Waterborne diseases 4432524 225673970 2008-07-14T21:02:47Z 71.141.242.126 /* Parasitic Infections */ '''Waterborne diseases''' are caused by [[pathogenic]] [[microorganisms]] which are directly transmitted when contaminated [[drinking water]] is consumed. Contaminated drinking water, used in the preparation of food, can be the source of [[foodborne disease]] through consumption of the same microorganisms. According to the [[World Health Organization]], diarrheal disease accounts for an estimated 4.1% of the total DALY [[global burden of disease]] and is responsible for the deaths of 1.8 million people every year. It was estimated that 88% of that burden is attributable to unsafe water supply, sanitation and hygiene, and is mostly concentrated in children in developing countries.<ref>[http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/diseases/burden/en/index.html WHO | Burden of disease and cost-effectiveness estimates<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Waterborne disease can be caused by [[protozoa]], [[viruses]], [[bacteria]], and [[intestinal parasites]]. ==Protozoal infections== {| class="wikitable" |-blah blah ! Disease and Transmission ! Microbial Agent ! Sources of Agent in Water Supply ! General Symptoms |- | [[Amoebiasis]] (hand-to-mouth) | Protozoan (''Entamoeba histolytic'') (Cyst-like appearance) | Sewage, non-treated drinking water, flies in water supply | Abdominal discomfort, fatigue, weight loss, diarrhea, gas pains<br>Fever, abdominal pain |- | [[Cryptosporidiosis]] (oral) | Protozoan (''[[Cryptosporidium parvum]]'') | Collects on water filters and membranes that cannot be disinfected, animal manure, seasonal runoff of water. | Flu-like symptoms, watery diarrhea, loss of appetite, substantial loss of weight, bloating, increased gas, stomach |- | [[Cyclosporiasis]] | Protozoan parasite (''[[Cyclospora cayetanensis]]'') | Sewage, non-treated drinking water | cramps, nausea, vomiting, muscle aches, low-grade fever, and fatigue |- | [[Giardiasis]] (oral-fecal) (hand-to-mouth) | Protozoan (''[[Giardia lamblia]]'') Most common intestinal parasite | Untreated water, poor disinfection, pipe breaks, leaks, groundwater contamination, campgrounds where humans and wildlife use same source of water. Beavers and muskrats act as a reservoir for Giardia. | Diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, bloating, gas and gas pains |- | [[Microsporidiosis] | Protozoan (''[[Microsporidia]]''), but closely related to [[fungi]] | The genera of ''[[Encephalitozoon intestinalis]]'' has been detected in groundwater, swimming pool via AIDS patients and the origin of drinking water <ref name=ewpcw>{{cite web | last = Nwachuku | first = Nena | authorlink = | coauthors = Charles P. Gerba | title = Emerging waterborne pathogens: can we kill them all? <internet> | publisher = | accessdate = 9 August | accessyear = 2007 | url = http://env1.gist.ac.kr/~aeml/paper/papers(pdf)/27-waterborne_pathogens.pdf}}</ref> | |- |} ==Parasitic Infections== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Disease and Transmission ! Microbial Agent ! Sources of Agent in Water Supply ! General Symptoms |- | [[Schistosomiasis]] (immersion) | Schistosoma | Contaminated fresh water with certain types of snails that carry schistosomes | Rash or itchy skin. Fever, chills, cough, and muscle aches |- | [[dracunculiasis]] | dracanculus medinensis | drinking water containing infective cyclops | allergic reaction,urticaria rash, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, asthmatic attack. |- | [[taeniasis solium]] | taenia solium | contaminate drinking water with eggs | intestinal disturbances, neurologic manifestations, loss of weight, cysticercosis |- | [[fasciolopsis]] | fasciola | contaminated drinking water with encysted metacercaria | GIT disturbance, diarrhea, liver enlargement, cholangitis, cholecystitis, obstructive