Ward Churchill
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2008-07-13T04:36:40Z
Lulu of the Lotus-Eaters
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simplify and closer to tribe statement
{{Infobox Celebrity
| name = Ward Churchill
| image = Ward Churchill.jpg
| imagesize = 200px
| caption = Ward Churchill speaking at the Bay Area Anarchist Book Fair, May 2005.
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1947|10|2}}
| birth_place = [[Elmwood, Illinois]], [[United States]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = [[Political activist]]
| salary =
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| signature quote =
| spouse =
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}}
'''Ward LeRoy Churchill''' (born [[October 2]], [[1947]]) is an [[United States|American]] writer and [[political activism|political activist]]. He was a professor of [[ethnic studies]] at the [[University of Colorado at Boulder]] from 1990 to 2007. Primarily, his work focuses on the historical treatment of political dissenters and [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indians]] by the [[United States]]. His work features controversial and provocative claims, written in a direct, often confrontational style.
In January 2005, Churchill's work attracted publicity, with the widespread circulation of a 2001 essay, [[On the Justice of Roosting Chickens|''On the Justice of Roosting Chickens'']]. In it, he claimed that people killed in the [[September 11, 2001 attacks|World Trade Center attacks]] were involved in provoking the attack.<ref name="college-journalist-touched-off-firestorm">{{cite news
| title = College journalist touched off firestorm
| author = Charlie Brennan
| work = Rocky Mountain News
| date = 2005-02-03
| url = http://www.rockymountainnews.com/news/2005/feb/03/college-journalist-touched-off-firestorm/
}}</ref> In March 2005 the University of Colorado began investigating allegations that Churchill had engaged in research misconduct; it reported in June 2006 that he had done so.<ref name="misconduct_report">{{citation
| title = Report of the Investigative Committee of the Standing Committee on Research Misconduct at the University of Colorado at Boulder concerning Allegations of Academic Misconduct against Professor Ward Churchill
| first1 = Marianne | last1 = Wesson
| first2 = Robert | last2 = Clinton
| first3 = José | last3 = Limón
| first4 = Marjorie | last4 = McIntosh
| first5 = Michael | last5 = Radelet
| year = 2006
| month = May 9
| publisher = University of Colorado at Boulder
| url = http://www.colorado.edu/news/reports/churchill/download/WardChurchillReport.pdf
}}</ref> Churchill was fired on [[24 July]], [[2007]] for research misconduct.<ref name="cu-regents-fire-ward-churchill">{{cite news|url=http://www.rockymountainnews.com/news/2007/jul/25/cu-regents-fire-ward-churchill/|title=CU regents fire Ward Churchill|author=Berny Morson|work=Rocky Mountain News|date=2007-07-25}}</ref>
== Background ==
=== Early life ===
Churchill was born in [[Elmwood, Illinois]] and attended local schools, including Elmwood High School.<ref name="DP_Feb_13_2005"/>
=== Vietnam ===
In 1966, Churchill was drafted into the [[United States Army]]. On his 1980 resume, Churchill said he served as a public-information specialist who "wrote and edited the battalion newsletter and wrote news releases."<ref name="DP_Feb_13_2005">{{cite news
| title = Questions stoke Ward Churchill's firebrand past
| author = Dave Curtin
| coauthors = Howard Pankratz and Arthur Kane
| work = Denver Post
| url = http://www.denverpost.com/search/ci_0002709008
| date = 2005-02-13
}}</ref>
In a 1987 profile on Churchill, the ''[[Denver Post]]'' reported that Churchill went to paratrooper school, then volunteered for [[Vietnam war|Vietnam]], where he served a 10-month tour as [[Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol]] (LRRP), one of a six-man team sent out to track down [[North Vietnamese]].<ref name="LRRP">''Denver Post'', January 18, 1987. [http://www.gnosis.cx/photos/news/Churchill-DenverPost-1987.gif photostat of ''Denver Post'' article] ([http://carcopy.blogspot.com/2005/02/denver-post-january-18-1987.html the text])</ref> The ''Denver Post'' reported in 2005 that Churchill's military records show that he was trained as a projectionist and light truck driver, and do not mention paratrooper school or LRRP training.<ref name="DP_Feb_13_2005"/><ref name="DP_Feb_3_2005"/> The 75th Ranger Regiment Association found no record of Churchill being in a LRRP team<ref name="75th_Rangers">Patrolling Magazine, 2007</ref>
The 1987 ''Post'' article also reported that Churchill was politically radicalized as a result of his experiences in Vietnam. Churchill told the ''Denver Post'' that he had worked with the [[Students for a Democratic Society (1960 organization)|Students for a Democratic Society]] and [[Weather Underground]] in the late 1960s. The ''Post'' also reported that Churchill taught members of the Weather Underground how to make bombs and fire weapons.<ref name="LRRP"/>
===Education and academic career===
Churchill received his [[B.A.]] in Technological Communications in 1974 and [[Master's degree|M.A.]] in [[Communication studies|Communications Theory]] in 1975, both from Sangamon State University, now the [[University of Illinois at Springfield]].<ref name="DP_Feb_13_2005"/>
Churchill began working as an [[affirmative action]] officer at the [[University of Colorado at Boulder]] in 1978.
He also lectured on Indian issues in the ethnic studies program.
In 1990, he was hired as an associate professor, although he did not possess the academic [[doctorate]] usually required for such a position.
The following year he was granted tenure in the Communications department, without the usual six-year probationary period, after being declined by the Sociology and Political Science departments.
He was presented with an [[honorary degree|honorary]] Doctorate of Humane Letters from [[Alfred University]] after giving a lecture there about American Indian history in 1992.
He moved to the new Ethnic Studies department in 1996 and was promoted to full professor in 1997.
