Voiceless bilabial plosive 521171 224227585 2008-07-07T22:03:53Z Tuncrypt 2018161 {{mergefrom|bilabial ejective|Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Phonetics#Ejective consonants|date=December 2007}} {{Infobox IPA|ipa-number=101|ipa=112|ipa-image=Xsampa-p.png|xsampa=p|kirshenbaum=p|sound=Voiceless bilabial plosive.ogg}} The '''voiceless bilabial plosive''' is a type of [[consonant]]al sound used in many [[Speech communication|spoken]] [[language]]s. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents this sound is {{IPA|p}}, and the equivalent [[X-SAMPA]] symbol is <tt>p</tt>. The voiceless bilabial plosive in English is spelled with 'p', as in ''pit'' or ''speed''. {{IPA|[p]}} is missing from about 10% of languages that have a {{IPA|[b]}}. (See [[voiced velar plosive]] for another such gap.) This is an [[areal feature (linguistics)|areal feature]] of the "circum-Saharan zone" (Africa north of the equator, including the [[Arabian peninsula]]). It is not known how old this areal feature is, and whether it might be a recent phenomenon due to Arabic as a prestige language (Arabic lost its {{IPA|/p/}} in prehistoric times), or whether Arabic was itself affected by a more ancient areal pattern. It is found in other areas as well; for example, in Europe, [[Proto-Celtic language|Proto-Celtic]] and [[Basque language|Old Basque]] are both reconstructed as having {{IPA|[b]}} but no {{IPA|[p]}}. Nonetheless, the {{IPA|[p]}} sound is very common cross-linguistically. Most languages have at least a plain {{IPA|[p]}}, and some distinguish more than one variety. Many [[Indo-Aryan languages]], such as [[Hindi]], have a two-way contrast between [[aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]] and plain {{IPA|[p]}}. ==Features== Features of the voiceless bilabial plosive: * Its [[manner of articulation]] is [[stop consonant|plosive]] or stop, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. * Its [[place of articulation]] is [[bilabial consonant|bilabial]] which means it is articulated with both [[lip]]s. * Its [[phonation]] type is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. * It is an [[oral consonant]], which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth. * It is a [[central consonant]], which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides. * The [[airstream mechanism]] is [[pulmonic egressive]], which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the [[lung]]s and through the vocal tract, rather than from the [[glottis]] or the mouth. == Varieties of the voiceless bilabial plosive == {|border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" class="wikitable" |- ! IPA !! X-SAMPA !! Description |- | style="font-size:24px" align="center"| {{IPA|p}} | style="font-size:24px" align="center"| <tt>p</tt> | plain p |- | style="font-size:24px" align="center"| {{IPA|pʰ}} | style="font-size:24px" align="center"| <tt>p_h</tt> | [[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]] p |- | style="font-size:24px" align="center"| {{IPA|pʲ}} | style="font-size:24px" align="center"| <tt>p'</tt> <small>(or</small> <tt>p_j</tt><small>)</small> | [[palatalized]] p |- | style="font-size:24px" align="center"| {{IPA|pʷ}} | style="font-size:24px" align="center"| <tt>p_w</tt> | [[labialized]] p |- | style="font-size:24px" align="center"| {{IPA|p̚}} | style="font-size:24px" align="center"| <tt>p_<nowiki>}</nowiki></tt> | [[unreleased]] p |- | style="font-size:24px" align="center"| {{IPA|p̌}} | style="font-size:24px" align="center"| <tt>p_v</tt> | [[voiced]] p |- | style="font-size:24px" align="center"| {{IPA|pʼ}} | style="font-size:24px" align="center"| <tt>p_&gt;</tt> | [[ejective]] p |} ==Occurrence== {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2"|Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!! Meaning !! Notes |- | colspan="2" align="center"| [[Catalan language|Catalan]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Carbonell & Llisterri|1992|p=53}}</ref> ||align="center"| [[Catalan orthography|'''''p'''arallamps '']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[ˌpaɾəˈʎams]}}||align="center"| 'lightning