jaundice. |- | [[hymenolepiasis nana]] | hymenolepis nana | contaminated drinking water with eggs | mild GIT symptoms, nervous manifestation |- | [[hyatidosis]] | echinococcus granulosus | contaminated drinking water with eggs | hyatid cyst press on bile duct and blood vessels, if it ruptured cause anaphylactic shock. |- | [[coenurosis]] | multiceps multiceps | contaminated drinking water with eggs | increases intacranial tension |- | [[ascariasis]] | ascaris lumbricoides | contaminated drinking water with eggs | Loefflers syndrome in lung, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, malnutrition, underdevelopment, |- | [[enterobiasis]] | entrobius vermicularis | contaminated drinking water with eggs | peri-anal itch, nervous irritability, hyperactivity and insomnia |- {| class="wikitable" |- ! Disease ! Morbidity <br />(cases per year) ! Mortality <br />(deaths per year) |- | align="right" | 1,500,000,000 | align="right" | 100,000 |- | Schistosomiasis | align="right" | 200,000,000 | align="right" | 200,000 |} ==Bacterial infections== *[[Botulism]] - Clostridium botulinum bacteria - gastro-intestinal food/water borne; can grow in food * [[Campylobacteriosis]] *[[Cholera]] - Vibrio cholerae bacteria - gastro-intestinal often waterborne * [[Chronic granulomatous disease]] - caused by the [[Mycobacterium marinum]] infection and localized in skin, frequently occurred with aquarium keepers.<ref name=mmuawg>{{cite web | last = Petrini | first = B. | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Mycobacterium marinum: ubiquitous agent of waterborne granulomatous skin infections <internet> | publisher = | accessdate = 9 August | accessyear = 2007 | url = http://www.springerlink.com/content/7r65j4n6v54772h4/}}</ref> *[[Diarrheal disease]] due to ''[[E. coli]]''. *[[Dysentery]] - Shigella/Salmonella bacteria - gastro-intestinal food/water *[[Legionellosis]] - cause Pontiac fever and Legionnaires' disease *[[Leptospirosis]]- * [[Otitis externa]]- "Swimmer's Ear" *[[Typhoid]] - Salmonella typhi bacteria - gastro-intestinal water/food borne. Salmonellosis - due to many Salmonella species. Water/food/direct contact borne. * Vibrio illness caused by the bacteria of [[Vibrio vulnificus]], [[Vibrio alginolyticus]] and [[Vibrio parahaemolyticus]] commonly found in seafood and recreational water.<ref name=swdo>{{cite web | last = Dziuban | first = Eric J. ''et al.'' | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Surveillance for Waterborne Disease and Outbreaks Associated with Recreational Water --- United States, 2003--2004 <internet> | publisher = | accessdate = 9 August | accessyear = 2007 | url = http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5512a1.htm}}</ref> ==Viral Infections== * [[Adenovirus infection]] - its serotypes are typically waterborne.<ref name=ciasuv>{{cite web | last = Nwachuku | first = Nena ''et al.'' | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Comparative inactivation of Adenovirus serotypes by UV light disinfection <internet> | publisher = | accessdate = 9 August | accessyear = 2007 | url = http://aem.asm.org/cgi/reprint/71/9/5633.pdf}}</ref> * Astroviruses - * Caliciviruses - * [[Circovirus]]es - its human form of [[Transfusion Transmitted Virus]] found in feces, saliva, skin and hair <ref name=ewpcw>{{cite web | last = Nwachuku | first = Nena | authorlink = | coauthors = Charles P. Gerba | title = Emerging waterborne pathogens: can we kill them all? <internet> | publisher = | accessdate = 9 August | accessyear = 2007 | url = http://env1.gist.ac.kr/~aeml/paper/papers(pdf)/27-waterborne_pathogens.pdf}}</ref> * [[Coronavirus]]es - cause [[SARS]] and excreted in the feces <ref name=ewpcw>{{cite web | last = Nwachuku | first = Nena | authorlink = | coauthors = Charles P. Gerba | title = Emerging waterborne pathogens: can we kill them all? <internet> | publisher = | accessdate = 9 August | accessyear = 2007 | url = http://env1.gist.ac.kr/~aeml/paper/papers(pdf)/27-waterborne_pathogens.pdf}}</ref> *Enteric Adenoviruses - *Hepatitis A - Hepatitis A virus - gastro-intestinal water/food borne * [[Parvovirus]]es - associated with [[Gastroenteritis]].