He became chair of the department in June 2002.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Churchill tenure questioned: Prof was granted job security without usual review process
| author = Berny Morson
| coauthors = Charlie Brennan
| work = Rocky Mountain News
| date = 2005-02-16
| url = http://www.rockymountainnews.com/news/2005/feb/16/churchill-tenure-questioned/
}}</ref><ref name="personnel_file">{{cite news
| author = Jefferson Dodge
| title = Churchill's personnel files released by CU-Boulder
| work = Silver & Gold Record
| date = 2005-02-24
| url = https://www.cu.edu/sg/messages/4218.html
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| title = Honorary Degrees, 1990-1999
| work = Special Collections & Archives
| publisher = Herrick Memorial Library, Alfred University
| url = http://www.herr.alfred.edu/special/archives/histories/honorary/1990.shtml
}}</ref>
In January 2005, during the controversy over his 9/11 remarks, Churchill resigned as chairman of the Ethnic Studies department at the [[University of Colorado at Boulder|University of Colorado]] — his term as chair was scheduled to expire in June of that year.<ref name="resigns_chair">[http://www.colorado.edu/news/releases/2005/44.html Ward Churchill Resigns Administrative Post], University of Colorado at Boulder,
Jan. 31, 2005</ref> On [[May 16]], [[2006]], the Investigative Committee of the Standing Committee on Research Misconduct at the [[University of Colorado at Boulder|University of Colorado]] concluded that Churchill had committed multiple counts of [[Academic dishonesty|academic misconduct]], specifically [[plagiarism]], [[Fabrication (science)|fabrication]], and [[Forgery|falsification]].<ref name="misconduct_report"/> On [[July 24]], [[2007]], Churchill was fired for academic misconduct in an eight to one vote by the University of Colorado's Board of Regents.<ref name="cu-regents-fire-ward-churchill"/>
===Ethnic background===
Churchill has stated, "I am myself of [[Creek people|Muscogee]] and [[Creek people|Creek]] descent on my father's side, [[Cherokee]] on my mother's, and am an enrolled member of the [[United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians]]."<ref name="american_holocaust">{{cite journal|author=Ward Churchill|title=An American Holocaust? The Structure of Denial|journal=Socialism and Democracy|year=2003|volume=17|issue=2|pages=25–76 | url=http://www.sdonline.org/33/ward_churchill.htm|doi=10.1080/08854300308428341}}</ref><ref name="ethnicstudies">{{cite web
| title = Ward Churchill
| work = [http://www.colorado.edu/EthnicStudies/ Ethnic Studies]
| publisher = University of Colorado
| url = http://www.colorado.edu/EthnicStudies/faculty/churchill.html
| accessdate = 2008-01-09
}}</ref> He wrote elsewhere that he is one-eighth Creek and one-sixteenth Cherokee.<ref>{{cite book
| chapter = Federal Indian Identification Policy: A Usurpation of Indigenous Sovereignty in North America
| title = The State of Native America: Genocide, Colonization and Resistance
| last = Jaimes | first = M. Annette
| editor = Jaimes, M. Annette (ed.)
| publisher = [[South End Press]]
| location = Boston
| year = 1992
| isbn = 089608424-8
| pages = 123-138
| url = http://books.google.com/books?as_isbn=0896084248
}} Churchill told the University of Colorado investigative committee that he wrote this essay in its entirety.</ref>
In 1993, Churchill told the Colorado Daily that, “he was one-sixteenth Creek and Cherokee”.<ref>
{{cite web
| author= Jodi Rave
| title= Free speech for fake Indian
| url=http://www.rapidcityjournal.com/articles/2005/02/12/news/opinion/opin338.txt}}
</ref>
Churchill told the ''Denver Post'' in February 2005 that he is three-sixteenths Cherokee.<ref name="DP_Feb_3_2005">{{cite news
| title = CU prof affirms Indian heritage: Tribe says he's not full member
| author = Howard Pankratz
| work = Denver Post
| url = http://www.denverpost.com/search/ci_0002689334
| date = 2005-02-03
}}</ref>
The [[United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians|United Keetoowah Band]] clarified that Churchill was never an enrolled member, but was awarded an honorary associate membership in 1994, as were [[Bill Clinton]] and others;<ref>{{cite news
| title = Tribe snubs prof: Cherokee band says Churchill's claim of membership a fraud
| author = Charlie Brennan
| work = Rocky Mountain News
| date = 2005-05-18
| url = http://www.rockymountainnews.com/news/2005/may/18/tribe-snubs-prof/
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| title = Tribe clarifies stance on prof: Milder statement explains Churchill's 'associate' label
| author = Charlie Brennan
| work = Rocky Mountain News
| date = 2005-05-21
| url = http://www.rockymountainnews.com/news/2005/may/21/tribe-clarifies-stance-on-prof/
}}</ref> honorary membership recognizes assistance to the tribe, but does not indicate indian ancestry.<ref name = "Clark-Keetoowah">{{cite news
| title = Keetoowah Band says Churchill is honorary, Indian tribe states membership is not recognized
| last = Clark | first = Elizabeth Mattern |
| work = Daily Camera
| date = 2005-05-19
| url = http://www.dailycamera.com/news/2005/may/19/keetoowah-band-says-churchill-is-honorary
}}</ref>
The Keetoowah Band states that Churchill still holds the associate membership, that it hasn't been rescinded, and that the Keetoowah Band stopped recognizing such "honorary" memberships in 1994.<ref name = "Clark-Keetoowah"/><ref>The Tahlequah Daily Press, February 4, 2005</ref><ref>United Keetoowah Band website, http://unitedkeetoowahband.org/, May 18, 2005.</ref>
The ''[[Rocky Mountain News]]'', in 2005, published a genealogy of Churchill, and reported "no evidence of a single Indian ancestor" [of Churchill's]. The ''News'' reports that both of Churchill's birth parents are listed as white on the 1930 census, as are all of his other known ancestors on previous censuses and other official documents.<ref>{{cite news |first=Kevin |last=Flynn |authorlink= |author= |coauthors= |title=The Churchill files; Are Ward Churchill's claims of American Indian ancestry valid? |url=http://denver.rockymountainnews.com/news/churchill/indexDay5.shtml |format= |work=Rocky Mountain News |pages= |page= |date=2005-06-09 |accessdate=2007-07-25 |language= |quote= }}</ref> The ''Denver Post'''s genealogical investigation resulted in the same conclusion.
Documents in Churchill’s university personnel file show that he was granted tenure in a "special opportunity position."<ref name="personnel_file"/>
Such positions were later described as a program designed to help "recruit and hire a more diverse faculty."<ref>{{cite web
| title = Appendix C - Best Practices
| work = Campus Diversity Plan: A Blueprint for Action
| publisher = University of Colorado at Boulder
| year = 1999
| month = July
| url = http://www.colorado.edu/cu-diversity/blueprint/appendix_c.html
}}</ref> In 1994, then CU-Boulder Chancellor James Corbridge refused to take action on allegations that Churchill was fraudulently claiming to be an Indian, saying "it has always been university policy that a person's race or ethnicity is self-proving."<ref>{{cite news
| title = Red-flagged career: Churchill's tenure at CU marked by warnings of trouble
| author = Charlie Brennan
| coauthors = Stuart Steers
| work = Rocky Mountain News
| date = 2005-02-17
| url = http://www.rockymountainnews.com/news/2005/feb/17/red-flagged-career/
}}</ref>
Churchill's critics argue that his assertion of Native American ancestry without the ability to prove it might constitute misrepresentation and grounds for termination. The University, however, has stated in response that they do not hire on the basis of ethnicity.