conductor'|| See [[Catalan phonology]] |- | align="center"| [[Chinese language|Chinese]]||align="center"| [[Mandarin (linguistics)|Mandarin]] ||align="center"| [[Chinese Characters|爆炸/'''''b'''àozhà'' ]] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[pɑʊ˥˩ ʈʂa˥˩] }}||align="center"| 'to explode'|| Contrasts with aspirated form. See [[Standard Mandarin]] |- | colspan="2" align="center"| [[Czech language|Czech]] ||align="center"| [[Czech orthography|'''''p'''es'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[pɛs] }}||align="center"| 'dog'|| See [[Czech phonology]] |- | colspan="2" align="center"| [[Dutch language|Dutch]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Gussenhoven|1992|p=45}}</ref> ||align="center"| [[Dutch orthography|'''''p'''licht'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[plɪxt] }}||align="center"| 'duty'|| See [[Dutch phonology]] |- | colspan="2" align="center"| [[English language|English]] ||align="center"| [[English orthography|'''''p'''ack'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[pʰæk] }}||align="center"| 'pack'|| See [[English phonology]] |- | colspan="2" align="center"| [[French language|French]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Fougeron|Smith|1993|p=73}}</ref> ||align="center"| [[French orthography|'''''p'''omme'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[pɔm] }}||align="center"| 'apple'|| See [[French phonology]] |- | colspan="2" align="center"| [[German language|German]] ||align="center"| [[German orthography|'''''P'''ack'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[pʰak] }}||align="center"| 'pile'|| See [[German phonology]] |- | colspan="2" align="center"| [[Greek language|Greek]] ||align="center"| [[Greek alphabet|'''π'''όδι]] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[ˈpo̞ði] }}||align="center"| 'leg'|| See [[Modern Greek phonology]] |- | colspan="2" align="center"| [[Hindi]] ||align="center"| [[Devanāgarī|पल]] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[pəl]}}||align="center"| 'moment'|| Contrasts with aspirated form. See [[Hindi-Urdu phonology]] |- | colspan="2" align="center"| [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] ||align="center"| [[Hungarian orthography|'''''p'''á'''p'''a'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[paːpɒ] }}||align="center"| 'pope'|| See [[Hungarian phonology]] |- | colspan="2" align="center"| [[Italian language|Italian]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Rogers & d'Arcangeli|2004|p=117}}</ref> ||align="center"| [[Italian alphabet|'''''p'''a'''p'''à'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[paˈpa] }}||align="center"| 'dad'|| See [[Italian phonology]] |- | colspan="2" align="center"| [[Japanese language|Japanese]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Okada|1991|p=94}}</ref> ||align="center"| [[kanji|ポスト]]/[[Romanization of Japanese|'''''p'''osuto'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[posɯto] }}||align="center"| 'mailbox'|| See [[Japanese phonology]] |- | colspan="2" align="center"| [[Korean language|Korean]] ||align="center"| [[Korean alphabet|풀/'''p'''ul]] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[pul] }}||align="center"| 'grass'||See [[Korean phonology]] |- | colspan="2" align="center"| [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] ||align="center"| [[Norwegian alphabet|'''''p'''a'''pp'''a'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[pɑpːɑ] }}||align="center"| 'dad'|| See [[Norwegian phonology]] |- | colspan="2" align="center"| [[Pashto language|Pashto]] ||align="center"| [[Perso-Arabic alphabet|ﭙﺎﻧﻴﺮ]] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[pɑˈnir]}}||align="center"|'cheese'|| |- | colspan="2" align="center"| [[Pirahã language|Pirahã]] ||align="center"| [[Latin alphabet|'''''p'''ibaóí'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[pìbàóí]}}||align="center"|'otter'|| |- | colspan="2" align="center"| [[Polish language|Polish]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Jassem|2003|p=103}}</ref> ||align="center"| [[Polish orthography|'''''p'''as'']] ||align="center"| {{Audio-IPA|Pl-pas.ogg|[pas]}}||align="center"| 