Web accessibility 1192305 224814117 2008-07-10T15:12:47Z Peterlloyd 6511405 /* Government regulations */ {{Citation style|date=July 2008}} {{dablink|For [[Wikipedia]]'s accessibility guideline, see [[Wikipedia:Accessibility]].}} '''Web accessibility''' refers to the practice of making [[website]]s usable by people of all abilities and [[disabilities]]. When sites are correctly designed, developed and edited, all users can have equal access to information and functionality. For example, when a site is coded with semantically meaningful [[HTML]], with textual equivalents provided for images and with links named meaningfully, this helps blind users using text-to-speech software and/or text-to-Braille hardware. When text and images are large and/or enlargable, it is easier for users with poor sight to read and understand the content. When links are underlined (or otherwise differentiated) as well as coloured, this ensures that [[color blind]] users will be able to notice them. When clickable links and areas are large, this helps users who cannot control a [[computer mouse|mouse]] with precision. When pages are coded so that users can navigate by means of the [[computer keyboard|keyboard]] alone, or a single [[switch access]] device alone, this helps users who cannot use a mouse or even a standard keyboard. When videos are [[closed caption]]ed or a [[sign language]] version is available, deaf and hard of hearing users can understand the video. When flashing effects are avoided or made optional, users prone to [[seizure]]s caused by these effects are not put at risk. And when content is written in plain language and illustrated with instructional diagrams and animations, users with [[dyslexia]] and [[learning difficulties]] are better able to understand the content. When sites are correctly built and maintained, all of these users can be accommodated while not impacting on the usability of the site for non-disabled users. The needs that Web accessibility aims to address include: * '''Visual:''' [[Visual impairment]]s including [[blindness]], various common types of [[low vision]] and poor eyesight, various types of [[color blindness]]; * '''Motor/Mobility:''' e.g. difficulty or inability to use the hands, including tremors, muscle slowness, loss of fine muscle control, etc., due to conditions such as [[Parkinson's Disease]], [[muscular dystrophy]], [[cerebral palsy]], [[stroke]]; * '''Auditory:''' [[Deafness]] or [[hearing impairment]]s, including individuals who are [[hard of hearing]]; * '''Seizures:''' Photoepileptic [[seizure]]s caused by visual strobe or flashing effects. * '''Cognitive/Intellectual:''' [[Developmental disabilities]], [[learning disabilities]] ([[dyslexia]], [[dyscalculia]], etc.), and [[cognitive disabilities]] of various origins, affecting memory, attention, developmental "maturity," problem-solving and logic skills, etc.; == Assistive technologies used for web browsing == Individuals living with a disability use [[Assistive technology|assistive technologies]] such as the following to enable and assist web browsing: * [[Screen reader]] software, which can read out, using synthesized speech, either selected elements of what is being displayed on the monitor (helpful for users with reading or learning difficulties), or which can read out everything that is happening on the computer (used by blind and vision impaired users). * [[Braille terminals]], consisting of a [[Refreshable Braille display]] which renders text as [[Braille]] characters (usually by means of raising pegs through holes in a flat surface) and either a [[QWERTY]] or Braille keyboard. * [[Screen magnifier|Screen magnification]] software, which enlarges what is displayed on the computer monitor, making it easier to read for vision impaired users. * [[Speech recognition]] software that can accept spoken commands to the computer, or turn dictation into grammatically correct text - useful for those who have difficulty using a mouse or a keyboard. * Keyboard overlays, which can make typing easier and more accurate for those who have motor control difficulties. == Guidelines on accessible web design == === Web Content Accessibility Guidelines === {{main|Web Content Accessibility Guidelines}} In 1999 the [[Web Accessibility Initiative]], a project by the [[World Wide Web Consortium]] (W3C), published the [[Web Content Accessibility Guidelines]] [[Web Content Accessibility Guidelines#WCAG 1.0|WCAG 1.0]]. In recent years, these have been widely accepted as the definitive guidelines on how to create accessible websites. Since 