Voiceless bilabial plosive
521171
224227585
2008-07-07T22:03:53Z
Tuncrypt
2018161
{{mergefrom|bilabial ejective|Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Phonetics#Ejective consonants|date=December 2007}}
{{Infobox IPA|ipa-number=101|ipa=112|ipa-image=Xsampa-p.png|xsampa=p|kirshenbaum=p|sound=Voiceless bilabial plosive.ogg}}
The '''voiceless bilabial plosive''' is a type of [[consonant]]al sound used in many [[Speech communication|spoken]] [[language]]s. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents this sound is {{IPA|p}}, and the equivalent [[X-SAMPA]] symbol is <tt>p</tt>. The voiceless bilabial plosive in English is spelled with 'p', as in ''pit'' or ''speed''.
{{IPA|[p]}} is missing from about 10% of languages that have a {{IPA|[b]}}. (See [[voiced velar plosive]] for another such gap.) This is an [[areal feature (linguistics)|areal feature]] of the "circum-Saharan zone" (Africa north of the equator, including the [[Arabian peninsula]]). It is not known how old this areal feature is, and whether it might be a recent phenomenon due to Arabic as a prestige language (Arabic lost its {{IPA|/p/}} in prehistoric times), or whether Arabic was itself affected by a more ancient areal pattern. It is found in other areas as well; for example, in Europe, [[Proto-Celtic language|Proto-Celtic]] and [[Basque language|Old Basque]] are both reconstructed as having {{IPA|[b]}} but no {{IPA|[p]}}.
Nonetheless, the {{IPA|[p]}} sound is very common cross-linguistically. Most languages have at least a plain {{IPA|[p]}}, and some distinguish more than one variety. Many [[Indo-Aryan languages]], such as [[Hindi]], have a two-way contrast between [[aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]] and plain {{IPA|[p]}}.
==Features==
Features of the voiceless bilabial plosive:
* Its [[manner of articulation]] is [[stop consonant|plosive]] or stop, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract.
* Its [[place of articulation]] is [[bilabial consonant|bilabial]] which means it is articulated with both [[lip]]s.
* Its [[phonation]] type is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
* It is an [[oral consonant]], which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.
* It is a [[central consonant]], which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides.
* The [[airstream mechanism]] is [[pulmonic egressive]], which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the [[lung]]s and through the vocal tract, rather than from the [[glottis]] or the mouth.
== Varieties of the voiceless bilabial plosive ==
{|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" class="wikitable"
|-
! IPA !! X-SAMPA !! Description
|-
| style="font-size:24px" align="center"| {{IPA|p}}
| style="font-size:24px" align="center"| <tt>p</tt>
| plain p
|-
| style="font-size:24px" align="center"| {{IPA|pʰ}}
| style="font-size:24px" align="center"| <tt>p_h</tt>
| [[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]] p
|-
| style="font-size:24px" align="center"| {{IPA|pʲ}}
| style="font-size:24px" align="center"| <tt>p'</tt> <small>(or</small> <tt>p_j</tt><small>)</small>
| [[palatalized]] p
|-
| style="font-size:24px" align="center"| {{IPA|pʷ}}
| style="font-size:24px" align="center"| <tt>p_w</tt>
| [[labialized]] p
|-
| style="font-size:24px" align="center"| {{IPA|p̚}}
| style="font-size:24px" align="center"| <tt>p_<nowiki>}</nowiki></tt>
| [[unreleased]] p
|-
| style="font-size:24px" align="center"| {{IPA|p̌}}
| style="font-size:24px" align="center"| <tt>p_v</tt>
| [[voiced]] p
|-
| style="font-size:24px" align="center"| {{IPA|pʼ}}
| style="font-size:24px" align="center"| <tt>p_></tt>
| [[ejective]] p
|}
==Occurrence==
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2"|Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Catalan language|Catalan]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Carbonell & Llisterri|1992|p=53}}</ref> ||align="center"| [[Catalan orthography|'''''p'''arallamps '']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[ˌpaɾəˈʎams]}}||align="center"| 'lightning conductor'|| See [[Catalan phonology]]
|-
| align="center"| [[Chinese language|Chinese]]||align="center"| [[Mandarin (linguistics)|Mandarin]] ||align="center"| [[Chinese Characters|爆炸/'''''b'''àozhà'' ]] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[pɑʊ˥˩ ʈʂa˥˩] }}||align="center"| 'to explode'|| Contrasts with aspirated form. See [[Standard Mandarin]]