The University of Colorado's Research Misconduct Committee [[Ward Churchill misconduct issues|
conducted a preliminary investigation]] into whether Churchill misrepresented his ethnicity in order to "add credibility and public acceptance to his scholarship";<ref name="preliminary_report"/> they concluded that the allegation was not "appropriate for further investigation under the definition of research misconduct."<ref>{{cite press release
| title = Statement Regarding Decision Of Standing Committee On Research Misconduct
| author = Pauline Hale
| publisher = [http://www.colorado.edu/news/ CU-Boulder Office of News Services]
| date = 2005-09-09
| url = http://www.colorado.edu/news/reports/churchill/standingcommittee.html
}}</ref>
In an interview in ''The Rocky Mountain News'', Churchill stated: "I have never been confirmed as having one-quarter blood, and never said I was. And even if [the critics] are absolutely right, what does that have to do with this issue? I have never claimed to be goddamned [[Sitting Bull]]".<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.rockymountainnews.com/drmn/local/article/0,1299,DRMN_15_4339669,00.html | work=Rocky Mountain News | title=Year in quotes | date=2005-12-25}}</ref>
Churchill has countered requests for verification of his Indian heritage in various ways including attacking the basis on which some Native American tribes establish their membership requirements. Churchill argues that the United States instituted "[[blood quantum]]" laws based upon rules of descendency in order to further goals of personal enrichment and political expediency.<ref>Churchill explained his belief to oral historian [[David Barsamian]]:
<blockquote>You could say that five hundred years ago was the basis of blood quantum in Ibero-America. But in Anglo-America, while there was some preoccupation with it, it was not formalized until the passage of the General Allotment Act, mid-1880s. At that point they began to define Indian as being someone who was demonstrably and documentably of at least one-quarter by quantum blood indigenous in a given group. You couldn't be an eighth Cheyenne and an eighth Arapaho and be an Indian. You had to be a quarter Cheyenne or a quarter Arapaho or hopefully a quarter and a quarter. The reason for this was quite clear. They were identifying Indians for purposes of allotting them individual parcels of land in the existing reservation base at that point. If they ran out of Indians identifiable as such, then the rest of the land would be declared surplus. So it was clearly in the interests of the government to create a definition of Indianness that would minimize the number of Indians that were available. It was an economic motivation for the application of this genetic criteria to Indianness in the first place. It's become increasingly so ever since." ({{cite journal | author=David Barsamian interviews Ward Churchill | title=Historical and Current Perspectives | journal=Z Magazine | year=1995 | month=December | url=http://www.zmag.org/ZMag/articles/dec95barsamian.htm}})</blockquote></ref><ref>Churchill's argument about dilution of tribal membership is controversial, however. According to Circe Sturm, for example, the largest of the federally recognized Cherokee tribes—the [[Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma]]—does not impose any blood quantum requirements for membership. It requires only that an applicant prove descent from a person listed on official Cherokee rolls.({{cite book |first=Circe|last=Sturm |year=2002|title=Blood Politics: Race, Culture, and Identity in the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma |publisher=University of California Press | location=Berkeley CA |id= |url=}})</ref>
== Writing ==
As a scholar, Churchill has written on American Indian history and culture, and is particularly outspoken about what he describes as the [[genocide]] inflicted on the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous people of North America]] by [[Europe]]an settlers and the repression of native peoples that continues to this day.
[[Image:FromaNativeSon.jpg|thumb|''[[From a Native Son]]'' book cover]]
Churchill has written or coauthored fourteen books and more than 150 published essays. He describes fifty of those essays as "scholarly", of which 27 are refereed.<ref>{{cite web
| author = Ward Churchill
| title = Submission of Professor Ward Churchill to the Board of Regents of the University of Colorado
| url = http://wardchurchill.net/files/churchill_response_to_regents_071207.pdf
| format = PDF
| date = 2007-07-12
}}</ref>
According to the University of Colorado investigation, "His academic publications are nearly all works of synthesis and reinterpretation, drawing upon studies by other scholars, not monographs describing new research based on primary sources." The investigation also noted that "he has decided to publish largely in alternative presses or journals, not in the university presses or mainstream peer-reviewed journals often favored by more conventional academics."<ref name="misconduct_report"/> In addition to his academic writing, Churchill has written for several general readership magazines of political opinion.
In 1986, Churchill wrote an essay titled [[Pacifism as Pathology: Notes on an American Pseudopraxis|''Pacifism as Pathology: Notes on an American Pseudopraxis'']] criticizing [[pacifism|pacifist]] [[politics]] within the U.S. left as being hypocritical, ''de facto'' [[racism|racist]] and ineffectual. In 1998, [[Arbeiter Ring Publishing]] published the essay in a book entitled ''Pacifism as Pathology: Reflections on the Role of Armed Struggle in North America'' and listing Ward Churchill as the author. (ISBN 1-894037-07-3) The book included a preface by Ed Mead, a new introduction to the essay by Churchill and a commentary by Mike Ryan. The book sparked much debate in leftist circles and inspired more aggressive tactics within the [[anti-globalization]] movement in the following few years.<ref> L.A. Kauffman (December 10, 1999). [http://www.salon.com/news/feature/1999/12/10/anarchists/print.html "Who were those masked anarchists in Seattle?"]. Salon.com.</ref>
''Agents of Repression'' (1988), co-authored by [[Jim Vander Wall]], describes what the authors claim was "the secret war" against the [[Black Panther Party]] and [[American Indian Movement]] carried out during the late 1960s and [[1970s|'70s]] by the [[FBI]] under the [[COINTELPRO]] program. ''[[The COINTELPRO Papers]]'' (1990; reissued 2002), also co-authored with Jim Vander Wall, examines a series of original FBI memos that detail the Bureau's activities against various leftist groups, from the [[Communist Party USA|U.S. Communist Party]] in the 1950s to activists concerned with [[Central America]]n issues in the 1980s.
In ''Fantasies of the Master Race'' (1992), Churchill examines the portrayal of American Indians and the use of American Indian symbols in popular American culture. He focuses on such phenomena as [[Tony Hillerman]]'s mystery novels, the film ''[[Dances with Wolves]]'', and the [[New Age]] movement, finding examples of cultural [[imperialism]] and exploitation. Churchill calls author [[Carlos Castaneda]]'s claims of revealing the teachings of a [[Yaqui]] Indian [[shaman]], the "greatest hoax since [[Piltdown Man]]."
''[[Struggle for the Land]]'' (1993; reissued 2002) is a collection of essays in which Churchill chronicles the U.S. government's systematic exploitation of Native lands and the killing or displacement of American Indians. He details Native American efforts in the 19th and 20th centuries to prevent defoliation and industrial practices such as [[surface mining]].
Churchill's ''Indians Are Us?'' (1994), a sequel to ''Fantasies of the Master Race'', further explores [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]] issues in popular culture and politics. He examines the movie ''[[Black Robe (film)|Black Robe]],'' the [[Pine Ridge Indian Reservation]] killings, the prosecution of [[Leonard Peltier]], sports [[mascot]]s, the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990, and [[blood quantum laws]], calling them tools of genocide. Churchill is particularly outspoken about [[New Age]] exploitations of [[shamanism]] and American Indian sacred traditions, and the "[[do-it-yourself]] Indianism" of certain contemporary authors. [[John P. LaVelle]] of the University of New Mexico School of Law published a review of ''Indians Are Us?'' in ''The American Indian Quarterly''. Professor LaVelle, who is an enrolled member of the Santee Sioux Nation, states that ''Indians Are Us?'' twists historical facts and is hostile toward Indian tribes.<ref name="lavelle_review"/>
''[[From a Native Son|From a Native Son: Selected Essays on Indigenism, 1985-1995]]'' (1996) is a collection of 23 previously published essays on Native American history, culture, and political activism.
