Welfare (financial aid) 3186024 225172089 2008-07-12T07:38:22Z NickBush24 309097 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/69.219.138.11|69.219.138.11]] to last version by Moonriddengirl (using [[WP:HG|Huggle]]) {{globalize}} {{cleanup-rewrite|April 2007}} {{Merge|Social welfare provision|date=September 2007}} :''This article is about financial assistance paid by government organizations. For other uses of term '''welfare''', see [[Welfare (financial aid)|welfare]].'' :''For the means-tested benefit in the United Kingdom, see [[Income Support]].'' '''Welfare''' is financial assistance paid to people by governments. Some welfare is general, while specific and can only be invoked under certain circumstances, such as a [[scholarship]]. Welfare payments can be made to individuals or to [[company (law)|companies or entities]]--these latter payments are often considered [[corporate welfare]]. Individuals may apply for welfare due to [[disability]], lack of [[education]] or job training, a low demand for unskilled labor, or [[substance abuse]]. Assistance may also take the form of other relief, such as [[tax credit]]s for working mothers. Welfare is known by a variety of names in different countries, all with the avowed purpose of providing an economic or [[social safety net]] for disadvantaged members of society. Almost all [[developed nation]]s provide some kind of safety net of this kind; nations where such programs are especially prominent are known as [[welfare state]]s. The desired outcome and purpose of welfare varies. For welfare for the non-disabled, the purpose often is to prevent complete destitution. Welfare or assistance for the disabled, in contrast, does not eventually expect non-dependency, and the justification is more [[philosophy|philosophical]]. "[[Corporate welfare]]," usually in the form of favorable tax policy, is sometimes used in order to provide [[capital]] to an [[industry]] that the government perceives needs financial assistance in order to survive or to expand, or which the government wishes to support for political or economic purposes. Some of these ideal outcomes and purposes, as well as welfare's effectiveness have been challenged by political lobbies such as those who oppose [[big government]] and "forced charity", such as [[minarchism|minarchists]] or [[libertarianism|libertarians]]. The amounts paid to recipients are typically modest, and may fall below the [[poverty line]]. Recipients must usually demonstrate a low level of income such as by way of "means testing", or financial hardship, or that they satisfy some other requirement such as [[childcare]] responsibilities or disability. Those receiving unemployment benefits may also have to regularly demonstrate that they are periodically searching for employment. Some countries assign specific jobs to recipients who must work in these roles in order for welfare payments to continue. In the [[United States]] and [[Canada]], such programs are known as [[workfare]]. ==Corporate welfare== {{main|Corporate welfare}} Corporate welfare is supposed welfare on a larger scale for entities and companies. The term is often pejorative. The term was originally coined by [[Ralph Nader]] in 1956.<ref>Nader, Ralph, [http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Nader/CutCorpWelfare_Nader.html Cutting Corporate Welfare], 2000</ref><ref>[http://www.nader.org/releases/63099.html Testimony of Ralph Nader before the Committee on the Budget, U.S. House of Representatives]</ref> The concept of "corporate welfare" creates a satirical association between corporate [[subsidies]] and [[welfare payment]]s to the poor, and implies that corporations are much less needy of such treatment than the poor; as such, the term is usually used by those who oppose such handouts to corporations. One of the questions on the [[World's Smallest Political Quiz]] asks the reader whether or not he/she supports ending "corporate welfare"; this is one of the questions used to differentiate between different political ideologies ([[centrist]], [[liberal]], [[Conservatism|conservative]], [[statist]] and [[libertarian]]).<ref>[http://www.theadvocates.org/quiz.html World's Smallest Political Quiz]</ref> ==History of welfare== There is relatively little statistical data on welfare [[transfer payment]]s until at least the [[High Middle Ages]]. In the [[medieval]] period and until the [[Industrial Revolution]], the function of welfare payments in [[Europe]] was principally achieved through private giving or [[Charity (practice)|charity]]. In those early times there was a much broader group considered in [[poverty]] compared to the 21st century. Early welfare programs included the [[England|English]] [[Poor Law]] of [[1601]], which gave [[parish]]es the responsibility for providing welfare payments to the poor<ref>[http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/boyer.poor.laws.england The Poor Laws of England] at EH.Net</ref>. This system was substantially modified by the nineteenth-century [[Poor Law Amendment Act]], which introduced the system of [[workhouse]]s. It was predominantly in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries that an organized system of state welfare provision was introduced in many countries. [[Otto von Bismarck]], [[Chancellor of the German Empire|Chancellor]] of [[Germany]], introduced one of the first welfare systems for the working classes. In [[Great Britain]] the [[Liberal]] government of [[Henry Campbell-Bannerman]] and [[David Lloyd George]] introduced the [[National Insurance]] system in [[1911]]<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/mwh/britain/liberalreformsrev2.shtml Liberal Reforms] at [[BBC]] Bitesize</ref>, a system later expanded by [[Clement Attlee]]. The [[United States]] did not have an organized welfare system until the [[Great Depression]], when emergency relief measures were introduced under [[President of the United States|President]] [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]. Even then, Roosevelt's [[New Deal]] focused predominantly on a programme of providing work and stimulating the economy through [[public spending]] on projects, rather than on cash payments. In the late twentieth century, a perception grew that existing welfare systems were becoming excessively bureaucratic and inefficient. The United States [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]] system has come under particular criticism, and many political figures, such as [[George W. Bush]], have argued for a more work-based system of welfare provision. ==See also== *[[Poverty]] *[[Financial aid]] *[[Aid]] *[[Welfare fraud]] *[[Welfare trap]] *[[Welfare queen]] [[Category:Welfare economics]]