Voiceless dental plosive
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{{Infobox IPA base|ipa-number=103 + 408|ipa-text=t̪|ipa-image=IPA voiceless dental plosive.png|ipa-entity=t&#810;|xsampa=t_d|kirshenbaum=<nowiki>t[</nowiki>|sound=nosound.ogg}}
The '''voiceless dental plosive''' is a type of [[consonant]]al sound, used in some [[Speech communication|spoken]] [[language]]s. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents this sound is {{IPA|t̪}}, and the equivalent [[X-SAMPA]] symbol is <tt>t_d</tt>. This is the symbol for the [[voiceless alveolar plosive]] with the "bridge below" diacritic meaning [[dental consonant|dental]].
==Features==
Features of the voiceless dental plosive:
* Its [[manner of articulation]] is [[stop consonant|plosive]] or stop, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract.
* Its [[place of articulation]] is [[dental consonant|dental]] which means it is articulated with the tongue on either the lower or the upper [[teeth]], or both.
* Its [[phonation]] type is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
* It is an [[oral consonant]], which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.
* It is a [[central consonant]], which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the center of the tongue, rather than the sides.
* The [[airstream mechanism]] is [[pulmonic egressive]], which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the [[lung]]s and through the vocal tract, rather than from the [[glottis]] or the mouth.
==Varieties of the voiceless dental plosive==
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"
! IPA !! Description
|-
| style="font-size:24px" align="center"| {{IPA|t̪}} || plain {{IPA|t̪}}
|-
| style="font-size:24px" align="center"| {{IPA|t̪ʰ}} || [[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]] {{IPA|t̪}}
|-
| style="font-size:24px" align="center"| {{IPA|t̪ʲ}} || [[palatalized]] {{IPA|t̪}}
|-
| style="font-size:24px" align="center"| {{IPA|t̪ʷ}} || [[labialized]] {{IPA|t̪}}
|-
| style="font-size:24px" align="center"| {{IPA|t̪̚}} || [[unreleased]] {{IPA|t̪}}
|-
| style="font-size:24px" align="center"| {{IPA|t̪ʼ}} || [[dental ejective|ejective {{IPA|t̪}}]]
|-
| style="font-size:24px" align="center"| {{IPA|tˤ}} || [[Emphatic consonant|emphatic]] {{IPA|t̪}}
|}
== Occurrence ==
{{Refimprovesect|date=September 2007}}
True dental consonants are relatively uncommon. In the [[Romance language]]s, {{IPA|/t/}} is often called dental. However, the rearmost contact (which is what gives a consonant its distinctive sound) is actually alveolar, or perhaps denti-alveolar; the fact that the front of the tongue touches the teeth may be more visible, but is unimportant acoustically.{{Fact|date=January 2008}} The difference between the {{IPA|/t/}} sounds of the Romance languages and English is not so much where the tongue contacts the roof of the mouth as which part of the tongue makes the contact. In English, it is the tip of the tongue (such sounds are termed [[apical consonant|apical]]), whereas in a number of Romance languages, it is the flat of the tongue just above the tip (such sounds are called [[laminal consonant|laminal]]).
However, there are languages with true apical (or less commonly laminal) dental ''t''. Many [[India]]n languages, such as [[Hindi language|Hindi]], have a two-way contrast between [[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]] and plain {{IPA|[t̪]}}. In [[Finnish language|Finnish]], the dental plosive {{IPA|/t/}} contrasts with the alveolar plosive {{IPA|/d/}}, although the latter is typically voiced or tapped as a secondary cue; moreover, in native words, the alveolar plosive appears only as a [[lenition]] of the dental plosive. [[Pazeh language|Pazeh]] contrasts a voiced alveolar plosive with a voiceless interdental one.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Blust|1999|p=324}}</ref>Many [[Australian Aboriginal languages]] contrast [[voiceless alveolar plosive|alveolar]] and dental varieties of {{IPA|/t/}}.