Churchill's ''A Little Matter of Genocide'' (1997) is a survey of [[ethnic cleansing]] from 1492 to the present. He compares the treatment of North American [[Native Americans in the United States|Indians]] to historical instances of genocide by communists in [[Cambodia]], Turks against [[Armenians]], and Europeans against the [[Roma people|Gypsies]], as well as [[Nazism|Nazis]] against the [[Poles]] and [[Jews]].
In ''Perversions of Justice'' (2002), Churchill argues that the U.S.'s legal system was adapted to gain control over Native American people. Tracing the evolution of federal Indian law, Churchill argues that the principles set forth were not only applied to non-Indians in the U.S., but later adapted for application abroad. He concludes that this demonstrates the development of the U.S.'s "imperial logic," which depends on a "corrupt form of legalism" to establish colonial control and empire.
Churchill's controversial essay on 9/11 was expanded into a book-length manuscript, published as ''[[On the Justice of Roosting Chickens|On the Justice of Roosting Chickens: Reflections on the Consequences of U.S. Imperial Arrogance and Criminality]]'' (2003) by [[AK Press]]. The book features two other chapters, one listing US military interventions, another listing what Churchill believes to be US violations of international law. The original essay takes the "roosting chickens" of the title from a 1963 [[Malcolm X]] speech wherein Malcolm X linked the assassination of the U.S. president [[John F. Kennedy]] to the violence that Kennedy perpetuated as "merely a case of chickens coming home to roost." Churchill's essays in this book address the worldwide forms of resistance that he posits were and continue to be provoked by U.S. imperialism of the 20th and 21st centuries.
In ''[[Kill the Indian, Save the Man|Kill the Indian, Save the Man: The Genocidal Impact of American Indian Residential Schools]]'' (2004), Churchill traces the history of removing [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]] children from their homes to [[residential schools]] (in [[Canada]]) or [[Indian boarding school]]s (in the USA) as part of government policies (1880s-1980s) which he regards as genocidal.
== Activism ==
Churchill has been active since at least 1984 as the co-director of the [[Denver]]-based [[American Indian Movement of Colorado]], an autonomous chapter of the [[American Indian Movement]]. In 1993, he and other local [[American Indian Movement|AIM]] leaders, including [[Russell Means]], Glen Morris, Bob Robideau, and David Hill, broke with the national [[American Indian Movement|AIM]] leadership, including [[Dennis Banks]] and brothers [[Vernon Bellecourt|Vernon]] and [[Clyde Bellecourt]], claiming that all AIM chapters are autonomous. The [[schism (religion)|schism]] continues, with the national AIM leadership claiming that the local AIM leaders, such as Churchill, are tools of the government which uses them against other American Indians. The leaders of the national AIM organization claim that Churchill has worked in the past as an underground [[counter-intelligence]] source for the U.S. government, for example the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]], and local, non-Indian, police forces, to subvert the national AIM organization. They cite several examples but specifically a 1993 [[Boulder, Colorado|Boulder]] interview with Jodi Rave, a former columnist for the ''Denver Post'', where Churchill stated that he "was teaching the [[Rapid City, South Dakota|Rapid City]] Police Department about the American Indian Movement."<ref>Bellecourt, Vernon. [http://www.aimovement.org/moipr/USgovt-vs-AIMnov99.html ''United States Government War Against the American Indian Movement''], AIM Council on Security and Intelligence, November 3, 1999</ref>
Churchill has been a leader of Colorado AIM's annual protests in Denver against the [[Columbus Day]] holiday and its associated parade. These protests have brought Colorado AIM's leadership into conflict with some leaders in the Denver [[Italian American]] community, the main supporters of the parade. Churchill and others have been arrested while protesting for acts such as blocking the parade.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.transformcolumbusday.org/media/20050924-rm.htm|title="Columbus parade could see less strife: Churchill, conflict having an effect" By Charlie Brennan, ''Rocky Mountain News'', September 24, 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.transformcolumbusday.org/chronology.html | title=Chronology of Events Concerning (Transform) Columbus Day | work=Transform Columbus Day Alliance | accessdate=March 28 | accessyear=2006}}</ref> As early as 2004, Churchill has claimed that the [[Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Ninth Amendment]] rights of native Americans not to be subjected to such displays overrides the [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]] of non-native Americans and that such parades are unconstitutional. Legal scholars have dismissed this argument as carrying no practical weight in higher U.S. courts.<ref>[http://www.counterpunch.org/churchill02212005.html Ward Churchill: What Did I Really Say? And Why Did I Say It?] February 21, 2005 and [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5ukix4iAmWw video of Question#4]</ref><ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JOcAU77Nt5w Colorado] and [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vBbPprcjwzU other] legal scholars on 9th vs. 1st issue. February 4, 2005</ref>
In April 1983, Churchill traveled to [[Tripoli]] and [[Benghazi]] as a representative of AIM and the International Indian Treaty Council to meet Colonel [[Muammar al-Gaddafi]] of [[Libya]] while a U.S. travel ban to that country was in place. The visit was intended to seek support from Gaddafi regarding claims of the U.S. government's violation of AIM treaties.
== 9/11 essay controversy ==
{{main|Ward Churchill 9/11 essay controversy}}
Churchill wrote an essay in September 2001 entitled [[On the Justice of Roosting Chickens|''On the Justice of Roosting Chickens'']]. In it, he argued that the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]] were provoked by [[United States|U.S.]] foreign policy. Further, he argued that people who were wounded and killed in the World Trade Center were not innocent civilians, comparing their role in "ongoing genocidal American imperialism" to the role played by [[Adolf Eichmann]] in organizing the Holocaust.
In 2005, this essay was widely publicized when [[Hamilton College]] invited Churchill to speak.<ref name="college-journalist-touched-off-firestorm"/> This led to both condemnations of Churchill and counter-accusations of [[McCarthyism]] by Churchill and supporters. Following the controversy, the University of Colorado interim [[Chancellor]] Phil DiStefano stated, "While Professor Churchill has the constitutional right to express his political views, his essay on 9/11 has outraged and appalled us and the general public."<ref name="resigns_chair"/>
== Research misconduct investigation ==
{{main|Ward Churchill misconduct issues}}
The controversy attracted increased attention to Churchill's research, which had already been criticized by legal scholar John LaVelle and historian [[Guenter Lewy]].<ref name="lavelle_review">{{citation
| title = Review of "Indians Are Us?: Culture and Genocide in Native North America"
| first = John | last = LaVelle
| journal = The American Indian Quarterly
| volume = 20 | number = 1
| pages = 109-118
| year = 1999
| url = http://lawschool.unm.edu/faculty/lavelle/american-indian-quarterly.pdf
}}</ref><ref>{{citation
| title = The General Allotment Act "Eligibility" Hoax: Distortions of Law, Policy, and History in Derogation of Indian Tribes
| first = John | last = LaVelle
| journal = Wicazo Sa Review
| year = 1999
| month = Spring
| pages = 251-302
| url = http://lawschool.unm.edu/faculty/lavelle/allotment-act.pdf
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| title = Were American Indians the Victims of Genocide?
