Voiceless alveolar plosive 518908 224097145 2008-07-07T08:21:39Z Aeusoes1 306522 /* Occurrence */ {{mergefrom|alveolar ejective|Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Phonetics#Ejective consonants|date=December 2007}} {{Infobox IPA|ipa-number=103|ipa=116|ipa-image=Xsampa-t.png|xsampa=t|kirshenbaum=t|sound=voiceless alveolar plosive.ogg}} The '''voiceless alveolar plosive''' is a type of [[consonant]]al sound used in many [[Speech communication|spoken]] [[language]]s. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents voiceless [[dental consonant|dental]], [[alveolar consonant|alveolar]], and [[postalveolar consonant|postalveolar]] [[stop consonant|plosives]] is {{IPA|t}}, and the equivalent [[X-SAMPA]] symbol is <tt>t</tt>. The dental version can be distinguished with the underbridge diacritic ({{IPA|t̪}}; see [[voiceless dental plosive]]), and the [[Extensions to the IPA]] have a double underline diacritic which can be used to explicitly specify an alveolar pronunciation ({{IPA|t͇}}). The [t] sound is a very common sound cross-linguistically; the most common consonant phonemes of the world's languages are [t], [k] and [p]. Most languages have at least a plain [t], and some distinguish more than one variety. The only languages known without a [t] are [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]] (outside of [[Niihau|Ni‘ihau]]; Hawaiian uses a [[glottal stop]] as a 'replacement'), and colloquial [[Samoan language|Samoan]], which also lacks an [n].{{fact|date=September 2007}} ==Features== Features of the voiceless alveolar plosive: * Its [[manner of articulation]] is [[stop consonant|plosive]] or stop, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. * Its [[place of articulation]] is [[alveolar consonant|alveolar]], which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue against the [[alveolar ridge]], termed respectively ''[[apical consonant|apical]]'' and ''[[laminal consonant|laminal]]''. * Its [[phonation]] type is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. * It is an [[oral consonant]], which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth. * It is a [[central consonant]], which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides. * The [[airstream mechanism]] is [[pulmonic egressive]], which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the [[lung]]s and through the vocal tract, rather than from the [[glottis]] or the mouth. ==Varieties of the voiceless alveolar plosive== {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" ! IPA !! Description |- | style="font-size:24px" align="center"|{{IPA|t}} || [[tenuis consonant|tenuis]] t |- | style="font-size:24px" align="center"|{{IPA|tʰ}} || [[aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]] t |- | style="font-size:24px" align="center"|{{IPA|tʲ}} || [[palatalized]] t |- | style="font-size:24px" align="center"|{{IPA|tʷ}} || [[labialization|labialized]] t |- | style="font-size:24px" align="center"|{{IPA|ⁿt}} || [[Prenasalized consonant|prenasalized]] t |- | style="font-size:24px" align="center"|{{IPA|tˁ}} || [[Pharyngealization|pharyngealized]] t |- | style="font-size:24px" align="center"|{{IPA|t̚}} || [[unreleased stop|unreleased]] t |- | style="font-size:24px" align="center"|{{IPA|tʼ}} || [[ejective consonant|ejective]] t |} ==Occurrence== {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2"|Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!! Meaning !! Notes |- | align="center"| [[Chinese language|Chinese]]||align="center"| [[Mandarin (linguistics)|Mandarin]] ||align="center"| [[Chinese Characters|大/'''''d'''à'' ]] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[ta˥˩] }}||align="center"| 'big'|| Contrasts with aspirated form. See [[Standard Mandarin]] |- | colspan="2" align="center"| [[Czech language|Czech]] ||align="center"| [[Czech orthography|'''''t'''o'''t'''o'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[toto] }}||align="center"| 'this'|| See [[Czech phonology]] |- | colspan="2" align="center"| [[Dutch language|Dutch]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Gussenhoven|1992|p=45}}</ref> ||align="center"| [[Dutch orthography|'''''t'''aal'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[taːl]}}||align="center"| 'language'|| See [[Dutch phonology]] |- | colspan="2" align="center"| [[English language|English]] ||align="center"| [[English orthography|'''''t'''ick'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[tʰɪk] }}||align="center"| 'tick'|| See [[English phonology]] |- | colspan="2" align="center"| [[Finnish language|Finnish]]||align="center"| [[Finnish alphabet|''par'''t'''a'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[pɑrtɑ] }}||align="center"| 'beard'|| See [[Finnish phonology]] |- | colspan="2" align="center"| [[French language|French]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Fougeron|Smith|1993|p=73}}</ref> ||align="center"| [[French orthography|'''''t'''ordu'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[tɔʀdy] }}||align="center"| 'crooked'|| See [[French phonology]] |- | colspan="2" align="center"| [[German language|German]] ||align="center"| [[German orthography|'''''T'''ochter'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[ˈtʰɔxtɐ] }}||align="center"| 'daughter'|| See [[German phonology]] |- | colspan="2" align="center"| [[Greek language|Greek]] ||align="center"| [[Greek alphabet|'''τ'''ρία]] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[ˈtria] }}||align="center"| 'three'|| See [[Modern Greek phonology]] |- | colspan="2" align="center"| [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] ||align="center"| [[Hungarian orthography|'''''t'''u'''t'''aj'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[tutɒj] }}||align="center"| 'raft'|| See [[Hungarian phonology]] |- | colspan="2" align="center"| [[Japanese language|Japanese]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Okada|1991|p=94}}</ref> ||align="center"| [[kanji|特別]]/[[Romanization of Japanese|'''''t'''okubetsu'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[tokɯbetsɯ] }}||align="center"| 'special'|| See [[Japanese phonology]] |- | colspan="2" align="center"| [[Korean language|Korean]] ||align="center"| [[Korean alphabet|턱/'''''t'''eok'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[tʌk] }}||align="center"| 'jaw'||See [[Korean phonology]] |- | colspan="2" align="center"| [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] ||align="center"| [[Norwegian alphabet|'''''t'''ann'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[tɑn] }}||align="center"| 'tooth'|| See [[Norwegian phonology]] |- | colspan="2" align="center"| [[Swedish language|Swedish]] ||align="center"| [[Swedish alphabet|'''''t'''åg'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[ˈtʰoːg]}}||align="center"| 'train'|| See [[Swedish phonology]] |- | colspan="2" align="center"| [[Thai language|Thai]] ||align="center"| [[Thai script|ตา]] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[taː]}}||align="center"| 'eye'|| |- | colspan="2" align="center"| [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] ||align="center"| [[Vietnamese alphabet|'''t'''i]] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[ti] }}||align="center"| 'flaw, defect'||See [[Vietnamese phonology]] |} == See also == * [[List of phonetics topics]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==Bibliography== *{{Harvard reference |last=Fougeron |first=Cecile |last2=Smith |first2=Caroline L |year=1993 |title=Illustrations of the IPA:French |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=73-76 }} * {{Harvard reference |last=Gussenhoven |first=Carlos |year= 1992 |title=Dutch |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=45-47 }} *{{Harvard reference |last = Okada |first = Hideo |year= 1991 |title=Phonetic Representation:Japanese |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=94-97 }} {{Consonants}} [[Category:Alveolar consonants]] [[als:Stimmloser alveolarer Plosiv]] [[br:Kensonenn kevig dre serriñ divouezh]] [[ca:Oclusiva alveolar sorda]] [[cs:Neznělá alveolární ploziva]] [[de:Stimmloser alveolarer Plosiv]] [[es:Oclusiva alveolar sorda]] [[fr:Consonne occlusive alvéolaire sourde]] [[ko:무성 치경 파열음]] [[hr:Bezvučni alveolarni ploziv]] [[it:Occlusiva alveolare sorda]] [[ja:無声歯茎破裂音]] [[pl:Spółgłoska zwarta dziąsłowa bezdźwięczna]] [[pt:Oclusiva alveolar surda]] [[ro:Consoană oclusivă alveolară surdă]] [[ru:Глухой альвеолярный взрывной]] [[sv:Tonlös alveolar klusil]] [[th:เสียงกัก ปุ่มเหงือก ไม่ก้อง]] [[zh:清齒齦塞音]]