Water Opossum
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2008-07-01T09:37:55Z
Closedmouth
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Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/203.122.241.97|203.122.241.97]] to last version by Fram (using [[WP:HG|Huggle]])
{{Taxobox
| name = Yapok
| image = Schwimmbeutler-drawing.jpg
| image_width = 200px
| status = LR/nt
| status_system = iucn2.3
| trend = unknown
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| classis = [[Mammal]]ia
| infraclassis = [[Marsupialia]]
| ordo = [[Didelphimorphia]]
| familia = [[Didelphidae]]
| subfamilia = [[Didelphinae]]
| genus = '''''Chironectes'''''
| genus_authority = [[Illiger]], 1811
| species = '''''C. minimus'''''
| binomial = ''Chironectes minimus''
| binomial_authority = ([[Eberhard August Wilhelm von Zimmermann|Zimmermann]], 1780)
}}
The '''Water Opossum''' (''Chironectes minimus''), also locally known as the '''Yapok''', is a [[marsupial]] of the family [[Didelphidae]]. It is the only member of its [[genus]], '''''Chironectes'''''. This creature is found in the [[freshwater]] [[stream]]s and [[lake]]s in [[Mexico]], [[Central America|Central]] and [[South America]] to [[Argentina]], and is the only living [[aquatic animal|aquatic]] marsupial.
The animal lives in bankside burrows, emerging after dusk to swim and search for [[fish]], [[crustacean]]s and other aquatic animals, which it eats on the bank.
==Origin of the name==
The local name for the Water Opossum, "Yapok", probably comes from the name of the [[Oyapok River]] in [[French Guyana]].
True opossums are unique to [[North America]] alone. The word "opossum" was taken from the native [[Algonquian]] word for the animal. Though the Yapok, as well as other marsupials in South America and [[Australia]] are called "possums," they are not closely related to the [[Virginia]] animal, and only derive their name by a generally similar shape and appearance.
==Physical appearance==
The Yapok is a small opossum, 27-32.5 cm long, with a 36-40 cm long tail. The fur is in a marbled grey and black pattern while the muzzle, eyestripe, and crown are all black. A light band runs across the forehead anterior to the ears, which are rounded and naked. There are sensory facial bristles in tufts above each eye as well as whiskers. The animal's tail, furred and black at the base, is yellow or white at its end. The hindfeet of the Yapok are webbed, while the forefeet ("hands") are not. The forefeet can be used to feel for and grab prey as the Yapok swims, propelled by its tail and webbed back feet.
==Aquatic adaptations==
The Water Opossum has several adaptations for its watery lifestyle. It has short, dense fur which is water-repellent. The broad hindfeet are webbed and are used for propulsion through water, moving with alternate strokes. They are symmetrical as well, which distributes force equally along both borders of the webbing; this increases the efficiency of the water opossum's movement through the water. The Yapok's long tail aids its swimming as well.
Being a marsupial and at the same time an aquatic animal, the Water Opossum has evolved a way to protect its young while swimming. A strong ring of muscle makes the pouch (which opens to the rear) watertight, so the young remain dry, even when the mother is totally immersed in water. The male also has a pouch (although not as watertight as the female's), where he places his genitalia before swimming. This is thought to prevent it from becoming tangled in aquatic vegetation and is probably helpful in streamlining the animal as well as it is swimming quickly.
==Reproduction==
Yapoks mate in December and a litter of 1-5 young is born 2 weeks later in the nest. By 22 days the offspring are beginning to show some fur, and by 40 days or so their eyes are open, their bodies protruding from the mother's pouch. At 48 days of age, the young opossums detach from the nipples but still nurse and sleep with the mother.
==Fossil record==
The Water Opossum seems to have a history dating as far back as to the [[Pliocene]] epoch.
[[Holocene]] subfossil fragments of ''Chironectes'' have been discovered in [[São Paulo]], [[Brazil]]. Also, there are fossil specimens from the late [[Pleistocene]]-Recent cave deposits in [[Minas Gerais]], Brazil as well as from the late [[Pliocene]] in [[Entre Rios Province]], Argentina.
==Subspecies==
*''[[Chironectes minimus argyrodytes]]''
*''[[Chironectes minimus langsdorffi]]''
*''[[Chironectes minimus minimus]]''
*''[[Chironectes minimus panamensis]]''
<gallery>
Image:Chironectes minimus (Harvard University).JPG|''[[Chironectes minimus minimus]]''
</gallery>
==References==
* {{IUCN2006|assessors=New World Marsupial Specialist Group|year=1996|id=4671|title=Chironectes minimus|downloaded=11 May 2006}} Database entry includes justification for why this species is near threatened
* {{MSW3 Gardner|pages=4-5}}
==External links==
* http://www.knowyoursto.com/didelphidae/chironectes.html
{{Didelphimorphia|D.}}
[[Category:Opossums]]
[[Category:Mammals of South America]]
[[Category:Mammals of Argentina]]
[[Category:Mammals of Guyana|Opossum, Water]]
[[de:Schwimmbeutler]]
[[es:Chironectes minimus]]
[[fr:Chironectes minimus]]
[[id:Oposum air]]
[[lt:Vandeninis oposumas]]
[[mt:Japok]]
[[nl:Wateropossum]]
[[pl:Japok]]
[[pt:Cuíca-d'água]]
[[fi:Pussisaukko]]
[[zh:蹼足负鼠属]]