'belt'|| See [[Polish phonology]] |- | colspan="2" align="center"| [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Cruz-Ferreira|1995|p=91}}</ref> ||align="center"| [[Portuguese orthography|'''''p'''ai'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[paɪ̯] }}||align="center"| 'father'|| See [[Portuguese phonology]] |- | colspan="2" align="center"| [[Romanian language|Romanian]] ||align="center"| [[Romanian alphabet|'''''p'''as'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[pas]}} ||align="center"| 'step'|| See [[Romanian phonology]] |- | colspan="2" align="center"| [[Russian language|Russian]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Padgett|2003|p=42}}</ref> ||align="center"| [[Russian orthography|'''п'''лод]] ||align="center"| {{Audio-IPA|plot.ogg|[plot] }}||align="center"| 'fruit'|| Contrasts with [[palatalization|palatalized]] form. See [[Russian phonology]] |- | colspan="2" align="center"| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Martínez-Celdrán et al|2003|p=255}}</ref> ||align="center"| [[Spanish orthography|'''''p'''eso'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[ˈpe̞so̞]}}||align="center"| 'weight'|| See [[Spanish phonology]] |- | colspan="2" align="center"| [[Swedish language|Swedish]] ||align="center"| [[Swedish alphabet|''a'''p'''a'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[ˈaːpʰa]}}||align="center"| 'ape'|| See [[Swedish phonology]] |- | colspan="2" align="center"| [[Turkish language|Turkish]] ||align="center"| [[Turkish alphabet|''ka'''p''''']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[käp]}}||align="center"| 'pot'|| See [[Turkish phonology]] |} == See also == * [[List of phonetics topics]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==Bibliography== *{{Harvard reference |last=Carbonell |first=Joan F. |last2=Llisterri |first2=Joaquim |year=1992 |title=Catalan |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=22 |issue=1-2 |pages=53-56 }} * {{Harvard reference |last=Cruz-Ferreira |first=Madalena |year= 1995 |title=European Portuguese |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=90-94 }} *{{Harvard reference |last=Fougeron |first=Cecile |last2=Smith |first2=Caroline L |year=1993 |title=Illustrations of the IPA:French |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=73-76 }} * {{Harvard reference |last=Gussenhoven |first=Carlos |year= 1992 |title=Dutch |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=45-47 }} *{{Harvard reference |last = Jassem |first = Wiktor |year= 2003 |title=Polish |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=103-107 }} *{{Harvard reference |last = Martínez-Celdrán |first= Eugenio |last2 = Fernández-Planas |first2= Ana Ma. |last3 = Carrera-Sabaté |first3 = Josefina |year= 2003 |title=Castilian Spanish |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=255-259 }} *{{Harvard reference |last = Okada |first = Hideo |year= 1991 |title=Phonetic Representation:Japanese |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=94-97 }} *{{Harvard reference |last =Padgett |first= Jaye |year= 2003 |title= Contrast and Post-Velar Fronting in Russian |journal= Natural Language & Linguistic Theory |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=39-87 }} *{{Harvard reference |last = Rogers |first = Derek |last2 = d'Arcangeli |first2 = Luciana |year= 2004 |title=Italian |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=117-121 }} {{Consonants}} [[Category:Bilabial consonants]] [[bn:অঘোষ ওষ্ঠ্য স্পর্শধ্বনি]] [[br:Kensonenn diweuz dre serriñ divouezh]] [[ca:Oclusiva bilabial sorda]] [[cs:Neznělá bilabiální ploziva]] [[de:Stimmloser bilabialer Plosiv]] [[es:Oclusiva bilabial sorda]] [[fr:Consonne occlusive bilabiale sourde]] [[ko:무성 양순 파열음]] [[hr:Bezvučni bilabijalni ploziv]] [[it:Occlusiva bilabiale sorda]] [[lv:Nebalsīgs bilabiāls eksplozīvs slēdzenis]] [[ja:無声両唇破裂音]] [[pl:Spółgłoska zwarta dwuwargowa bezdźwięczna]] [[pt:Oclusiva bilabial surda]] [[ro:Consoană oclusivă bilabială surdă]] [[ru:Глухой губно-губной взрывной]] [[sv:Tonlös bilabial klusil]] [[th:เสียงกัก ริมฝีปาก ไม่ก้อง]] [[zh:清雙唇塞音]]