Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation
70703
223427873
2008-07-04T01:01:11Z
Eclectek
508170
[[WP:UNDO|Undid]] revision 223399334 by [[Special:Contributions/138.130.106.66|138.130.106.66]] ([[User talk:138.130.106.66|talk]])
[[Image:WHISC logo.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Official seal of the Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation]]
The '''Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation''' ('''WHISC''' or '''WHINSEC'''), formerly the '''School of the Americas''' ('''SOA'''; [[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''Escuela de las Américas'') is a [[United States Department of Defense]] facility at [[Fort Benning]] near [[Columbus, Georgia]].
Between [[1946]] and [[2001]], the SOA trained more than 61,000 Latin American soldiers and policemen. Some of them became famous for having been responsible of [[human rights]] violations, such as generals [[Leopoldo Galtieri]] or [[Manuel Noriega]], dictators such as [[Bolivia]]'s [[Hugo Banzer]] as well as some of [[Augusto Pinochet]]'s officers.<ref name "SOA WATCH">{{cite web | author = SOA Watch| title = Notorious Graduates | url = http://www.soaw.org/article.php?id=230&cat=63 | accessmonthday = November 16 | accessyear = 2005}}</ref><ref name="George Davies">George Davies, [http://www.thefirstpost.co.uk/index.php?menuID=2&subID=820 ‘I’ll take the CIA torture suite’], ''The First Post'', dated [[August 16]] [[2006]], accessed [[August 14]] [[2006]].</ref> The terrorist [[Luis Posada Carriles]] was educated here by [[1961]], although he never graduated.<ref name="CNN">{{cite news
| last = Candiotti
| first = Susan
| title = Alleged anti-Castro terrorist Posada arrested
| publisher = CNN
| date = [[2005-05-18]]
| url = http://edition.cnn.com/2005/US/05/17/posada.arrest/
| accessdate = 2008-05-22}}</ref>
<ref name="Lawyers Guide">[http://www.nlg.org/news/statements/LouisPosada2005.htm National Lawyers Guild Calls for Immediate Extradition of Luis Posada to Venezuela], NLG press release, [[April 20]], [[2005]]. Accessed [[24 February]] [[2007]].</ref><ref name="NSARCHIVE">{{cite web | author = the [[National Security Archive]] | title = LUIS POSADA CARRILES, THE DECLASSIFIED RECORD | url = http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB153/index.htm}}</ref> Critics of the school argue that the education encouraged such practices and that this continues in the WHINSEC. This is denied by the WHINSEC and its supporters who argue that the alleged connection is at least sometimes weak, such as the case of [[Roberto D'Aubuisson]] who took a single course on radio operations and then committed [[human rights violations]] many years later.<ref>{{cite web|author=Paul Mulshine|title=The War in Central America Continues|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20021219221936/http:/216.247.220.66/archives/politics/watchwar.htm|accessdaymonth=6 November |accessyear=2007}}</ref>{{Fact|date=April 2008}} According to the WHINSEC the education now emphasizes [[democracy]] and [[human rights]]. <ref name="Georgia">[http://www.commondreams.org/headlines02/0713-03.htm Bay Area Protesters Sentenced in Georgia] CommonDreams.org </ref><ref name="WHINSEC">{{cite web | author = Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation | title = FAQ | url = https://www.benning.army.mil/WHINSEC/about.asp?id=37 }}</ref>
==History==
In [[1946]], in the early days of the [[Cold War]], the ''Latin American Training Center – U.S. Ground Forces'' was established in [[Panama]]<ref name="WHINSEC"/> in buildings that now house the Melia Hotel.<ref name="George Davies"/>
During [[1949]] it was expanded and became the ''U.S. Army Caribbean Training Center''. It was expanded and renamed the ''U.S. Army School of the Americas'' in [[1963]]. It relocated to Fort Benning in [[1984]], following the signing of the [[Panama Canal Treaty]]. More than 61,000 military personnel attended these [[United States Army]] schools.<ref name="WHINSEC"/>
