Waterborne diseases
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2008-07-14T21:02:47Z
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/* Parasitic Infections */
'''Waterborne diseases''' are caused by [[pathogenic]] [[microorganisms]] which are directly transmitted when contaminated [[drinking water]] is consumed. Contaminated drinking water, used in the preparation of food, can be the source of [[foodborne disease]] through consumption of the same microorganisms. According to the [[World Health Organization]], diarrheal disease accounts for an estimated 4.1% of the total DALY [[global burden of disease]] and is responsible for the deaths of 1.8 million people every year. It was estimated that 88% of that burden is attributable to unsafe water supply, sanitation and hygiene, and is mostly concentrated in children in developing countries.<ref>[http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/diseases/burden/en/index.html WHO | Burden of disease and cost-effectiveness estimates<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
Waterborne disease can be caused by [[protozoa]], [[viruses]], [[bacteria]], and [[intestinal parasites]].
==Protozoal infections==
{| class="wikitable"
|-blah blah
! Disease and Transmission
! Microbial Agent
! Sources of Agent in Water Supply
! General Symptoms
|-
| [[Amoebiasis]] (hand-to-mouth)
| Protozoan (''Entamoeba histolytic'') (Cyst-like appearance)
| Sewage, non-treated drinking water, flies in water supply
| Abdominal discomfort, fatigue, weight loss, diarrhea, gas pains<br>Fever, abdominal pain
|-
| [[Cryptosporidiosis]] (oral)
| Protozoan (''[[Cryptosporidium parvum]]'')
| Collects on water filters and membranes that cannot be disinfected, animal manure, seasonal runoff of water.
| Flu-like symptoms, watery diarrhea, loss of appetite, substantial loss of weight, bloating, increased gas, stomach
|-
| [[Cyclosporiasis]]
| Protozoan parasite (''[[Cyclospora cayetanensis]]'')
| Sewage, non-treated drinking water
| cramps, nausea, vomiting, muscle aches, low-grade fever, and fatigue
|-
| [[Giardiasis]] (oral-fecal) (hand-to-mouth)
| Protozoan (''[[Giardia lamblia]]'') Most common intestinal parasite
| Untreated water, poor disinfection, pipe breaks, leaks, groundwater contamination, campgrounds where humans and wildlife use same source of water. Beavers and muskrats act as a reservoir for Giardia.
| Diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, bloating, gas and gas pains
|-
| [[Microsporidiosis]
| Protozoan (''[[Microsporidia]]''), but closely related to [[fungi]]
| The genera of ''[[Encephalitozoon intestinalis]]'' has been detected in groundwater, swimming pool via AIDS patients and the origin of drinking water <ref name=ewpcw>{{cite web
| last = Nwachuku
| first = Nena
| authorlink =
| coauthors = Charles P. Gerba
| title = Emerging waterborne pathogens: can we kill them all? <internet>
| publisher =
| accessdate = 9 August
| accessyear = 2007
| url = http://env1.gist.ac.kr/~aeml/paper/papers(pdf)/27-waterborne_pathogens.pdf}}</ref>
|
|-
|}
==Parasitic Infections==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Disease and Transmission
! Microbial Agent
! Sources of Agent in Water Supply
! General Symptoms
|-
| [[Schistosomiasis]] (immersion)
| Schistosoma
| Contaminated fresh water with certain types of snails that carry schistosomes
| Rash or itchy skin. Fever, chills, cough, and muscle aches
|-
| [[dracunculiasis]]
| dracanculus medinensis
| drinking water containing infective cyclops
| allergic reaction,urticaria rash, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, asthmatic attack.
|-
| [[taeniasis solium]]
| taenia solium
| contaminate drinking water with eggs
| intestinal disturbances, neurologic manifestations, loss of weight, cysticercosis
|-
| [[fasciolopsis]]
| fasciola
| contaminated drinking water with encysted metacercaria
| GIT disturbance, diarrhea, liver enlargement, cholangitis, cholecystitis, obstructive jaundice.