2003, the WAI has been working on the second edition of these guidelines, the [[Web Content Accessibility Guidelines#WCAG 2.0|WCAG 2.0]], which aim to be up to date and more technology neutral. This is currently at the [[World Wide Web Consortium#Recommendations and Certifications|Working Draft]] stage. ==== Criticism of WAI guidelines ==== For a general criticism of the W3C process, read [http://wiki.cetis.ac.uk/Accessibility_SIG_Meeting_24th_July_2007#Putting_the_User_at_the_Heart_of_the_W3C_Process Putting the user at the heart of the W3C process]. In articles such as [http://www.webcredible.co.uk/user-friendly-resources/web-accessibility/wcag-guidelines-20.shtml WCAC 2.0: The new W3C guidelines evaluated], [http://alistapart.com/articles/tohellwithwcag2 To Hell with WCAG 2.0] and [http://alistapart.com/articles/testability Testability Costs Too Much], the WAI has been criticised for allowing WCAG 1.0 to get increasingly out of step with today's technologies and techniques for creating and consuming web content, for the slow pace of development of WCAG 2.0, for making the new guidelines difficult to navigate and understand, and other argued failings. In one attempt to provide guidelines that are designed to be up to date, easier to understand, and more relevant and practical to typical web development projects, Joe Clark's [http://wcagsamurai.org/ WCAG Samurai] project has published an unofficial set of errata to WCAG 1.0. === Other guidelines === ==== Canada ==== Canada has the [http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/clf2-nsi2/ Common Look and Feel Standards] requiring federal government internet websites to meet [[Web Content Accessibility Guidelines]] (WCAG) 1.0 Checkpoints Priorities 1 and 2 (Double A conformance level). The standards have existed since 2000 and were updated in 2007. ==== Philippines ==== As part of the [[Web Accessibility Initiatives in the Philippines]], the government through the National Council for the Welfare of Disabled Persons (NCWDP) board approved the recommendation of forming an adhoc or core group of webmasters that will help in the implementation of the [[Biwako Millennium Framework]] set by the [[UNESCAP]]. The [[Philippines]] was also the place where the Interregional Seminar and Regional Demonstration Workshop on Accessible Information and Communications Technologies (ICT) to Persons with Disabilities was held where eleven countries from Asia - Pacific were represented. The [[Manila Accessible Information and Communications Technologies Design Recommendations]] was drafted and adopted in 2003. ==== Spain ==== In Spain, UNE 139803<ref>[http://www.inteco.es/Accesibilidad/Normativa_1/Descarga/DescargaUNE_139803 UNE 139803]</ref> is the norm entrusted to regulate the accessibility web. ==== Sweden ==== In Sweden, Verva, the Swedish Administrative Development Agency is responsible for a set of guidelines for Swedish public sector web sites. Through the guidelines, Web accessibility is presented as an integral part of the overall development process and not as a separate issue. The Swedish guidelines contain criteria which cover the entire lifecycle of a website; from its conception to the publication of live web content. These criteria address several areas which should be considered, including: * accessibility * usability * web standards * privacy issues * information architecture * developing content for the web * Content Management Systems (CMS) / authoring tools selection. * development of web content for mobile devices. An English translation was released in April 2008: [http://www.verva.se/english/guidelines/public-sector-websites Swedish National Guidelines for Public Sector Websites] The translation is based on the latest version of Guidelines which was released in 2006<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.standards-schmandards.com/2006/swe-guidelines/ | title=New Version of Guidelines for Swedish Public Sector Web Sites | publisher=Peter Krantz }}</ref>. ==== United Kingdom ==== In the UK, the Disability Rights Commission (DRC) in collaboration with [[British Standards|BSI]] have published [[Pas 78]] which outlines good practice in commissioning accessible websites. == Legally-required web accessibility == A growing number of countries around the world have introduced legislation which either directly addresses the need for websites and other forms of communication to be accessible to people with disabilities, or which addresses the more general requirement for people with disabilities not to be discriminated against. === Australia === In 2000, an [[Australian]] blind man won a court case against the [[SOCOG|Sydney Organising Committee of the Olympic Games (SOCOG)]]. This was the first successful case under [[Disability Discrimination Act 1992]] because [[SOCOG]] had failed to make their official website, [[Sydney Olympic Games]], adequately accessible to blind users. The Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (HREOC) also published [http://www.hreoc.gov.au/disability_rights/standards/www_3/www_3.html World Wide Web Access: Disability Discrimination Act Advisory Notes]. All Governments in Australia also have policies and guidelines that require accessible public websites; Vision Australia maintain a complete list of Australian web accessibility policies. <ref>[http://www.visionaustralia.org.au/info.aspx?page=639 Australian Web Accessibility Policies and Guidelines - AIS Resources - Accessible Information Solutions - Services - Vision Australia<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> === Ireland === In [[Ireland]], the [http://www.oireachtas.ie/viewdoc.asp?DocID=4338&CatID=87 Disability Act 2005] was supplemented with the National Disability Authority's [http://www.nda.ie/CntMgmtNew.nsf/D587E497372667FC80256C200073124D/9EE7337F7BB12066802571B5004E0A71?OpenDocument Code of Practice on Accessible Public Services] in July 2006. It is a practical guide to help all Government Departments and nearly 500 public bodies to comply with their obligations under the Disability Act 2005. === United Kingdom === In the [[UK]], the [[Disability Discrimination Act 1995]] (DDA) does not refer explicitly to website accessibility, but makes it illegal to discriminate against people with disabilities. The DDA applies to anyone providing a service; public, private and voluntary sectors. The Code of Practice: Rights of Access - Goods, Facilities, Services and Premises document <ref>[http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/Documents/Disability/Accessibility_guidance/PAS78.pdf Equality and Human Rights Commission - Websites DDA Guidance</ref> published by the government's [[Disability Rights Commission]] to accompany the Act does refer explicitly to websites as one of the "services to the public" which should be considered covered by the Act. == Website accessibility audits == A growing number of organizations, companies and consultants offer ''website accessibility audits''. These audits, a type of [[system testing]], identify accessibility problems that exist within a website, and provide advice and guidance on the steps that need to be taken to correct these problems. A range of methods are used to audit websites for accessibility: * Automated tools are available which can identify some of the problems that are present. * Expert technical reviewers, knowledgeable in web design technologies and accessibility, can review a representative selection of pages and provide detailed feedback and advice based on their findings. * User testing, usually overseen by technical experts, involves setting tasks for ordinary users to carry out on the website, and reviewing the problems these users encounter as they try to carry out the tasks. Each of these methods has its strengths and weaknesses: * Automated tools can process many pages in a relatively short length of time, but can only identify some of the accessibility problems that might be present in the website. * Technical expert review will identify many of the problems that exist, but the process is time consuming, and many websites are too large to make it possible for a person to review every page. * User testing combines elements of usability and accessibility testing, and is valuable for identifying problems that might otherwise be overlooked, but needs to be used knowledgeably to avoid the risk of basing design decisions on one user's preferences. Ideally, a combination of methods should be used to assess the accessibility of a website. == See also == * [[Computer accessibility]] * [[Wikipedia:Accessibility]] * [[Device Independence]] * [[Multimodal interaction]] * [[Progressive enhancement]] * [[Unobtrusive JavaScript]] * [[Web Interoperability]] * [[Universal design]] == References == {{reflist}} * {{cite book | first = Joe | last = Clark | coauthors = | year = 2003 | month = | title = Building Accessible Websites | edition = | publisher = New Riders Press | location = | id = ISBN 0-7357-1150-X | url = http://www.joeclark.org/book/ }} * {{cite book | first = Jim | last = Thatcher | coauthors = Cynthia Waddell, Shawn Henry, Sarah Swierenga, Mark