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Czech language|Czech]] ||align="center"| [[Czech orthography|'''''p'''es'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[pɛs] }}||align="center"| 'dog'|| See [[Czech phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Dutch language|Dutch]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Gussenhoven|1992|p=45}}</ref> ||align="center"| [[Dutch orthography|'''''p'''licht'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[plɪxt] }}||align="center"| 'duty'|| See [[Dutch phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[English language|English]] ||align="center"| [[English orthography|'''''p'''ack'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[pʰæk] }}||align="center"| 'pack'|| See [[English phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[French language|French]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Fougeron|Smith|1993|p=73}}</ref> ||align="center"| [[French orthography|'''''p'''omme'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[pɔm] }}||align="center"| 'apple'|| See [[French phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[German language|German]] ||align="center"| [[German orthography|'''''P'''ack'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[pʰak] }}||align="center"| 'pile'|| See [[German phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Greek language|Greek]] ||align="center"| [[Greek alphabet|'''π'''όδι]] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[ˈpo̞ði] }}||align="center"| 'leg'|| See [[Modern Greek phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Hindi]] ||align="center"| [[Devanāgarī|पल]] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[pəl]}}||align="center"| 'moment'|| Contrasts with aspirated form. See [[Hindi-Urdu phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] ||align="center"| [[Hungarian orthography|'''''p'''á'''p'''a'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[paːpɒ] }}||align="center"| 'pope'|| See [[Hungarian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Italian language|Italian]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Rogers & d'Arcangeli|2004|p=117}}</ref> ||align="center"| [[Italian alphabet|'''''p'''a'''p'''à'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[paˈpa] }}||align="center"| 'dad'|| See [[Italian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Japanese language|Japanese]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Okada|1991|p=94}}</ref> ||align="center"| [[kanji|ポスト]]/[[Romanization of Japanese|'''''p'''osuto'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[posɯto] }}||align="center"| 'mailbox'|| See [[Japanese phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Korean language|Korean]] ||align="center"| [[Korean alphabet|풀/'''p'''ul]] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[pul] }}||align="center"| 'grass'||See [[Korean phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] ||align="center"| [[Norwegian alphabet|'''''p'''a'''pp'''a'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[pɑpːɑ] }}||align="center"| 'dad'|| See [[Norwegian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Pashto language|Pashto]] ||align="center"| [[Perso-Arabic alphabet|ﭙﺎﻧﻴﺮ]] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[pɑˈnir]}}||align="center"|'cheese'||
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Pirahã language|Pirahã]] ||align="center"| [[Latin alphabet|'''''p'''ibaóí'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[pìbàóí]}}||align="center"|'otter'||
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Polish language|Polish]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Jassem|2003|p=103}}</ref> ||align="center"| [[Polish orthography|'''''p'''as'']] ||align="center"| {{Audio-IPA|Pl-pas.ogg|[pas]}}||align="center"| 'belt'|| See [[Polish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Cruz-Ferreira|1995|p=91}}</ref> ||align="center"| [[Portuguese orthography|'''''p'''ai'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[paɪ̯] }}||align="center"| 'father'|| See [[Portuguese phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Romanian language|Romanian]] ||align="center"| [[Romanian alphabet|'''''p'''as'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[pas]}} ||align="center"| 'step'|| See [[Romanian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Russian language|Russian]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Padgett|2003|p=42}}</ref> ||align="center"| [[Russian orthography|'''п'''лод]] ||align="center"| {{Audio-IPA|plot.ogg|[plot] }}||align="center"| 'fruit'|| Contrasts with [[palatalization|palatalized]] form. See [[Russian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Martínez-Celdrán et al|2003|p=255}}</ref> ||align="center"| [[Spanish orthography|'''''p'''eso'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[ˈpe̞so̞]}}||align="center"| 'weight'|| See [[Spanish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Swedish language|Swedish]] ||align="center"| [[Swedish alphabet|''a'''p'''a'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[ˈaːpʰa]}}||align="center"| 'ape'|| See [[Swedish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Turkish language|Turkish]] ||align="center"| [[Turkish alphabet|''ka'''p''''']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[käp]}}||align="center"| 'pot'|| See [[Turkish phonology]]
|}
== See also ==
* [[List of phonetics topics]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Bibliography==
*{{Harvard reference
|last=Carbonell
|first=Joan F.