| first = Guenter | last = Lewy
| work = [[History News Network]]
| date = 2004-11-22
| url = http://hnn.us/articles/7302.html}}</ref>
More critics came forward, including sociologist Thomas Brown, who had been preparing an article on Churchill's work, and historians R.G. Robertson and Russell Thornton, who claimed that Churchill had mischaracterized their work.<ref>{{cite news
| title = A New Ward Churchill Controversy
| first = Scott | last = Jaschik
| work = Inside Higher Ed
| date = 2005-02-09
| url = http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2005/02/09/churchill2_9
}}</ref><ref>{{citation
| title = Did the U.S. Army Distribute Smallpox Blankets to Indians? Fabrication and Falsification in Ward Churchill’s Genocide Rhetoric
| first = Thomas | last = Brown
| journal = Plagiary: Cross-Disciplinary Studies in Plagiarism, Fabrication, and Falsification
| volume = 1 | number = 9
| year = 2006
| pages = 1-30
| url = http://www.plagiary.org/smallpox-blankets.pdf
}}</ref>
In 2005, [[University of Colorado at Boulder]] administrators ordered an investigation into the allegations of [[research misconduct]].
University of Colorado officials pointed out that while accusations against Churchill had been published as early as the 1990s, no one had filed a complaint of research misconduct with the University before 2005.
However, they addressed the new charges of research misconduct that came to light during the controversy over Churchill's remarks about the 9/11 victims.<ref name="preliminary_report">{{citation
| title = Report on Conclusion of Preliminary Review in the Matter of Professor Ward Churchill
| first1 = Philip | last1 = DiStephano
| first2 = Todd | last2 = Gleeson
| first3 = David | last3 = Getches
| date = 2005-03-24
| publisher = University of Colorado at Boulder
| url = http://www.colorado.edu/news/reports/churchill/report.html
}}</ref>
On [[May 16]], [[2006]] the University released its investigative committee findings.
The Investigative Committee, a five-member subcommittee of the Standing Committee on Research Misconduct, agreed unanimously that Churchill had engaged in "serious research misconduct," including four counts of falsifying information, two counts of fabricating information, two counts of plagiarizing the works of others, improperly reporting the results of studies, and failing to "comply with established standards regarding author names on publications." In addition, the committee found him "disrespectful of Indian oral traditions." Two members found that Churchill's actions did not warrant dismissal and that the most appropriate sanction was suspension. While the remaining three found that his conduct was grounds for dismissal, they were split as to what the most appropriate sanction was—two believed suspension was appropriate and one stated dismissal was appropriate.<ref name="misconduct_report">{{citation
| title = Report of the Investigative Committee of the Standing Committee on Research Misconduct at the University of Colorado at Boulder concerning Allegations of Academic Misconduct against Professor Ward Churchill
| first1 = Marianne | last1 = Wesson
| first2 = Robert | last2 = Clinton
| first3 = José | last3 = Limón
| first4 = Marjorie | last4 = McIntosh
| first5 = Michael | last5 = Radelet
| date = 2006-05-09
| publisher = University of Colorado at Boulder
| url = http://www.colorado.edu/news/reports/churchill/StandingCmteReport.html
}}</ref>
In its report, the investigative sub-committee "expresses its concern regarding the timing and perhaps the motives for the University's decision to forward charges made in that context."<ref name="misconduct_report"/>
The Standing Committee's final report, however, states that they could not ignore the charges against Churchill given their seriousness.<ref name="standing_ctte_report">{{citation
| title = Report and Recommendations of the Standing Committee on Research Misconduct Concerning Allegations of Research Misconduct by Professor Ward Churchill
| first1 = Joseph | last1 = Rosse
| first2 = Sanjai | last2 = Bhagat
| first3 = Mark | last3 = Bradburn
| first4 = Harold | last4 = Bruff
| first5 = Judith | last5 = Glyde
| first6 = Steven | last6 = Guberman
| first7 = Bella | last7 = Mody
| first8 = Linda | last8 = Morris
| first9 = Uriel | last9 = Nauenberg
| first10 = Ron | last10 = Pak
| first11 = Cortlandt | second11 = Pierpont
| date = 2006-06-13
| publisher = University of Colorado at Boulder
| url = http://www.colorado.edu/news/reports/churchill/download/ChurchillStandingCmteReport.pdf
}}</ref>
The Standing Committee on Research Misconduct accepted the findings of the Investigative Committee that Churchill had "committed serious, repeated, and deliberate research misconduct." However, the Committee disagreed on what sanctions should be imposed. Six members voted for dismissal. Two members voted for a five year suspension without pay, and one voted for a two year suspension without pay.<ref name="standing_ctte_report"/>
Churchill has disputed the finding of misconduct.<ref>{{cite web| title=A Travesty of an "Investigation" | author=Ward Churchill | url=http://counterpunch.org/churchill05162006.html | work=[[Counterpunch]] | date=2006-05-16 | accessdate=2008-01-08 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = Summary of Fallacies in the University of Colorado Investigative Committee Report of May 9, 2006| first = Ward | last = Churchill| date=2006-05-20| url = http://wardchurchill.net/files/churchill052006.doc| format = MSWord document}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| title = Research Misconduct Complaint against Professor Michael Radelet and Investigative Committee
| first = Ward | last = Churchill
| date = 2007-07-12
| url = http://wardchurchill.net/files/f_research_misconduct_complaint_radelet_ic.pdf
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| title = Research Misconduct Complaint against Professor Marjorie McIntosh and Investigative Committee
| first = Ward | last = Churchill
| date = 2007-07-18
| url = http://wardchurchill.net/files/g_research_misconduct_complaint_mcintosh_ic.pdf
}}</ref>
Churchill's appeal against his proposed dismissal was considered by a panel of the University's Privilege and Tenure Committee, which found that two of the seven findings of misconduct did not constitute dismissible offences. Three members recommended that the penalty should be demotion and one year's suspension without pay, while two favored dismissal.<ref name="cu-regents-fire-ward-churchill"/><ref name="sgr-regents-dismiss-churchill">{{cite news
| title = Regents dismiss Ward Churchill
| author = Jefferson Dodge
| work = Silver & Gold Record
| date = 2007-07-26
| url = https://www.cu.edu/sg/messages/5704.html
| accessdate = 2008-01-08
}}</ref>
On [[July 24]], [[2007]], the University regents voted seven to two to uphold all seven of the findings of research misconduct, overruling the recommendation of Privilege and Tenure panel that two of them be dismissed. They then fired Churchill by vote of eight to one. The sole dissenter, Cindy Carlisle, had argued for the sanctions recommended by the majority of the Privilege and Tenure dismissal panel.<ref name="cu-regents-fire-ward-churchill"/><ref name="sgr-regents-dismiss-churchill"/>