|-
| [[hymenolepiasis nana]]
| hymenolepis nana
| contaminated drinking water with eggs
| mild GIT symptoms, nervous manifestation
|-
| [[hyatidosis]]
| echinococcus granulosus
| contaminated drinking water with eggs
| hyatid cyst press on bile duct and blood vessels, if it ruptured cause anaphylactic shock.
|-
| [[coenurosis]]
| multiceps multiceps
| contaminated drinking water with eggs
| increases intacranial tension
|-
| [[ascariasis]]
| ascaris lumbricoides
| contaminated drinking water with eggs
| Loefflers syndrome in lung, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, malnutrition, underdevelopment,
|-
| [[enterobiasis]]
| entrobius vermicularis
| contaminated drinking water with eggs
| peri-anal itch, nervous irritability, hyperactivity and insomnia
|-
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Disease
! Morbidity <br />(cases per year)
! Mortality <br />(deaths per year)
|-
| align="right" | 1,500,000,000
| align="right" | 100,000
|-
| Schistosomiasis
| align="right" | 200,000,000
| align="right" | 200,000
|}
==Bacterial infections==
*[[Botulism]] - Clostridium botulinum bacteria - gastro-intestinal food/water borne; can grow in food
* [[Campylobacteriosis]]
*[[Cholera]] - Vibrio cholerae bacteria - gastro-intestinal often waterborne
* [[Chronic granulomatous disease]] - caused by the [[Mycobacterium marinum]] infection and localized in skin, frequently occurred with aquarium keepers.<ref name=mmuawg>{{cite web
| last = Petrini
| first = B.
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Mycobacterium marinum: ubiquitous agent of waterborne granulomatous skin infections <internet>
| publisher =
| accessdate = 9 August
| accessyear = 2007
| url = http://www.springerlink.com/content/7r65j4n6v54772h4/}}</ref>
*[[Diarrheal disease]] due to ''[[E. coli]]''.
*[[Dysentery]] - Shigella/Salmonella bacteria - gastro-intestinal food/water
*[[Legionellosis]] - cause Pontiac fever and Legionnaires' disease
*[[Leptospirosis]]-
* [[Otitis externa]]- "Swimmer's Ear"
*[[Typhoid]] - Salmonella typhi bacteria - gastro-intestinal water/food borne. Salmonellosis - due to many Salmonella species. Water/food/direct contact borne.
* Vibrio illness caused by the bacteria of [[Vibrio vulnificus]], [[Vibrio alginolyticus]] and [[Vibrio parahaemolyticus]] commonly found in seafood and recreational water.<ref name=swdo>{{cite web
| last = Dziuban
| first = Eric J. ''et al.''
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Surveillance for Waterborne Disease and Outbreaks Associated with Recreational Water --- United States, 2003--2004 <internet>
| publisher =
| accessdate = 9 August
| accessyear = 2007
| url = http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5512a1.htm}}</ref>
==Viral Infections==
* [[Adenovirus infection]] - its serotypes are typically waterborne.<ref name=ciasuv>{{cite web
| last = Nwachuku
| first = Nena ''et al.''