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2"|Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]!! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| align="center"| [[Arabic language|Arabic]]||align="center"|Standard<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Watson|2002|p=14}}</ref> ||align="center"| [[Arabic alphabet|كتب]] ||align="center"| {{IPA|['kat̪ab]}}||align="center"|'he wrote'|| See [[Arabic phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Catalan language|Catalan]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Carbonell & Llisterri|1992|p=53}}</ref> ||align="center"| [[Catalan orthography|''qua'''t'''re'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[ˈkwat̪ɾə]}}||align="center"| 'four' || See [[Catalan phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Dinka language|Dinka]] ||align="center"| [[Dinka alphabet|{{Unicode|''mɛ'''th'''''}}]] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[mɛ̀t̪] }}||align="center"| 'child'||
|-
| rowspan="2" align="center"| [[English language|English]] ||align="center"| [[Indian English|Indian]] ||rowspan="2" align="center"| [[English orthography|'''''th'''in'']] ||rowspan="2" align="center"| {{IPA|[t̪ʰɪn]}}||rowspan="2" align="center"| 'thin' || rowspan="2"| Some dialects. See [[English phonology]]
|-
|align="center"|southern [[Hiberno-English|Irish]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Roca & Wyn|1999|p=24}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Finnish language|Finnish]]||align="center"| [[Finnish alphabet|'''''t'''u'''tt'''i'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[t̪ut̪ːi] }}||align="center"| 'pacifier'|| See [[Finnish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Greek language|Greek]] ||align="center"| [[Greek alphabet|Μα'''τ'''θαίος]] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[mat̪ˈθe̞o̞s̠]}}||align="center"| 'Matthew'|| See [[Modern Greek phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Hindi]] ||align="center"| [[Devanāgarī|तीन]] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[t̪in]}}||align="center"| 'three'|| See [[Hindi-Urdu phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Irish language|Irish]] ||align="center"| [[Irish orthography|'''''d'''orcha'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[ˈd̪ˠɔɾˠəxə] }}||align="center"| 'dark'|| See [[Irish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Italian language|Italian]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Rogers & d'Arcangeli|2004|p=117}}</ref> ||align="center"| [[Italian alphabet|'''''t'''ale'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[ˈt̪ale] }}||align="center"| 'such'|| See [[Italian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Pazeh language|Pazeh]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Blust|1999|p=330}}</ref> || colspan="2" align="center"| {{IPA|[mut̪apɛt̪aˈpɛh]}}||align="center"| 'keep clapping'||
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Polish language|Polish]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Jassem|2003|p=103}}</ref> ||align="center"| [[Polish orthography|'''''t'''om'']] ||align="center"| {{Audio-IPA|Pl-tom.ogg|[t̪ɔm]}}||align="center"| 'volume'|| See [[Polish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Cruz-Ferreira|1995|p=91}}</ref> ||align="center"| [[Portuguese orthography|''mon'''t'''anha'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[mõˈt̪aɲɐ] }}||align="center"| 'mountain'|| See [[Portuguese phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Russian language|Russian]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Jones & Ward|1969|p=99}}</ref> ||align="center"| [[Russian orthography|'''т'''олс'''т'''ый]] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[ˈt̪olstɨj] }}||align="center"| 'fat'|| See [[Russian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Spanish language|Spanish]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Martínez-Celdrán et al|2003|p=255}}</ref> ||align="center"| [[Spanish orthography|'''''t'''ango'']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[ˈt̪ãŋgo̞]}}||align="center"| 'tango'|| See [[Spanish phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"| [[Turkish language|Turkish]] ||align="center"| [[Turkish alphabet|''a'''t''''']] ||align="center"| {{IPA|[ät̪]}}||align="center"| 'horse'|| See [[Turkish phonology]]
|}
==See also==
* [[List of phonetics topics]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Bibliography==
*{{Harvard reference
|last =Blust
|first= Robert
|authorlink=Robert Blust
|year= 1999
|title= Notes on Pazeh Phonology and Morphology
|journal= Oceanic Linguistics
|volume= 38(2)
|pages = 321-365
}}
*{{Harvard reference
|last=Carbonell
|first=Joan F.
|last2=Llisterri
|first2=Joaquim
|year=1992
|title=Catalan
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=22
|issue=1-2
|pages=53-56
}}
* {{Harvard reference
|last=Cruz-Ferreira
|first=Madalena
|year= 1995
|title=European Portuguese
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=25
|issue=2
|pages=90-94
}}
*{{Harvard reference
|last = Jassem
|first = Wiktor
|year= 2003
|title=Polish
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=33
|issue=1
|pages=103-107
}}
*{{Harvard reference
|last =Jones
|first= Daniel
|last2 =Dennis
|first2= Ward
|year= 1969
|title= The Phonetics of Russian
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
}}
*{{Harvard reference
|last =Roca
|first= Iggy
|last2 =Johnson
|first2= Wyn
|year= 1999
|title= A Course in Phonology
|publisher=Blackwell Publishing
}}
*{{Harvard reference
|last = Rogers
|first = Derek
|last2 = d'Arcangeli
|first2 = Luciana
|year= 2004
|title=Italian
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=34
|issue=1
|pages=117-121
}}
*{{Harvard reference
|last =Watson
|first= Janet
|year= 2002
|title= The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic
|publisher=Oxford University Press
}}
{{Consonants}}
[[Category:Consonants]]
[[br:Kensonenn dent dre serriñ divouezh]]
[[fr:Consonne occlusive dentale sourde]]
[[ja:無声歯破裂音]]
[[pl:Spółgłoska zwarta zębowa bezdźwięczna]]
[[ro:Consoană oclusivă dentală surdă]]