<ref name=ewpcw>{{cite web | last = Nwachuku | first = Nena | authorlink = | coauthors = Charles P. Gerba | title = Emerging waterborne pathogens: can we kill them all? <internet> | publisher = | accessdate = 9 August | accessyear = 2007 | url = http://env1.gist.ac.kr/~aeml/paper/papers(pdf)/27-waterborne_pathogens.pdf}}</ref> * [[Picobimavirus]]es - associated with [[Gastroenteritis]] in AIDS patients, children and elderlies.<ref name=ewpcw>{{cite web | last = Nwachuku | first = Nena | authorlink = | coauthors = Charles P. Gerba | title = Emerging waterborne pathogens: can we kill them all? <internet> | publisher = | accessdate = 9 August | accessyear = 2007 | url = http://env1.gist.ac.kr/~aeml/paper/papers(pdf)/27-waterborne_pathogens.pdf}}</ref> *Polio - polioviruses - gastro-intestinal exposure to untreated * [[Polyomavirus]]es - its human form of [[JC virus]] cause [[Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy]] and detected in sewage <ref name=ewpcw>{{cite web | last = Nwachuku | first = Nena | authorlink = | coauthors = Charles P. Gerba | title = Emerging waterborne pathogens: can we kill them all? <internet> | publisher = | accessdate = 9 August | accessyear = 2007 HIV/AIDS | url = http://env1.gist.ac.kr/~aeml/paper/papers(pdf)/27-waterborne_pathogens.pdf}}</ref> *Small Round Structured Virus == Allergic infections == * [[Hay fever]] - a part of disease rate is associated with the high frequency of swimming pool attendance in childhood <ref name=spahfr>{{cite web | last = Kohlhammer | first = Y. ''et al.'' | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Swimming pool attendance and hay fever rates later in life <internet> | publisher = Blackwell Publishing | accessdate = 9 August | accessyear = 2007 | url = http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mksg/all/2006/00000061/00000011/art00009}}</ref> * [[Meningitis]] * [[Trihalomethanes]] - a byproduct of chlorinated water which will cause [[bladder cancer]] through inhalation and dermal absorption during showering, bathing, and swimming in pools.<ref name=bcewd>{{cite web | last = Villanueva | first = Cristina M. ''et al.'' | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Bladder Cancer and Exposure to Water Disinfection By-Products through Ingestion, Bathing, Showering, and Swimming in Pools <internet> | publisher = American Journal of Epidemiology | accessdate = 17 August | accessyear = 2007 | url = http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/165/2/148}}</ref> == References == <div class="references-small"> <references /> </div> == Academic resources == * ''Journal of Water and Health'', ISSN: 1477-8920, [[IWA Publishing]] ==See also== * [[Food Microbiology]] * [[Free-living amebic infection]] * [[Portable water purification]] * [[Public health]] * [[Swimming pool sanitation]] * [[Water pollution]] * [[Water quality]] * [[Water resources]] * [[Water supply]] ==External links== * [http://www.iso.org/iso/en/CatalogueListPage.CatalogueList?ICS1=91&ICS2=140&ICS3=60&scopelist= ICS 91.140.60 Water supply systems] - A series of the ISO standards * [http://www.who.org World Health Organization] * [http://www.cdc.gov/ Center for Diseases Control U.S.] * [http://www.safewateronline.com Safe Water for International Travelers] gives a rating of water safety worldwide * Genome information on ''Shigella'' and ''Salmonella'' is available at the [http://www.ericbrc.org NIAID Enteropathogen Resource Integration Center (ERIC)] [[Category:Drinking water]] [[Category:Water-borne diseases|*]] [[de:Wasserbürtige Krankheiten]]