to the [[New World]]. They are typically dull-plumaged and greenish in color, the smaller species resembling [[New World warbler|wood warblers]] apart from their heavier bills. They range in size from the [[Choco Vireo]], [[Dwarf Vireo]] and [[Lesser Greenlet]], all at around 10 centimeters and 8 grams, to the [[peppershrike]]s and [[shrike-vireo]]s at up to 17 centimeters and 40 grams (Forshaw & Parkes 1991). ==Systematics== The four [[Genus |genera]] of these birds make up the [[Family (biology) |family]] Vireonidae, and are believed to be related to the crow-like birds in family [[Corvidae]] and the shrikes in family [[Laniidae]]. Recent biochemical studies have identified two [[babbler]] genera (''[[Pteruthius]]'' and ''[[Erpornis]]'') which may be [[Old World]] members of this family (Reddy & Cracraft 2007). Observers have commented on the vireo-like behaviour of the ''Pteruthius'' shrike-babblers, but apparently no-one suspected the biogeographically unlikely possibility of vireo relatives in Asia. The family can be conveniently categorised by genus as the true vireos, the greenlets, the shrike-vireos and the peppershrikes. ==Feeding== All members of the family eat some fruit but mostly [[insect]]s and other [[arthropod]]s. They take prey from leaves and branches; true vireos also [[hawking (birds)|flycatch]], and the [[Gray Vireo]] takes 5 percent of its prey from the ground (Salaman & Barlow 2003). ==Range and territorial behavior== Most species are found in [[Middle America (Americas)|Middle America]] and northern [[South America]]. Thirteen species of true vireos occur farther north, in the [[United States]] and [[Canada]]; of these all but [[Hutton's Vireo]] are [[bird migration|migratory]]. Members of the family seldom fly long distances except in migration (Salaman & Barlow 2003). They inhabit forest environments, with different species preferring forest canopies, undergrowth, or [[mangrove]] swamps (Forshaw & Parkes 1991). The resident species occur in pairs or family groups that maintain territories all year (except Hutton's Vireo, which joins [[mixed-species feeding flock|mixed feeding flocks]]). Most of the migrants defend winter territories against conspecifics. The exceptions are the complex comprising the [[Red-eyed Vireo]], the [[Yellow-green Vireo]], the [[Black-whiskered Vireo]], and the [[Yucatan Vireo]],<!--if I understand Salaman and Barlow correctly--> which winter in small wandering flocks (Salaman & Barlow 2003). ==Voice and breeding== [[Image:(Cyclarhis gujanensis).jpg|thumb|The song of the [[Rufous-browed Peppershrike]] is described as a whistled phrase with the rhythm {{audio |Cyclarhis_gujanensis1.ogg|''Do you wash every week?''}}]] Males of most species are persistent singers. Songs are usually rather simple, monotonous in some species of the [[Caribbean]] littoral and islands, and most elaborate and pleasant to human ears in the [[Chocó Vireo]] and the peppershrikes (Salaman & Barlow 2003). The nests of many tropical species are unknown. Of those that are known, all build a cup-shaped nest that hangs from branches. The female does most of the incubation, spelled by the male except in the Red-eyed Vireo complex (Salaman & Barlow 2003). == Species == * '''Genus ''Vireo''''', the true vireos (the name is Latin for "I am green") ** [[Black-whiskered Vireo]], ''Vireo altiloquus'' ** [[Black-capped Vireo]], ''Vireo atricapillus'' ** [[Cozumel Vireo]], ''Vireo bairdi'' ** [[Bell's Vireo]], ''Vireo bellii'' ** [[Slaty Vireo]], ''Vireo brevipennis'' ** [[St. Andrew Vireo]], ''Vireo caribaeus'' ** [[Yellow-winged Vireo]], ''Vireo carmioli'' ** [[Cassin's Vireo]], ''Vireo cassinii'' ** [[Thick-billed Vireo]], ''Vireo crassirostris'' ** [[Yellow-throated Vireo]], ''Vireo flavifrons'' ** [[Yellow-green Vireo]], ''Vireo flavoviridis'' ** [[Warbling Vireo]], ''Vireo gilvus'' ** [[Noronha Vireo]], ''Vireo gracilirostris'' ** [[White-eyed Vireo]], ''Vireo griseus'' ** [[Cuban Vireo]], ''Vireo gundlachii'' ** [[Hutton's Vireo]], ''Vireo huttoni'' ** [[Golden Vireo]], ''Vireo hypochryseus'' ** [[Puerto Rican Vireo]], ''Vireo latimeri'' ** [[Brown-capped Vireo]], ''Vireo leucophrys'' ** [[Yucatan Vireo]], ''Vireo magister'' ** [[Choco Vireo]], ''Vireo masteri'' ** [[Jamaican Vireo]], ''Vireo modestus'' ** [[Flat-billed Vireo]], ''Vireo