The School of the Americas taught military education courses as they were taught in U. S. Armed Forces institutions -- the School translated the courses, lessons plans and all, into Spanish. Beginning in 1963, and evolving as the region changed, SOA taught, at various times, professional military education and training courses to officers and non-commissioned officers in the areas of:
*professional leadership (Command and General Staff course, Military Police courses, Infantry Officers Basic course, Artillery Officers course and a Cadet Orientation course);
*infantry weapons (Mortar Officer course);
*technical support (Engineer Basic and Officer courses, Radio Operators course, Small Caliber Repair course,
*Wheeled Vehicle Maintenance course and Medical Assistance courses);
*counter-insurgency (Internal Defense and Development course, Military Intelligence course, Military Police course), introduced during 1963; and
*specialized leadership and skills (Ranger course, Air Mobile course, Jungle Operations course, Patrolling course, Parachute Rigging course, Basic Airborne course, Pathfinder and Jumpmaster courses).<ref name="WHINSEC"/>
The current WHINSEC, now part of the [[United States Department of Defense]], was created as part of the [[National Defense Authorization Act]] by [[United States Congress|Congress]] in [[2001]]. The WHINSEC teaches primarily in the [[Spanish language]], especially for [[Latin America]]n military personnel, but is now also open for civilians and persons from outside Latin America. Presently roughly 700-1,000 students per year attend WHINSEC.<ref name="WHINSEC"/>
According to official web site, the WHINSEC was established "to provide professional education and training to eligible persons of the nations of the Western Hemisphere within the context of the democratic principles set forth in the Charter of the [[Organization of American States]]." Its "mission also includes fostering mutual knowledge, transparency, confidence, and cooperation by promoting democratic values; respect for human rights; and an understanding of U.S. customs and traditions. Specific subjects set by Congress include leadership development; counterdrug; peacekeeping; democratic sustainment; resource management; and disaster preparedness and relief planning. In every course offered, eight hours of democracy and human rights instruction is mandatory."<ref>{{cite web | author = Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation | title = History of the Institute | url = https://www.benning.army.mil/WHINSEC/about.asp?id=31 }}</ref> Its motto is ''Libertad, Paz y Fraternidad'' (Liberty, Peace and Brotherhood).<ref>{{cite web | author = Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation | title = A Welcome from the Commandant | url = https://www.benning.army.mil/whinsec/about.asp?id=33 | accessmonthday = May 16 | accessyear = 2006 }}</ref>
[[Image:Soa logo.gif|right|thumb|250px|Former logo of the School of Americas.]]
Currently all students are given a minimum of eight hours of instruction in "[[human rights]], the [[rule of law]], [[due process]], civilian control of the military, and the role of the military in a democratic society." Courses must focus on leadership development, counter-drug operations, peace support operations, disaster relief, or "any other matter the Secretary [of Defense] deems appropriate."<ref>[https://www.benning.army.mil/WHINSEC/democracy.asp?id=95 Democracy & Human Rights at WHINSEC<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref name="policy">{{cite web | author = Center for International Policy | title = Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation | url = http://www.ciponline.org/facts/soa.htm | accessmonthday = May 6 | accessyear = 2006 }}</ref>