University president [[Hank Brown]] said of the firing, "This case was an example not of mistakes, but an effort to falsify history and fabricate history and in the final analysis, this individual did not express regret or apologize. This is a faculty that has an outstanding reputation and this move today protects that reputation."<ref name="fired">{{cite web
| url = http://www.9news.com/rss/article.aspx?storyid=74224
| title = 'I'm going nowhere' says Churchill after firing
| author = Jeffrey Wolf
| coauthors = Nicole Vap
| publisher = 9news.com
| date = 2007-07-25
}}</ref>
On the following day, Churchill filed a lawsuit in state court claiming that the firing was retribution for expressing politically unpopular views.<ref>{{cite web
| title = First amended complaint & jury demand
| work = Ward Churchill v. University of Colorado
| url = http://denver.rockymountainnews.com/pdf/complaint.pdf
| date = 2007-07-25
}}</ref>
The University filed for dismissal on September 4, 2007.<ref>{{cite news|
| url=http://www.denverpost.com/ci_6801649
| title=CU seeks dismissal of Churchill lawsuit
| author=Arthur Kane
| work=Denver Post
| date=2007-09-05
}}</ref>
Some observers infer that the investigation and these actions were in retaliation for Churchill's controversial statements about the World Trade Center attacks because it began in the midst of national media coverage of his statements, with one stating that Churchill's writing was "subjected to a line-by-line review for evidence of academic malfeasance solely as a punishment for his political statements."<ref name="witch">{{cite news
| first=Mike
| last=Littwin
| authorlink=
| coauthors=
| date=2006-05-18
| title=Witch hunt apparently pays off at CU
| work=Rocky Mountain News
| url=http://www.rockymountainnews.com/news/2006/may/18/blittwinb-witch-hunt-apparently-pays-off-at-cu/
| accessdate=2007-01-25
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.swans.com/library/art12/zig094.html
| author=Tom Mayer
| title=The Report On Ward Churchill
| work=Swans Commentary
| date=2006-06-19
| accessdate=2006-07-13
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| url=http://www.thenation.com/doc/20050307/shapiro
| title=Free Speech Fights
| accessdate=2007-07-31
| date=2005-03-07
| last=Shapiro
| first=Bruce
| work=[[The Nation]]}}</ref>
Eleven professors have signed a complaint against the investigation and its findings, claiming the Committee's research violates standard scholarly practices by using biased information and suppressing information favorable to Churchill.<ref>{{cite news
| url=http://archive.boulderweekly.com/080907/coverstory.html
| title=Unfinished Business
| author=Pamela White
| work=Boulder Weekly
| date=2007-08-09}}</ref>
[[Margaret LeCompte]], who is chair of CU's chapter of the [[American Association of University Professors]], views the Churchill case as a "key precedent that could lead to curtailing academic freedoms."<ref>{{cite news
| url=http://www.denverpost.com/ci_6015760
| title=Churchill part of bigger fight
| author=Christopher N. Osher
| work=Denver Post
| date=2007-05-30}}</ref> In addition, scholars, activists and organizations including the [[ACLU]], the [[National Association of Chicana and Chicano Studies]], [[Mumia Abu-Jamal]], [[Noam Chomsky]], [[Howard Zinn]], [[Drucilla Cornell]], and [[Immanuel Wallerstein]], have issued statements objecting to the circumstances of Churchill's firing.<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://wardchurchill.net/blog/contact-us/
| title=Statements in support of Ward Churchill
| date=2007-10-17}}</ref>
According to Thomas Brown, one of Churchill's critics in the academy, support for Churchill has dwindled. Brown states that in February 2005, 199 CU faculty members signed a newspaper article supporting Churchill, but in July 2007, only four CU faculty signed another letter protesting his imminent firing.
<ref name="Ward Churchill's Twelve Excuses for Plagiarism">
{{cite journal
|author=Thomas Brown
|title=Ward Churchill's Twelve Excuses for Plagiarism
|journal=Plagiary
|year=2007
|volume=2
|issue=7
|pages=1–12
|url=http://www.plagiary.org/2007/twelve-excuses.pdf
}}</ref>
== Artwork ==
Churchill's subjects are often [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]] figures and other themes associated with [[Native American Culture]], using historical photographs as source material for works.<ref name="artnet">{{cite web |url=http://www.artnet.com/Magazine/news/artnetnews2/artnetnews3-15-05.asp |title=Artnet News: Art Troubles for WTC "Little Eichmanns" Critic |Publisher= Artnet Magazine |date= 3/15/05 |accessdate=2007-07-26 |format= |work= }}</ref>
There have been allegations that Churchill’s pieces infringe copyrights. For example, his 1981 [[serigraph]] "Winter Attack" was, according to Churchill and others, based on a 1972 drawing by artist [[Thomas E. Mails]].<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=43054
| title=Ward Churchill copied 'original' art piece
| date=2005-02-26}}</ref> Churchill printed 150 copies of "Winter Attack" and sold at least one of them; other copies have been made available for purchase online. Churchill maintained that at the time he produced "Winter Attack", he publicly acknowledged that it was based on Mails' work.<ref>{{cite web | last =Chohan | first =Raj | authorlink = | coauthors = | title ='Original' Churchill Art Piece Creates Controversy | work = | publisher =KCNC-TV (CBS Broadcasting) | date =February 24, 2005 | url =http://cbs4denver.com/local/ward.churchill.raj.2.541927.html | format =HTML | doi = | accessdate =2008-01-16 }}</ref>
The online journal [[Artnet]] mentions Churchill's artwork and the controversy surrounding its originality.<ref name="artnet"/>
== Works ==
=== Books ===
*{{cite book
| editor=
| author= Churchill, Ward (ed.)
| authorlink=
| coauthors=
| year=1984
| title=Marxism and Native Americans
| edition=
| publisher=[[South End Press]]
| location=Boulder CO
| id=ISBN 978-0-89608-177-2 (hardcover: ISBN 978-0-89608-178-9)
}}
*{{cite book
| editor=
| first=Ward
| last=Churchill
| authorlink=
| coauthors=Elisabeth Lloyd
| year=1984
| title=Culture versus Economism: Essays on Marxism in the Multicultural Arena
| edition=
| publisher=[[Indigena Press]]
| location=
| id=
}}
*{{cite book
| editor=
| first=Ward
| last=Churchill
| authorlink=
| coauthors=[[Jim Vander Wall]]
| year=1988
| title=Agents of Repression: The [[FBI]]'s Secret Wars Against the [[Black Panther Party]] and the [[American Indian Movement]]
| edition=
| publisher=[[South End Press]]
| location=Boulder CO
| id=ISBN 978-0-89608-293-9 (hardcover: ISBN 978-0-89608-294-6)
}}
*{{cite book
| editor=
| first=Ward
| last=Churchill
| authorlink=
| coauthors=Jim Vander Wall
| year=1990
| title=[[The COINTELPRO Papers]]: Documents from the FBI's Secret War Against Domestic Dissent
| edition=
| publisher=[[South End Press]]
| location=Boulder CO
| id=ISBN 978-0-89608-359-2
}}
*{{cite book
| editor=
| first=Ward
| last=Churchill
| authorlink=
| coauthors=
| year=1992
| title=Fantasies of the Master Race: Literature, Cinema, and the Colonization of American Indians
| edition=
| publisher=Common Courage Press
| location=
| id=ISBN 978-0-87286-348-4
}}
*{{cite book
| editor=
| first=Ward
| last=Churchill
| authorlink=
| coauthors=Jennie and Jim Vander Wall (eds.)
