Viscus
67059
224761750
2008-07-10T08:53:57Z
Manuel Trujillo Berges
6633100
+ .an
{{distinguish|viscous}}
{{Redirect|Viscera}}
In [[anatomy]], a '''viscus''' ({{IPAEng|ˈvɪskəs}}) ([[plural]]: ''viscera'' {{IPA|/ˈvɪsərə/}}) is an internal [[organ (anatomy)|organ]] of an animal (including humans), in particular an internal organ of the [[thorax]] or [[abdomen]]. The viscera, when removed from a butchered animal, are known collectively as [[offal]]. Internal organs are also known as "innards", or less formally, "guts" (which may also refer to the [[gastrointestinal tract]]).
The adjective ''visceral'' is used for anything pertaining to the internal organs. Historically, viscera of animals were examined by [[Rome|Roman]] pagan [[priest]]s like the [[haruspices]] or the [[augur]]s in order to divine the future by their shape, dimensions or other factors.
==Human viscera==
:''Further information: [[Internal_organs#Organs_of_the_human_body_by_region|Organs of the human body by region]]''
===Abdomen===
* [[peritoneum]]
* [[stomach]]
* [[duodenum]]
* [[intestine]]
* [[Colon (anatomy)|colon]]
* [[liver]]
* [[spleen]]
* [[pancreas]]
* [[kidney]]
* [[adrenal gland]]
* [[vermiform appendix|appendix]]
* [[gall bladder]]
===Pelvis and perineum===
* [[pelvis]]
* [[coccyx]]
* [[ovaries]]
* [[Fallopian tube]]
* [[uterus]]
* [[vulva]]
* [[clitoris]]
* [[perineum]]
* [[urinary bladder]]
* [[testicles]]
* [[rectum]]
===Innervation===
[[Image:Gray839.png|thumb|right|300px|[[Autonomic nervous system]], showing [[splanchnic nerve]]s in middle, and the vagus nerve as "X" in blue. The heart and organs below in list to right are regarded as viscera.]]
The [[viscera]] are mainly innervated [[parasympathetic]]ally by the [[vagus nerve]] and [[sympathetic nervous system|sympathetic]]ally by the [[splanchnic nerve]]s. The sensory part of the latter reaches the [[spinal column]] at certain [[spinal segment]]s. Pain in any viscera is perceived as [[referred pain]], more specifically pain from the [[dermatome (anatomy)]] corresponding to the spinal segment.<ref name=Moore199> Essential Clinical Anatomy. K.L. Moore & A.M. Agur. Lippincott, 2 ed. 2002. Page 199 </ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! Viscus !! Nerves <ref name=Moore199unless> Unless else specified in boxes, then ref is: Essential Clinical Anatomy. K.L. Moore & A.M. Agur. Lippincott, 2 ed. 2002. Page 199 </ref> !! Origo in [[spinal column]]<ref name=Moore199unless/>
|-
! [[stomach]]
|
* [[anterior vagal trunk|anterior]] and [[posterior vagal trunk]]s
* [[greater splanchnic nerve]]s
| [[thoracic spinal nerve 6|T6]], [[thoracic spinal nerve 7|T7]], [[thoracic spinal nerve 8|T8]], [[thoracic spinal nerve 9|T9]] and, sometimes, [[thoracic spinal nerve 10|T10]]
|-
! [[Duodenum]]
|
* [[vagus nerve]]s
* [[greater splanchnic nerve]]s
| [[thoracic spinal nerve 5|T5]], [[thoracic spinal nerve 6|T6]], [[thoracic spinal nerve 7|T7]], [[thoracic spinal nerve 8|T8]], [[thoracic spinal nerve 9|T9]] and, sometimes, [[thoracic spinal nerve 10|T10]]
|-
! [[pancreatic head]]
|
* [[vagus nerve]]s
* [[thoracic splanchnic nerve]]s
| [[thoracic spinal nerve 8|T8]], [[thoracic spinal nerve 9|T9]]
|-
! [[jejunum]] and [[ileum]]
|
* [[posterior vagal trunk]]s
* [[greater splanchnic nerve]]s
| [[thoracic spinal nerve 5|T5]], [[thoracic spinal nerve 6|T6]], [[thoracic spinal nerve 7|T7]], [[thoracic spinal nerve 8|T8]], [[thoracic spinal nerve 9|T9]]
|-
! [[anatomic colon|colon]]
|
* [[vagus nerve]]s and [[pelvic splanchnic nerve]]s ([[parasympathetic]])
* [[greater splanchnic nerve]]s ([[sympathetic nervous system|sympathetic]])
|
*[[thoracic spinal nerve 10|T10]], [[thoracic spinal nerve 11|T11]], [[thoracic spinal nerve 12|T12]] ([[proximal colon]])
*[[lumbar spinal nerve 1|L1]], [[lumbar spinal nerve 2|L2]], [[lumbar spinal nerve 3|L3]], ([[distal colon]])
|-
! [[Spleen]]
|
* [[greater splanchnic nerve]]s (especially)
| [[thoracic spinal nerve 6|T6]], [[thoracic spinal nerve 7|T7]], [[thoracic spinal nerve 8|T8]]
|-
! [[vermiform appendix]]
|
* nerves to [[superior mesenteric plexus]]
| [[thoracic spinal nerve 10|T10]]
|-
! [[gallbladder]] and [[liver]]
|
* [[sympathetic nervous system|sympathetic]] nerves to [[celiac plexus]]
* [[vagus nerve]]
* right [[phrenic nerve]]
| [[thoracic spinal nerve 6|T6]], [[thoracic spinal nerve 7|T7]], [[thoracic spinal nerve 8|T8]], [[thoracic spinal nerve 9|T9]]
|-
! [[kidney]]s and [[ureter]]s
|
* [[vagus nerve]]
* [[thoracic splanchnic nerve|thoracic]] and [[lumbar splanchnic nerve]]s
| [[thoracic spinal nerve 11|T11]], [[thoracic spinal nerve 12|T12]]
|-
|}
==References==
{{reflist}}
==See also==
*[[Anatomical terms of location]]
*[[Visceroptosis]]
[[Category:Organs]]
[[Category:Abdomen]]
[[Category:Thorax]]
[[an:Libiano]]
[[ar:حشا]]
[[de:Eingeweide]]
[[es:Víscera]]
[[eo:Viscero]]
[[fr:Viscère]]
[[he:קרביים]]
[[pl:Trzewia]]
[[fi:sisäelimet]]