According to the [[Center for International Policy]], a "Board of Visitors" is required to review and evaluate "curriculum, instruction, physical equipment, fiscal affairs, and academic methods." A federal committee, the board must include the chairmen and ranking minority members of both houses' Armed Services Committees (or surrogates), the senior Army officer responsible for training (or a surrogate), one person chosen by the Secretary of State, the head of the U.S. Southern command (or a surrogate), and six people chosen by the Secretary of Defense ("including, to the extent practicable, persons from academia and the religious and human rights communities"). The board reviews the institute's curriculum to determine whether it complies with U.S. laws and doctrine, and whether it is consistent with U.S. policy goals toward Latin America and the Caribbean.<ref name="policy"/>
==Controversy==
The School of the Americas has been criticized for the participation in human rights violations by some of its graduates. Critics argue that the education encouraged such practices and that this continues in the WHINSEC.<ref name="Georgia"/>
According to the Center for International Policy, "The School of the Americas had been questioned for years, as it trained many military personnel before and during the years of the "national security doctrine" -- the [[dirty war]] years in the Southern Cone and the civil war years in Central America -- in which Latin American militaries ruled or had disproportionate government influence and committed serious human rights violations. Training manuals used at the SOA and elsewhere from the early 1980s through [[1991]] promoted techniques that violated human rights and democratic standards. SOA and WHINSEC graduates continue to surface in news reports regarding both current human rights cases and new reports."<ref name="policy"/>
Defenders argue that today the curriculum includes human rights as described above. They also argue that no school should be held accountable for the actions of only some of its graduates.<ref name="policy"/>
===Intelligence training manuals===
{{see also|U.S. Army and CIA interrogation manuals}}
On [[September 20]], [[1996]], the Pentagon released seven training manuals prepared by the U.S. military and used between 1987 and 1991 in Latin America and in [[Intelligence (information gathering)|intelligence]] training courses at the U.S. School of the Americas (SOA). The manuals were based in part on lesson plans used by the school as far back as 1982 and, in turn, based in part on older material from [[Project X]].[http://www.lawg.org/misc/Publications-manuals.htm] According to Lisa Haugaard of [[School of the Americas Watch]], these manuals taught repressive techniques and promoted the violation of human rights throughout Latin America and around the globe.<ref>{{cite web | author = Lisa Haugaard | title = US Training Manuals Declassified | url = http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/SOA/SOA_TortureManuals.html | accessmonthday = May 6 | accessyear = 2006 }}</ref> The manuals contain instructions in motivation by fear, bounties for enemy dead, false imprisonment, torture, execution, and kidnapping a target's family members. [[Joseph Patrick Kennedy II|Joseph Kennedy]] said "These manuals taught tactics that come right out of a Soviet gulag and have no place in civilized society." The Pentagon admitted that these manuals were a "mistake"<ref>{{cite web
| author =
| year =2002
| url =http://www.amnestyusa.org/stoptorture/mspa.pdf
| title =Unmatched Power, Unmet Principles: The Human Rights Dimensions of US Training of Foreign Military and Police Forces 2002 Report of Amnesty International USA (Amnesty International USA)
| format =
| work =
| publisher =Amnesty International
| accessmonthday =April 14
| accessyear =2006
}}<br>*{{cite web
| author =
| year =February 21, 1997
| url =http://www.soaw.org/new/article.php?id=269
| title = Pentagon Investigation Concludes that Techniques in SOA manuals were ‘mistakes.’