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Comparative inactivation of Adenovirus serotypes by UV light disinfection <internet>
| publisher =
| accessdate = 9 August
| accessyear = 2007
| url = http://aem.asm.org/cgi/reprint/71/9/5633.pdf}}</ref>
* Astroviruses -
* Caliciviruses -
* [[Circovirus]]es - its human form of [[Transfusion Transmitted Virus]] found in feces, saliva, skin and hair <ref name=ewpcw>{{cite web
| last = Nwachuku
| first = Nena
| authorlink =
| coauthors = Charles P. Gerba
| title = Emerging waterborne pathogens: can we kill them all? <internet>
| publisher =
| accessdate = 9 August
| accessyear = 2007
| url = http://env1.gist.ac.kr/~aeml/paper/papers(pdf)/27-waterborne_pathogens.pdf}}</ref>
* [[Coronavirus]]es - cause [[SARS]] and excreted in the feces <ref name=ewpcw>{{cite web
| last = Nwachuku
| first = Nena
| authorlink =
| coauthors = Charles P. Gerba
| title = Emerging waterborne pathogens: can we kill them all? <internet>
| publisher =
| accessdate = 9 August
| accessyear = 2007
| url = http://env1.gist.ac.kr/~aeml/paper/papers(pdf)/27-waterborne_pathogens.pdf}}</ref>
*Enteric Adenoviruses -
*Hepatitis A - Hepatitis A virus - gastro-intestinal water/food borne
* [[Parvovirus]]es - associated with [[Gastroenteritis]].<ref name=ewpcw>{{cite web
| last = Nwachuku
| first = Nena
| authorlink =
| coauthors = Charles P. Gerba
| title = Emerging waterborne pathogens: can we kill them all? <internet>
| publisher =
| accessdate = 9 August
| accessyear = 2007
| url = http://env1.gist.ac.kr/~aeml/paper/papers(pdf)/27-waterborne_pathogens.pdf}}</ref>
* [[Picobimavirus]]es - associated with [[Gastroenteritis]] in AIDS patients, children and elderlies.<ref name=ewpcw>{{cite web
| last = Nwachuku
| first = Nena
| authorlink =
| coauthors = Charles P. Gerba
| title = Emerging waterborne pathogens: can we kill them all? <internet>
| publisher =
| accessdate = 9 August
| accessyear = 2007
| url = http://env1.gist.ac.kr/~aeml/paper/papers(pdf)/27-waterborne_pathogens.pdf}}</ref>
*Polio - polioviruses - gastro-intestinal exposure to untreated
* [[Polyomavirus]]es - its human form of [[JC virus]] cause [[Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy]] and detected in sewage <ref name=ewpcw>{{cite web
| last = Nwachuku
| first = Nena
| authorlink =
| coauthors = Charles P. Gerba
| title = Emerging waterborne pathogens: can we kill them all? <internet>
| publisher =
| accessdate = 9 August
| accessyear = 2007
HIV/AIDS
| url = http://env1.gist.ac.kr/~aeml/paper/papers(pdf)/27-waterborne_pathogens.pdf}}</ref>
*Small Round Structured Virus
== Allergic infections ==
* [[Hay fever]] - a part of disease rate is associated with the high frequency of swimming pool attendance in childhood <ref name=spahfr>{{cite web
| last = Kohlhammer
| first = Y. ''et al.''
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Swimming pool attendance and hay fever rates later in life <internet>
| publisher = Blackwell Publishing
| accessdate = 9 August
| accessyear = 2007
| url = http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mksg/all/2006/00000061/00000011/art00009}}</ref>
* [[Meningitis]]
* [[Trihalomethanes]] - a byproduct of chlorinated water which will cause [[bladder cancer]] through inhalation and dermal absorption during showering, bathing, and swimming in pools.<ref name=bcewd>{{cite web
| last = Villanueva
| first = Cristina M. ''et al.''
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Bladder Cancer and Exposure to Water Disinfection By-Products through Ingestion, Bathing, Showering, and Swimming in Pools <internet>
| publisher = American Journal of Epidemiology
| accessdate = 17 August
| accessyear = 2007
| url = http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/165/2/148}}</ref>
== References ==
<div class="references-small">
<references />
</div>
== Academic resources ==
* ''Journal of Water and Health'', ISSN: 1477-8920, [[IWA Publishing]]
==See also==
* [[Food Microbiology]]
* [[Free-living amebic infection]]
* [[Portable water purification]]
* [[Public health]]
* [[Swimming pool sanitation]]
* [[Water pollution]]
* [[Water quality]]
* [[Water resources]]
* [[Water supply]]
==External links==
* [http://www.iso.org/iso/en/CatalogueListPage.CatalogueList?ICS1=91&ICS2=140&ICS3=60&scopelist= ICS 91.140.60 Water supply systems] - A series of the ISO standards
* [http://www.who.org World Health Organization]
* [http://www.cdc.gov/ Center for Diseases Control U.S.]
* [http://www.safewateronline.com Safe Water for International Travelers] gives a rating of water safety worldwide
* Genome information on ''Shigella'' and ''Salmonella'' is available at the [http://www.ericbrc.org NIAID Enteropathogen Resource Integration Center (ERIC)]
[[Category:Drinking water]]
[[Category:Water-borne diseases|*]]
[[de:Wasserbürtige Krankheiten]]