|last2=Llisterri
|first2=Joaquim
|year=1992
|title=Catalan
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=22
|issue=1-2
|pages=53-56
}}
* {{Harvard reference
|last=Cruz-Ferreira
|first=Madalena
|year= 1995
|title=European Portuguese
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=25
|issue=2
|pages=90-94
}}
*{{Harvard reference
|last=Fougeron
|first=Cecile
|last2=Smith
|first2=Caroline L
|year=1993
|title=Illustrations of the IPA:French
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=23
|issue=2
|pages=73-76
}}
* {{Harvard reference
|last=Gussenhoven
|first=Carlos
|year= 1992
|title=Dutch
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=22
|issue=2
|pages=45-47
}}
*{{Harvard reference
|last = Jassem
|first = Wiktor
|year= 2003
|title=Polish
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=33
|issue=1
|pages=103-107
}}
*{{Harvard reference
|last = Martínez-Celdrán
|first= Eugenio
|last2 = Fernández-Planas
|first2= Ana Ma.
|last3 = Carrera-Sabaté
|first3 = Josefina
|year= 2003
|title=Castilian Spanish
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=33
|issue=2
|pages=255-259
}}
*{{Harvard reference
|last = Okada
|first = Hideo
|year= 1991
|title=Phonetic Representation:Japanese
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=21
|issue=2
|pages=94-97
}}
*{{Harvard reference
|last =Padgett
|first= Jaye
|year= 2003
|title= Contrast and Post-Velar Fronting in Russian
|journal= Natural Language & Linguistic Theory
|volume=21
|issue=1
|pages=39-87
}}
*{{Harvard reference
|last = Rogers
|first = Derek
|last2 = d'Arcangeli
|first2 = Luciana
|year= 2004
|title=Italian
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=34
|issue=1
|pages=117-121
}}
{{Consonants}}
[[Category:Bilabial consonants]]
[[bn:অঘোষ ওষ্ঠ্য স্পর্শধ্বনি]]
[[br:Kensonenn diweuz dre serriñ divouezh]]
[[ca:Oclusiva bilabial sorda]]
[[cs:Neznělá bilabiální ploziva]]
[[de:Stimmloser bilabialer Plosiv]]
[[es:Oclusiva bilabial sorda]]
[[fr:Consonne occlusive bilabiale sourde]]
[[ko:무성 양순 파열음]]
[[hr:Bezvučni bilabijalni ploziv]]
[[it:Occlusiva bilabiale sorda]]
[[lv:Nebalsīgs bilabiāls eksplozīvs slēdzenis]]
[[ja:無声両唇破裂音]]
[[pl:Spółgłoska zwarta dwuwargowa bezdźwięczna]]
[[pt:Oclusiva bilabial surda]]
[[ro:Consoană oclusivă bilabială surdă]]
[[ru:Глухой губно-губной взрывной]]
[[sv:Tonlös bilabial klusil]]
[[th:เสียงกัก ริมฝีปาก ไม่ก้อง]]
[[zh:清雙唇塞音]]