| format =
| work =
| publisher =SOA Watch
| accessmonthday =April 14
| accessyear =2006
}}
</ref>
After this investigation in 1992, the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] discontinued the use of the manuals, directed their recovery to the extent practicable, and destroyed the copies in the field. U.S. Southern Command advised governments in Latin America that the manuals contained passages that did not represent U.S. government policy, and pursued recovery of the manuals from the governments and some individual students.<ref name = "fact"> {{cite journal
| first =
| last =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| year =1992
| month =August 27
| title =Fact Sheet Concerning Training Manuals Containing Materials Inconsistent With U.S. Policy
| journal =From the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense/Public Affairs Office
| volume =
| issue =
| pages =
| id =
| url =
}} </ref>
===Participation===
In 2004, Venezuela ceased all training of Venezuelan soldiers at WHINSEC.<ref>{{cite web | author = School of the Americas Watch | title = National Venezuela Solidarity Conference | url = http://www.soaw.org/new/article.php?id=1259 | accessmonthday = May 6 | accessyear = 2006 }}</ref> On [[March 28]], [[2006]], the [[government of Argentina]], headed by President [[Nestor Kirchner]], decided to stop sending soldiers to train at WHINSEC, and the government of [[Uruguay]] affirmed that it will continue its current policy of not sending soldiers to WHINSEC.<ref>{{cite web | author = School of the Americas Watch | title = Argentina & Uruguay abandon SOA! | url = http://www.soaw.org/new/article.php?id=1290 | accessmonthday = May 6 | accessyear = 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | author = School of the Americas Watch | title = ¡No Más! No More! | url = http://www.soaw.org/new/newswire_detail.php?id=1077 | accessmonthday = May 6 | accessyear = 2006 }}</ref> In [[2007]], [[Oscar Arias]], president of [[Costa Rica]], decided to stop sending Costa Rican police to the WHINSEC. Costa Rica has no military, but had sent some 2,600 police officers to the school.<ref>{{cite web | author = School of the Americas Watch | title = Costa Rica to Cease Police Training at the SOA/WHINSEC | url = http://www.soaw.org/article.php?id=1540 | accessmonthday = May 31 | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> In a letter to the Commandant of the Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation (WHINSEC), U.S. Army Col. [[Gilberto Perez]], [[Bolivian]] President [[Evo Morales]] formally announced on [[February 18]] [[2008]] that he will not send Bolivian military or police officers to attend training programs at the institute formerly known as the U.S. Army School of the Americas (SOA).<ref>{{cite web | author = School of the Americas Watch | title = Bolivian Military Withdraws from Controversial U.S. Army Training School | url = http://www.soaw.org/pressrelease.php?id=142 | accessmonthday = February 18 | accessyear = 2008}}</ref>
===Legislative action===
A bill to abolish the school with 134 co-sponsors was introduced to the House Armed Services Committee in [[2005]].<ref>{{cite web | author = The Library of Congress | title = H.R.1217 | url = http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d109:h.r.01217: | accessmonthday = May 6 | accessyear = 2006 }}</ref>
In June 2007 the McGovern/Lewis Amendment to shut off funding for the Institute failed by 6 votes. [http://www.coha.org/2007/07/06/whinsec-remains-open-congress-narrowly-fails-to-halt-funding-the-former-school-of-the-americas/] This effort to close the Institute was endorsed by the non-partisan [[Council on Hemispheric Affairs]] who called the Institute a "black eye". [http://www.coha.org/?s=WHINSEC]
===SOA Watch===
{{main|School of the Americas Watch}}
Since 1990, Washington, D.C.-based non profit human rights organization [[School of the Americas Watch]] has worked to monitor graduates of the institution and to close the former SOA, now WHINSEC through legislative action, grassroots organizing and nonviolent direct action.<ref>{{cite web | author = School of the Americas Watch | title = About SOA Watch | url = http://www.soaw.org/new/article.php?id=100 | accessmonthday = May 6 | accessyear = 2006 }}</ref> It maintains a database with graduates of both the SOA and WHINSEC who have been accused of human rights violations and other criminal activity.<ref>{{cite web | author = SOA Watch| title = SOA/WHINSEC Grads in the News| url = http://soaw.org/article.php?id=205 | accessmonthday = March 6 | accessyear = 2008}}</ref> In regards to the re-naming of the institution, SOA Watch claims that the approach taken by the Department of Defense is not grounded in any critical assessment of the training, procedures, performance, or results (consequences) of the training programs of the SOA. According to critics of the SOA, the name change ignores congressional concern and public outcry over the SOA’s past and present link to human rights atrocities.<ref>{{cite web | author = SOA Watch| title = Critique of the Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation | url = http://www.soaw.org/article.php?id=110 | accessmonthday = November 16 | accessyear = 2005}}</ref>