Urban, Michael Burks, Paul Bohman | year = 2003 | month = | title = Constructing Accessible Web Sites | edition = Reprint | publisher = Apress (Previously by Glasshaus) | location = | id = ISBN 1-59059-148-8 | url = }} * {{cite book | first = John | last = Slatin | coauthors = Sharron Rush | year = 2002 | month = | title = Maximum Accessibility: Making Your Web Site More Usable for Everyone | edition = | publisher = Addison-Wesley Professional | location = | id = ISBN 0-201-77422-4 | url = }} * {{cite book | first = Michael | last = Paciello | coauthors = | year = 2000 | month = | title = Web Accessibility for People with Disabilities | edition = | publisher = CMP Books | location = | id = ISBN 1-929629-08-7 | url = http://www.paciellogroup.com/resources/books.htm }} * {{cite news | last = Bangeman | first = Eric | coauthors = | title = Judge: ADA lawsuit against Target can proceed | publisher = Ars Technica | date = [[2006-09-10]] | url = http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20060910-7705.html | accessdate = 2006-09-26 }} == External links == <!--===========================({{NoMoreLinks}})===============================--> <!--| DO NOT ADD MORE LINKS TO THIS ARTICLE. 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If you think that your link might be useful, do not add it here, |--> <!--| but put it on this article's discussion page first or submit your link |--> <!--| to the appropriate category at the Open Directory Project (www.dmoz.org)|--> <!--| and link back to that category using the {{dmoz}} template. |--> <!--| |--> <!--| Links that have not been verified WILL BE DELETED. |--> <!--| See [[Wikipedia:External links]] and [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for details |--> <!--===========================({{NoMoreLinks}})===============================--> === Standards and guidelines === * The main page for the [http://www.w3.org W3C's] [http://www.w3.org/WAI/ Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI)] ** The W3C's WAI [http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/WAI-WEBCONTENT-19990505 Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0], but read the [http://www.w3.org/WAI/intro/wcag.php WCAG Overview] first * [[Wikipedia:Accessibility|'''Wikipedia''' accessibility guidelines]] * [http://html.cita.uiuc.edu University of Illinois iCITA HTML Accessibility Best Practices] * [http://www.oft.state.ny.us/policy/s04-001/index.htm New York State Mandatory Technology Standards for Accessibility of State Agency Web-Based Intranet and Internet Information and Applications] – Fourteen standards derived from both U.S. Section 508 and the WAI's WCAG 1.0 and required for NYS agency web sites. * [http://www.access-board.gov/sec508/guide/1194.22.htm Americans with Disabilities Act Section 508 Guidelines] and [http://www.access-board.gov/508.htm Section 508 Homepage] * [http://www.wabcluster.org/uwem1_2/ Unified Web Evaluation Methodology 1.2] * [http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/en/publicationsandresources/Disability/Pages/Websiteaccessibilityguidance.aspx Equality and Human Rights Commission: PAS 78: a guide to good practice in commissioning accessible websites] === Government regulations === * [http://www.ada.gov/pubs/ada.htm Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA)] * [http://www.direct.gov.uk/DisabledPeople/RightsAndObligations/YourRights/YourRightsArticles/fs/en?CONTENT_ID=4001068&chk=eazXEG Disability Discrimination Act UK] * [http://www.section508.gov/ Section 508] - requires U.S. government web sites to be accessible * [http://www.oft.state.ny.us/policy/p04-002/index.htm New York State Technology Policy P04-002] – Requires Accessibility of State Agency Web-Based Intranet and Internet Information and Applications, requires all State entity web sites to be accessible according to NYS standards which are a hybrid of Section 508 and the W3C's WCAG 1.0. Updates Statewide Technology Policy 99-3, which required sites to conform to the W3C WCAG 1.0, Priority one checkpoints only. * [http://www.oireachtas.ie/viewdoc.asp?DocID=4338&CatID=87 Disability Act 2005 Ireland] * [http://www.tbs-sct.gc.ca/clf2-nsi2/ Common Look and Feel Standards 2.0 Canada] [[Category:Web accessibility| ]] [[Category:Accessibility]] [[Category:Web design]] [[Category:World Wide Web]] [[ca:Accessibilitat web]] [[de:Barrierefreies Internet]] [[es:Accesibilidad web]] [[eu:Web irisgarritasun]] [[fa:قابلیت دسترسی وب]] [[fr:Accessibilité du Web]] [[mk:Веб-пристапност]] [[pl:Dostępność (WWW)]] [[th:Web accessibility]] [[zh:網頁親和力]]