| year=1992
| title=Cages of Steel: The Politics of Imprisonment in America
| edition=Activism, Politics, Culture, Theory, Vol. 4
| publisher=[[Maisonneuve Press]]
| location=
| id=ISBN 978-0-944624-17-3
}} Re-released as {{cite book
| editor=
| first=Ward
| last=Churchill
| authorlink=
| coauthors=Jim Vander Wall (eds.)
| year=2004
| title=Politics of Imprisonment in the United States
| edition=
| publisher=[[AK Press]]
| location=
| id=ISBN 978-1-904859-12-3
}}
*{{cite book
| editor=
| first=Ward
| last=Churchill
| authorlink=
| coauthors=
| year=1993
| title=[[Struggle for the Land]]: Indigenous Resistance to Genocide, Ecocide and Expropriation in Contemporary North America
| edition=
| publisher=[[Common Courage Press]]
| location=
| id=ISBN 978-1-56751-000-3 (hardcover: ISBN 978-1-56751-001-0)
}} Released in a revised and expanded edition as {{cite book
| editor=
| first=Ward
| last=Churchill
| authorlink=
| coauthors=
| year=2002
| title=[[Struggle for the Land]]: Native North American Resistance to Genocide, Ecocide and Colonization
| edition=
| publisher=[[City Lights Books]]
| location=San Francisco CA
| id=ISBN 978-0-87286-414-6 (hardcover: ISBN 978-0-87286-415-3)
}} (One essay in this book has been accused of containing a plagiarized paragraph).
*{{cite book
| editor=
| first=Ward
| last=Churchill
| authorlink=
| coauthors=
| year=1994
| title=Indians Are Us?: Culture and Genocide in Native North America
| edition=
| publisher=Common Courage Press
| location=
| id=ISBN 978-1-56751-020-1 (hardcover: ISBN 978-1-56751-021-8)
}}
*{{cite book
| editor=
| first=Ward
| last=Churchill
| authorlink=
| coauthors=
| year=1995
| title=Since Predator Came: Notes from the Struggle for American Indian Liberation
| edition=
| publisher=[[Aigis Press]]
| location=
| id=ISBN 978-1-883930-03-5
}}
*{{cite book
| editor=
| first=Ward
| last=Churchill
| authorlink=
| coauthors=
| year=1996
| title=[[From a Native Son]]: Selected Essays on Indigenism 1985-1995
| edition=
| publisher=[[South End Press]]
| location=Boulder CO
| id=ISBN 978-0-89608-553-4
}}
*{{cite book
| editor=
| first=Ward
| last=Churchill
| authorlink=
| coauthors=Sharon Venne (eds.)
| year=1997
| title=Islands in Captivity: The International Tribunal on the Rights of Indigenous Hawaiians
| edition=
| publisher=[[South End Press]]
| location=Boulder CO
| id=ISBN 978-0-89608-567-1 (hardcover: ISBN 978-0-89608-568-8)
}} Re-released as {{cite book
| editor=
| first=Ward
| last=Churchill
| authorlink=
| coauthors=Sharon Venne (eds.)
| year=2005
| title=Islands in Captivity: The Record of the International Tribunal on the Rights of Indigenous Hawaiians
| edition=
| publisher=[[South End Press]]
| location=Boulder CO
| id=ISBN 978-0-89608-738-5)
}}
*{{cite book
| editor=
| first=Ward
| last=Churchill
| authorlink=
| coauthors=Mike Ryan (introduction by Ed Mead)
| year=1998
| title=[[Pacifism as Pathology: Notes on an American Pseudopraxis|Pacifism as Pathology: Reflections on the Role of Armed Struggle in North America]]
| edition=
| publisher=[[Arbeiter Ring]]
| location=
| id=ISBN 978-1-894037-07-5
}}
*{{cite book
| editor=
| first=Ward
| last=Churchill
| authorlink=
| coauthors=
| year=1998
| title=A Little Matter Of Genocide: Holocaust And Denial In The Americas 1492 To The Present
| edition=
| publisher=[[City Lights Books]]
| location=San Francisco CA
| id=ISBN 978-0-87286-323-1 (hardcover: ISBN 978-0-87286-343-9)
}}
*{{cite book
| editor=
| first=Ward
| last=Churchill
| authorlink=
| coauthors=
| year=2000
| title=Draconian Measures: The History of FBI Political Repression
| edition=
| publisher=Common Courage Press
| location=
| id=ISBN 978-1-56751-058-4 (hardcover: ISBN 978-1-56751-059-1)
}}
*{{cite book
| editor=
| first=Ward
| last=Churchill
| authorlink=
| coauthors=
| year=2002
| title=Acts Of Rebellion: The Ward Churchill Reader
| edition=
| publisher=[[Routledge]]
| location=
| id=ISBN 978-0-415-93156-4 (library binding: ISBN 978-0-415-93155-7)
}}
*{{cite book
| editor=
| first=Ward
| last=Churchill
| authorlink=
| coauthors=
| year=2002
| title=Perversions of Justice: Indigenous Peoples and Angloamerican Law
| edition=
| publisher=[[City Lights Books]]
| location=San Francisco CA
| id=ISBN 978-0-87286-411-5 (hardcover: ISBN 978-0-87286-416-0)
}}
*{{cite book
| editor=
| first=Ward
| last=Churchill
| authorlink=
| coauthors=
| year=2003
| title=[[On the Justice of Roosting Chickens]]: Reflections on the Consequences of U.S. Imperial Arrogance and Criminality
| edition=
| publisher=[[AK Press]]
| location=
| id=ISBN 978-1-902593-79-1
}}
*{{cite book
| editor=
| first=Ward
| last=Churchill
| authorlink=
| coauthors=
| year=2004
| title=[[Kill the Indian, Save the Man]]: The Genocidal Impact of American Indian Residential Schools
| edition=
| publisher=[[City Lights Books]]
| location=San Francisco CA
| id=ISBN 978-0-87286-434-4
}}
*{{cite book
| editor=
| first=Ward
| last=Churchill
| authorlink=
| coauthors=
| year=2004
| title=Speaking Truth in the Teeth of Power: Lectures on Globalization, Colonialism, and Native North America
| edition=
| publisher=[[AK Press]]
| location=
| id=ISBN 978-1-904859-04-8
}}
*{{cite book
| editor=
| first=Ward
| last=Churchill
| authorlink=
| coauthors=
| year=2005
| title=To Disrupt, Discredit And Destroy: The FBI's Secret War Against The Black Panther Party
| edition=
| publisher=[[Routledge]]
| location=
| id=ISBN 978-0-415-92958-5 (hardcover: ISBN 978-0-415-92957-8)
}}
*{{cite book
| editor=
| first=Ward
| last=Churchill
| authorlink=
| coauthors=Natsu Saito (eds.)