=== Public demonstrations ===
SOA Watch sponsors an annual (since 1990) public demonstration of protest at Ft. Benning. In [[2005]], the demonstration drew 19,000 people. The protests are timed to coincide with the anniversary of the November 1989 murders of six [[Jesuit]] priests, their housekeeper and her daughter in [[El Salvador]]. A congressional panel concluded that 19 of the 27 killers were SOA graduates.<ref>{{cite journal
| first =Tony
| last =Krickl
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| year =2007
| month = February 3
| title =CGU Student Josh Harris to Spend Two Months in Federal Prison for Protesting
| journal =Claremont Courier
| volume =
| issue =
| pages =
| id =
| url =http://www.claremont-courier.com/pages/Topstory020307.1.html
}}</ref>
=== Notorious graduates of The School Of The Americas ===
==== According to SOA Watch ====
According to SOA Watch, many graduates of the SOA and WHINSEC are responsible for human rights violations and criminal activity in their home countries.<ref name "SOA WATCH"/>
In August, 2007 according to an Associated Press report Colonel [[Alberto Quijano]] of the Colombian army's Special Forces was arrested for providing security and mobilizing troops for [[Diego León Montoya Sánchez]] (alias “Don Diego”), the leader of the [[Norte del Valle Cartel]] and one of the [[FBI]]’s 10 most-wanted criminals. School of the Americas Watch said in a statement that it matched the names of those in the scandal with its database of attendees at the institute. Alberto Quijano attended courses and was an instructor who taught classes on Peacekeeping Operations and Democratic Sustainment at the school from 2003 to 2004.<ref>{{cite web | author = Associated Press| title = US trained Colombian soldiers jailed for working with cartel, says human rights group | url = http://soaw.org/newswire_detail.php?id=1390 | accessmonthday = August 18 | accessyear = 2007}}</ref> Others students are the [[Atlacatl Battalion]] responsible or the [[El Mozote massacre]].
[[Image:Posada.jpg|thumb|170px|[[Luis Posada Carriles]] at [[Fort Benning]], Georgia, [[1962]]]]
Critics of SOA Watch argue the connection is often misleading. For example, [[Roberto D'Aubuisson]]'s sole link to the SOA is that he had taken a course in Radio Operations long before El Salvador's civil war began.<ref>{{cite web|author=Paul Mulshine|title=The War in Central America Continues|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20021219221936/http:/216.247.220.66/archives/politics/watchwar.htm|accessdaymonth=6 November |accessyear=2007}}</ref>
<div style="font-size:90%">
{| class="wikitable"
! Country
! Graduates
|-
|{{flagcountry|Argentina}}
|[[Leopoldo Galtieri]], [[Roberto Eduardo Viola]]
|-
|{{flagcountry|Bolivia}}
|[[Hugo Banzer Suárez]]
|-
|-
|{{flagcountry|Chile}}
|[[Raúl Iturriaga]]
|-
|{{flagcountry|Ecuador}}
|[[Guillermo Rodríguez (politician)|Guillermo Rodríguez]]
|-
|{{flagcountry|El Salvador}}
|[[Roberto D'Aubuisson]]
|-
|{{flagcountry|Guatemala}}
|[[Marco Antonio Yon Sosa]]<ref>also in {{cite news | title = The New Strategy | publisher = Time Magazine | date = [[1965-04-23]]}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagcountry|Panama}}
|[[Manuel Noriega]], [[Omar Torrijos]]
|-
|{{flagcountry|Peru}}
|[[Vladimiro Montesinos]], [[Juan Velasco Alvarado]]
|}
</div>
==== Educated according to other sources ====
The terrorist [[Luis Posada Carriles]] was educated by [[CIA]] in explosives and sabotage at [[Fort Benning]] (the actual location of the academy) before the [[Bay of Pigs invasion]].<ref name="CNN"/><ref name="Lawyers Guide"/><ref name="NSARCHIVE"/><ref>[http://terrorism.about.com/od/groupsleader1/p/LuisPosada.htm] Paper by Amy Zalman, Ph.D.</ref></br>
In [[1992]] the [[OAS]] Inter-American Commission on Human Rights recommended prosecution of Col. [[Cid Diaz]] for murder in association with the [[1983]] [[Las Hojas massacre]]. His name is on a State Department list of gross human rights abusers. Diaz went to the Institute in [[2003]]. [http://mcgovern.house.gov/?sectionid=15&parentid=4§iontree=4,15&itemid=74] [http://www.laweekly.com/news/news/teaching-torture/1495/]
==Sources==
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
<div class="references-small">
*{{cite book
| last = Danner
| first = Mark
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| year = 2004
| title = Torture and Truth: America, Abu Ghraib, and the War on Terror
| publisher = New York Review Books
| location =
| id = ISBN 1-59017-152-7
}}
*{{cite book
| last = Harbury
| first = Jennifer K.