nanus'' ** [[Dwarf Vireo]], ''Vireo nelsoni'' ** [[Red-eyed Vireo]], ''Vireo olivaceus'' ** [[Blue Mountain Vireo]], ''Vireo osburni'' ** [[Mangrove Vireo]], ''Vireo pallens'' ** [[Philadelphia Vireo]], ''Vireo philadelphicus'' ** [[Plumbeous Vireo]], ''Vireo plumbeus'' ** [[Blue-headed Vireo]], ''Vireo solitarius'' ** [[Gray Vireo]], ''Vireo vicinior'' * '''Genus ''[[Hylophilus]]''''', the greenlets ** [[Gray-eyed Greenlet]], ''Hylophilus amaurocephalus'' ** [[Golden-fronted Greenlet]], ''Hylophilus aurantiifrons'' ** [[Brown-headed Greenlet]], ''Hylophilus brunneiceps'' ** [[Lesser Greenlet]], ''Hylophilus decurtatus'' ** [[Scrub Greenlet]], ''Hylophilus flavipes'' ** [[Dusky-capped Greenlet]], ''Hylophilus hypoxanthus'' ** [[Buff-cheeked Greenlet]], ''Hylophilus muscicapinus'' ** [[Tawny-crowned Greenlet]], ''Hylophilus ochraceiceps'' ** [[Olivaceous Greenlet]], ''Hylophilus olivaceus'' ** [[Ashy-headed Greenlet]], ''Hylophilus pectoralis'' ** [[Rufous-crowned Greenlet]], ''Hylophilus poicilotis'' ** [[Tepui Greenlet]], ''Hylophilus sclateri'' ** [[Rufous-naped Greenlet]], ''Hylophilus semibrunneus'' ** [[Gray-chested Greenlet]], ''Hylophilus semicinereus'' ** [[Lemon-chested Greenlet]], ''Hylophilus thoracicus'' * '''Genus ''[[Vireolanius]]''''', the [[shrike-vireo]]s ** [[Yellow-browed Shrike-vireo]], ''Vireolanius eximius'' ** [[Slaty-capped Shrike-vireo]], ''Vireolanius leucotis'' ** [[Chestnut-sided Shrike-vireo]], ''Vireolanius melitophrys'' ** [[Green Shrike-vireo]], ''Vireolanius pulchellus'' * '''Genus ''[[Cyclarhis]]''''', the [[peppershrike]]s ** [[Rufous-browed Peppershrike]], ''Cyclarhis gujanensis'' ** [[Black-billed Peppershrike]] ''Cyclarhis nigrirostris'' ===Possible candidates for relocation to this family=== * '''Genus ''[[Erpornis]]''''' - see (Barker ''et al.'' 2004) ** [[White-bellied Erpornis]] or White-bellied "Yuhina", ''Erpornis zantholeuca'' - formerly in ''Yuhina'' (Cibois ''et al.'' 2002) * '''Genus ''[[Pteruthius]]''''' - [[shrike-babbler]]s - see (Reddy & Cracraft, in press) ** [[Chestnut-fronted Shrike-babbler]], ''Pteruthius aenobarbus'' ** [[White-browed Shrike-babbler]], ''Pteruthius flaviscapis'' ** [[Black-eared Shrike-babbler]], ''Pteruthius melanotis'' ** [[Black-headed Shrike-babbler]], ''Pteruthius rufiventer'' ** [[Green Shrike-babbler]], ''Pteruthius xanthochlorus'' ==References== * '''Barker''', F. Keith; Cibois, Alice; Schikler, Peter A.; Feinstein, Julie & Cracraft, Joel (2004): Phylogeny and diversification of the largest avian radiation. ''[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|PNAS]]'' '''101'''(30): 11040-11045. <small>{{doi|10.1073/pnas.0401892101}}</small> [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/0401892101v1.pdf PDF fulltext] [http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/0401892101/DC1 Supporting information] * '''Collar''', N. J. & Robson, C. 2007. Family Timaliidae (Babblers) Pp. 70–291 in; del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. & Christie, D.A. eds. ''[[Handbook of the Birds of the World]]'', Vol. 12. Picathartes to Tits and Chickadees. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. *'''Forshaw''', Joseph & '''Parkes''', Kenneth C. 1991. ''Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds,'' p. 209. Merehurst Press, London. ISBN 1-85391-186-0}} * '''Reddy''', Sushma & '''Cracraft''', Joel (2007): Old World Shrike-babblers (''Pteruthius'') belong with New World Vireos (Vireonidae). ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'', '''44''' (3): 1352–1357. <small>{{doi|10.1016/j.ympev.2007.02.023}}</small> (HTML abstract) * '''Salaman''', Paul & Barlow, Jon C. 2003. Vireos. Pp. 478–479 in; [[Chris Perrins|Perrins, C.]] ed. ''The Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds''. Firefly Books, Oxford. ISBN 1-55297-777-3. ==External links==<!-- Bird Conservation International (2007) 17:45–61. doi: 10.1017/S0959270906000554 --> *[http://ibc.hbw.com/ibc/phtml/familia.phtml?idFamilia=194 Vireo videos] on the Internet Bird Collection [[Category:Vireonidae|*]] [[Category:Vireo| ]] [[Category:Bird families]] [[de:Vireos]] [[es:Vireonidae]] [[fr:Vireonidae]] [[lt:Vireoniniai]] [[hu:Lombgébicsfélék]] [[nl:Vireo's]] [[ja:モズモドキ科 (Sibley)]] [[pl:Wireonkowate]] [[pt:Vireonidae]] [[ru:Виреоновые]] [[fi:Vireot]]