| year=2006 (forthcoming)
| title=Confronting The Crime Of Silence: Evidence Of U.S. War Crimes In Indochina
| edition=
| publisher=[[AK Press]]
| location=
| id=ISBN 978-1-904859-21-5
}}
=== Articles ===
*{{cite journal
| first=Ward
| last=Churchill
| year=1992
| month=July-Sept.
| title=I Am Indigenist: Notes on the Ideology of the Fourth World
| journal=Z Papers
| volume=1
| issue=3
| pages=
| url=http://www.zmag.org/Chiapas1/wardindig.htm
}}
*{{cite paper
| first=Ward
| last=Churchill
| year=1994
| title=Let's Spread the Fun Around
| url=http://www.coloradoaim.org/Wardchurchillspreadthefunaround.htm
}} First published as "''Crimes Against Humanity''" in {{cite book
|author=Margaret Anderson and Patricia Hill (eds.)
|title=Race, Class and Gender: An Anthology
|year= 1994 |publisher=Wadsworth |location=Belmont, CA |pages=366-73
}} Also published under the titles "''The Indian Chant and the Tomahawk Chop''" and "''Using Indian Names as Mascots Harms Native Americans''".
*{{cite journal
| first=Ward
| last=Churchill
| year=1998
| month=November
| title=Smoke Signals: A History of Native Americans in Cinema
| journal=[[LiP Magazine]]
| url=http://www.lipmagazine.org/articles/revichurchill_35.htm
}}
*{{cite journal
| first=Ward
| last=Churchill
| year=2003
| month=Winter-Spring
| title=An American Holocaust? The Structure of Denial
| journal=Socialism and Democracy
| volume=21
| issue=2
| pages=25–76
| url=http://www.sdonline.org/33/ward_churchill.htm
| doi=10.1080/08854300308428341
}}
*{{cite journal
| first=Ward
| last=Churchill
| authorlink=
| coauthors=
| year=2005
| month=Spring
| title=The Ghosts of 9-1-1: Reflections on History, Justice and Roosting Chickens
| journal=[[Alternative Press Review]]
| volume=9
| issue=1
| pages=45–56
| id=
| url=http://www.altpr.org/modules.php?op=modload&name=Sections&file=index&req=viewarticle&artid=352&page=1
}}
*{{cite journal
| first=Ward
| last=Churchill
| year=2007
| month=July/Aug
| journal=Left Turn
| volume=25
| pages=25–29
| title=The Fourth World: Struggles for Traditional Lands and Ways of Life
| url=http://www.leftturn.org/?q=node/695
}}
=== Audio and video ===
*''Doing Time: The Politics of Imprisonment'', audio CD of a lecture, recorded at the Doing Time Conference at the [[University of Winnipeg]], September 2000 (AK Press, 2001, ISBN 978-1-902593-47-0)
*''Life In Occupied America'' (AK Press, 2003, ISBN 978-1-902593-72-2)
*''In A Pig's Eye: Reflections on the Police State, Repression, and Native America'' (AK Press, 2002, ISBN 978-1-902593-50-0)
*''US Off The Planet!: An Evening In [[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]] With Ward Churchill And Chellis Glendinning'', VHS video recorded July 17, 2001 (Cascadia Media Collective, 2002)
*''[[Pacifism as Pathology: Notes on an American Pseudopraxis|Pacifism and Pathology in the American Left]]'', 2003 audio CD recorded at a AK Press warehouse in Oakland (AK Press Audio)
*[http://www.zmag.org/churchillaudio.html Z Mag Ward Churchill Audio] August 10, 2003 and earlier
*[http://www.fsrn.org/news/20050209_news.html Churchill Speaks About Academic Freedom] - Free Speech Radio News February 09, 2005
*[http://www.fsrn.org/news/20050203_news.html Ward Churchill Under Fire] - Free Speech Radio News, February 03, 2005.
*[http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=05/02/18/157211 The Justice of Roosting Chickens: Ward Churchill Speaks] The [http://www.pacifica.org Pacifica] Network Show, [http://democracynow.org/ Democracy Now!] from February 18, 2005 features extended Audio/Video exclusive interview with Churchill.
*[http://www.makingthelinksradio.ca/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=24&Itemid=2 A Little Matter of Genocide: Linking U.S. Aggression Abroad to the Domestic Repression of Indigenous Peoples]", recorded in [[North Battleford, Saskatchewan]] on March 19, 2005
*Debate with [[David Horowitz (conservative writer)|David Horowitz]] and Ward Churchill at [[George Washington University]] [[April 6]], 2006
**{{cite web
| title = Full two hour audio of debate with David Horowitz
| work = rightalk.listenz.com
| url = http://rightalk.listenz.com/!ARCHIVES/ChurchillVSHorowitz2-64-44M.mp3
| accessdate=2006-07-02
}}
**{{cite web
| title = David Horowitz vs. Ward Churchill - Round 1
| work = Young Americans Foundation
| url = http://media.yaf.org/latest/03_21_06.cfm
| accessdate=2006-07-02
}} Video and audio (excerpt)
**{{cite web
| title =David Horowitz vs. Ward Churchill
| work = insidehighered.com
| url =http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2006/04/07/debate
| accessdate=2006-07-02
}}
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
== External links ==
{{wikiquote}}
* [http://www.zmag.org/bios/homepage.cfm?authorID=62 Ward Churchill's ZNet Homepage] contains some of his writing.
* {{cite web
| title = Ward Churchill: The Research Misconduct Inquiry
| work = News Center
| publisher = University of Colorado at Boulder
| url = http://www.colorado.edu/news/reports/churchill/
| accessdate=2006-07-03
}}
* [http://www.wardchurchill.net Ward Churchill Solidarity Network] includes several of Churchill's responses to the University of Colorado's moves against him.
{{Persondata
|NAME=Churchill, Ward
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=Political activist
|DATE OF BIRTH=[[October 2]], [[1947]]
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Elmwood, Illinois]], USA
|DATE OF DEATH=
|PLACE OF DEATH=
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Churchill, Ward}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:American activists]]
[[Category:American anarchists]]
[[Category:American essayists]]
[[Category:American Indian Movement]]
[[Category:American political writers]]
[[Category:G7 Welcoming Committee Records]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Scholars of Marxism]]
[[Category:American military personnel of the Vietnam War]]
[[de:Ward Churchill]]
[[pl:Ward Churchill]]
[[pt:Ward Churchill]]