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| year = 2005
| title = Truth, Torture, and the American Way
| publisher = Beacon Press
| location =
| id = ISBN 0-8070-0307-7
}} [http://www.soaw.org/new/newswire_detail.php?id=1076 Review], "Highlights parallels in the practices of U.S. government operatives and their local “assets” in the current conflict and in the civil wars that wracked Central America in the 1980s and early 1990s."
*{{cite journal
| first = Doug
| last = Ireland
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| year = 2004
| month = [[July 22]]
| title = Teaching Torture: Despite a lot of talk about torture being "un-American," Congress is quietly keeping alive the School of the Americas, our country's infamous torture-training school
| journal = LA Weekly
| volume =
| issue =
| pages =
| id =
| url = http://www.alternet.org/rights/19313/
}}
*{{cite journal
| first = George
| last = Monbiot
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| year = 2001
| month = [[October 30]]
| title = Backyard terrorism: The US has been training terrorists at a camp in Georgia for years - and it's still at it
| journal = The Guardian
| volume =
| issue =
| pages =
| id =
| url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/waronterror/story/0,1361,583254,00.html
}}
*{{cite journal
| first = Patrick
| last = O'Neill
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| year = [[February 18]]
| month = 2005
| title = SOA protesters headed for prison: Sister, students among 14 charged with trespass at Army school
| journal = National Catholic Reporter
| volume =
| issue =
| pages =
| id =
| url = http://ncronline.org/NCR_Online/archives2/2005a/021805/021805h.php
}}
*{{cite journal
| first = Dana
| last = Priest
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| year = 1996
| month = [[September 21]]
| title = U.S. Instructed Latins On Executions, Torture; Manuals Used 1982-91, Pentagon Reveals
| journal = The Washington Post
| volume =
| issue =
| pages = Section: A Pg. A01
| id =
| url = http://www.soaw.org/new/newswire_detail.php?id=851
}}
*{{cite journal
| first = Bill
| last = Quigley
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| year =
| month =
| title = The Case for Closing the School of the Americas
| journal = BYU Journal of Public Law (20 BYU J. Pub. L. 1)
| volume = 20
| issue = 1
| pages =
| id =
| url = http://www.loyno.edu/~quigley/LReview-Quigley.pdf
}}
*{{cite visual | crew= Richter, Robert | date= 1996 | title= Inside the School of the Assassins | medium= VHS}}
:*{{imdb title|id=0144911|title=Inside the School of the Assassins}}
*{{cite visual | crew= Smihula, John | date= 2003 | url= http://www.hiddeninplainsight.org/ | title = Hidden in Plain Sight | Medium=DVD | location= | distributor= }}
:*{{cite web
| author = Leah Wells
| year = 2003
| url = http://www.commondreams.org/views03/1118-15.htm
| title = ''Hidden in Plain Sight'' Review
| format =
| work =
| publisher = [[Common Dreams NewsCenter]]
| accessmonthday = April 14
| accessyear = 2006
}}
:*{{imdb title|id=0384994|title=Hidden in Plain Sight}}
*{{cite journal
| first = Author
| last = Unknown
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| year = 2005
| month = [[February 18]]
| title = '''''More than an image problem:''' During the familiar annual processing ritual for School of the Americas protesters this year, new information surfaced about a comprehensive plan devised by the U.S. Army to deflect criticism of the school''
| journal = National Catholic Reporter
| volume =
| issue =
| pages =
| id =
| url =http://ncronline.org/NCR_Online/archives2/2005a/021805/021805t.htm
}}
*[http://thiscanadian.typepad.com/this_canadian/2008/03/googles-new-fea.html '''Google's new "FEATURE-rich query environment":''' '''Kucinich'' + ''School of the Americas''' '''= MalWare Alert! "proceed at your own risk"]'''</div>
*Gill, Lesley. ''The School of the Americas - Military Training and Political Violence in the Americas.'' Durham: Duke University Press, 2004.
