Viscus 67059 224761750 2008-07-10T08:53:57Z Manuel Trujillo Berges 6633100 + .an {{distinguish|viscous}} {{Redirect|Viscera}} In [[anatomy]], a '''viscus''' ({{IPAEng|ˈvɪskəs}}) ([[plural]]: ''viscera'' {{IPA|/ˈvɪsərə/}}) is an internal [[organ (anatomy)|organ]] of an animal (including humans), in particular an internal organ of the [[thorax]] or [[abdomen]]. The viscera, when removed from a butchered animal, are known collectively as [[offal]]. Internal organs are also known as "innards", or less formally, "guts" (which may also refer to the [[gastrointestinal tract]]). The adjective ''visceral'' is used for anything pertaining to the internal organs. Historically, viscera of animals were examined by [[Rome|Roman]] pagan [[priest]]s like the [[haruspices]] or the [[augur]]s in order to divine the future by their shape, dimensions or other factors. ==Human viscera== :''Further information: [[Internal_organs#Organs_of_the_human_body_by_region|Organs of the human body by region]]'' ===Abdomen=== * [[peritoneum]] * [[stomach]] * [[duodenum]] * [[intestine]] * [[Colon (anatomy)|colon]] * [[liver]] * [[spleen]] * [[pancreas]] * [[kidney]] * [[adrenal gland]] * [[vermiform appendix|appendix]] * [[gall bladder]] ===Pelvis and perineum=== * [[pelvis]] * [[coccyx]] * [[ovaries]] * [[Fallopian tube]] * [[uterus]] * [[vulva]] * [[clitoris]] * [[perineum]] * [[urinary bladder]] * [[testicles]] * [[rectum]] ===Innervation=== [[Image:Gray839.png|thumb|right|300px|[[Autonomic nervous system]], showing [[splanchnic nerve]]s in middle, and the vagus nerve as "X" in blue. The heart and organs below in list to right are regarded as viscera.]] The [[viscera]] are mainly innervated [[parasympathetic]]ally by the [[vagus nerve]] and [[sympathetic nervous system|sympathetic]]ally by the [[splanchnic nerve]]s. The sensory part of the latter reaches the [[spinal column]] at certain [[spinal segment]]s. Pain in any viscera is perceived as [[referred pain]], more specifically pain from the [[dermatome (anatomy)]] corresponding to the spinal segment.<ref name=Moore199> Essential Clinical Anatomy. K.L. Moore & A.M. Agur. Lippincott, 2 ed. 2002. Page 199 </ref> {| class="wikitable" ! Viscus !! Nerves <ref name=Moore199unless> Unless else specified in boxes, then ref is: Essential Clinical Anatomy. K.L. Moore & A.M. Agur. Lippincott, 2 ed. 2002. Page 199 </ref> !! Origo in [[spinal column]]<ref name=Moore199unless/> |- ! [[stomach]] | * [[anterior vagal trunk|anterior]] and [[posterior vagal trunk]]s * [[greater splanchnic nerve]]s | [[thoracic spinal nerve 6|T6]], [[thoracic spinal nerve 7|T7]], [[thoracic spinal nerve 8|T8]], [[thoracic spinal nerve 9|T9]] and, sometimes, [[thoracic spinal nerve 10|T10]] |- ! [[Duodenum]] | * [[vagus nerve]]s * [[greater splanchnic nerve]]s | [[thoracic spinal nerve 5|T5]], [[thoracic spinal nerve 6|T6]], [[thoracic spinal nerve 7|T7]], [[thoracic spinal nerve 8|T8]], [[thoracic spinal nerve 9|T9]] and, sometimes, [[thoracic spinal nerve 10|T10]] |- ! [[pancreatic head]] | * [[vagus nerve]]s * [[thoracic splanchnic nerve]]s | [[thoracic spinal nerve 8|T8]], [[thoracic spinal nerve 9|T9]] |- ! [[jejunum]] and [[ileum]] | * [[posterior vagal trunk]]s * [[greater splanchnic nerve]]s | [[thoracic spinal nerve 5|T5]], [[thoracic spinal nerve 6|T6]], [[thoracic spinal nerve 7|T7]], [[thoracic spinal nerve 8|T8]], [[thoracic spinal nerve 9|T9]] |- ! [[anatomic colon|colon]] | * [[vagus nerve]]s and [[pelvic splanchnic nerve]]s ([[parasympathetic]]) * [[greater splanchnic nerve]]s ([[sympathetic nervous system|sympathetic]]) | *[[thoracic spinal nerve 10|T10]], [[thoracic spinal nerve 11|T11]], [[thoracic spinal nerve 12|T12]] ([[proximal colon]]) *[[lumbar spinal nerve 1|L1]], [[lumbar spinal nerve 2|L2]], [[lumbar spinal nerve 3|L3]], ([[distal colon]]) |- ! [[Spleen]] | * [[greater splanchnic nerve]]s (especially) | [[thoracic spinal nerve 6|T6]], [[thoracic spinal nerve 7|T7]], [[thoracic spinal nerve 8|T8]] |- ! [[vermiform appendix]] | * nerves to [[superior mesenteric plexus]] | [[thoracic spinal nerve 10|T10]] |- ! [[gallbladder]] and [[liver]] | * [[sympathetic nervous system|sympathetic]] nerves to [[celiac plexus]] * [[vagus nerve]] * right [[phrenic nerve]] | [[thoracic spinal nerve 6|T6]], [[thoracic spinal nerve 7|T7]], [[thoracic spinal nerve 8|T8]], [[thoracic spinal nerve 9|T9]] |- ! [[kidney]]s and [[ureter]]s | * [[vagus nerve]] * [[thoracic splanchnic nerve|thoracic]] and [[lumbar splanchnic nerve]]s | [[thoracic spinal nerve 11|T11]], [[thoracic spinal nerve 12|T12]] |- |} ==References== {{reflist}} ==See also== *[[Anatomical terms of location]] *[[Visceroptosis]] [[Category:Organs]] [[Category:Abdomen]] [[Category:Thorax]] [[an:Libiano]] [[ar:حشا]] [[de:Eingeweide]] [[es:Víscera]] [[eo:Viscero]] [[fr:Viscère]] [[he:קרביים]] [[pl:Trzewia]] [[fi:sisäelimet]]