== See also ==
*[[United States-Latin American relations]]
*[[School of the Americas Watch]]
==External links==
<div class="references-small">
===Official government websites===
*{{cite web
| author = Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation
| year =
| url = https://www.benning.army.mil/whinsec/index.asp
| title = Official website
| format =
| work =
| publisher =
| accessmonthday = April 14
| accessyear = 2006
}}
*{{cite web
| author = US Army War College
| year =
| url = http://carlisle-www.army.mil/usamhi/usarsa/main.htm
| title = School of the Americas (defunct website)
| format =
| work =
| publisher =
| accessmonthday = April 14
| accessyear = 2006
}}
===Other websites===
*{{cite web
| author = Center for International Policy
| year =
| url = http://www.ciponline.org/facts/soa.htm
| title = Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation
| format =
| work =
| publisher =
| accessmonthday = April 14
| accessyear = 2006
}}
*{{cite web
| author = World History Archives
| year =
| url = http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/40/index-a.html
| title = History of the School of the Americas
| format =
| work =
| publisher =
| accessmonthday = April 14
| accessyear = 2006
}}
*{{cite web
| author = Info Anarchy Wiki
| year =
| url = http://www.infoanarchy.org/en/School_Of_The_Americas
| title = School of the Americas
| format =
| work =
| publisher =
| accessmonthday = July 10
| accessyear = 2006
}}
*{{cite web
| author = School of the Americas Watch
| year =
| url = http://www.soaw.org/
| title = Updates & Actions
| format =
| work =
| publisher =
| accessmonthday = April 14
| accessyear = 2006
}}
*{{cite web
| author = Axis of Logic
| year =
| url = http://www.axisoflogic.com/cgi-bin/exec/view.pl?archive=138&num=20097
| title = 20,000 demonstrate against US military torture training center
| format =
| work =
| publisher =
| accessmonthday = April 14
| accessyear = 2006
}}
*{{cite web
| author = Latin America Working Group
| year =
| url = http://www.lawg.org/misc/training_manuals.htm
| title = Military Training Manuals
| format =
| work =
| publisher =
| accessmonthday = April 14
| accessyear = 2006
}}
*{{cite web
| author = Council on Hemispheric Affairs
| year =
| url = http://www.coha.org/2006/06/08/torture-is-un-american-the-soa-and-its-devastating-legacy/
| title = Torture is Un-American: The SOA and its Devastating Legacy
| format =
| work =
| publisher =
| accessmonthday = June 8
| accessyear = 2006
}}
</div>
[[Category:Military education and training in the United States]]
[[Category:History of the foreign relations of the United States]]
[[Category:Terrorism in the United States]]
[[Category:Counter-terrorism]]
[[Category:Human rights abuses]]
[[Category:Operation Condor]]
[[Category:United States Army facilities]]
[[ar:مدرسة الأمريكيتين]]
[[cs:Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation]]
[[da:Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation]]
[[de:Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation]]
[[es:Escuela de las Américas]]
[[fr:École militaire des Amériques]]
[[gl:Escola das Américas]]
[[it:Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation]]
[[he:מכון חצי הכדור המערבי לשיתוף פעולה ביטחוני]]
[[ja:西半球安全保障協力研究所]]
[[fi:Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation]]
[[sv:Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation]]