White nationalism 313027 224693322 2008-07-10T00:17:52Z 69.242.225.249 Changed an obvious bias, one of many by the author. {{limited|date=December 2007}} '''White Nationalism''' advocates a [[racialism|racial]] definition (or redefinition) of white national identity, as opposed to [[multiculturalism]]. The contemporary movement in the [[United States]] is a reaction to the apparent decline (based on US census projections) in white demographics, politics and culture.<ref name="First Things">{{cite web|url=http://www.firstthings.com/article.php3?id_article=2047 |title=The New White Nationalism in America |first=Scott |last=McConnell |authorlink=Scott McConnell |publisher=''[[First Things]]'' |date=August/September 2002}}</ref> According to [[Samuel Francis]], a key white nationalist writer, it is "a movement that rejects equality as an ideal and insists on an enduring core of human nature transmitted by heredity."<ref>White Nationalists Seek Respectability in Meeting of 'Uptown Bad Guys' Newhouse News Service April 4, 2000</ref> [[Anti-racism|Anti-racist]] organizations generally have argued that ideas such as [[white pride]] and white nationalism exist merely to provide a sanitized public face for [[white supremacy]].<ref>Moriz, Justin J. [http://www.adversity.net/USPTO/ethnic_pride/ "Case 45: 'White Pride' vs. U.S. Patents and Trademarks Office"]. Adversity.net for Victims of Reverse Discrimination. 2005. accessed September 10, 2006.</ref> The goal of white nationalism is to appeal to a larger audience. This has been done through the repackaging, relabeling, and transformation of white supremacy into something that would appeal to a broader, more educated audience. Many are nonviolent groups working for [[Racial segregation|separatism]].<ref>{{cite book |title= The New White Nationalism in America: Its Challenge to Integration |last=Swain |first=Carol M. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=0521808863 |pages=16 }} </ref> Supporters see themselves defending the legitimate civil rights of [[white people]] against society's alleged racial double standards.<ref name=Swain>{{cite web|url=http://www.vanderbilt.edu/news/releases/2003/4/11/interviews_offer_unprecedented_look_into_the_world_and_words_of_the_new_white_nationalism |title=Interviews offer unprecedented look into the world and words of the new white nationalism |first=Carol M. |last=Swain |publisher=[[Vanderbilt University]] |date=[[2003-04-11]]}}</ref> [[Jared Taylor]], another key writer in the movement, claims similar racial views were held by many mainstream American leaders before the 1950s.<ref>White Nationalists Seek Respectability in Meeting of 'Uptown Bad Guys' Newhouse News Service April 4, 2000</ref> Opponents accuse them of hatred, racial bigotry and destructive [[identity politics]].<ref name="First Things"/><ref>http://www.zmag.org/Sustainers/content/2002-12/16wise.cfm Znet: December 16, 2002, Making Nice With Racists: David Horowitz and The Soft Pedaling Of White Supremacy, by Tim Wise</ref> According to [[Samuel P. Huntington]], the modern movement is increasingly cultured, intellectual and academically trained.<ref>The Hispanic challenge. Foreign Policy March 1, 2004</ref> Rather than espouse violence, they use statistics and [[social science]] data to argue for a self-conscious white identity.<ref>Despite new leaders, and with them new tactics and new ideas, the goal of white separatists remains to convince Americans that racial separation is the only way to survive. National Public Radio (NPR) August 14, 2003 Thursday</ref> They say a natural hierarchy should triumph over the "false promise of [[egalitarianism]]"<ref>White Nationalists Seek Respectability in Meeting of 'Uptown Bad Guys' Newhouse News Service April 4, 2000</ref> and that the downfall of white dominance spells doom for representative government, the rule of law and freedom of speech.<ref>Jared Taylor, A Racist In The Guise Of 'Expert', Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (Pennsylvania), January 23, 2005</ref> A point of contention for white nationalists and opponents alike is the issue of "white" identity. While the common definition of a singular "white" or "European" race is largely an anthropological archaism {{Fact|date=November 2007}}, many white nationalists continue to hold this belief, as the white nationalist movement depends on the existence of such a categorization. Supporters say they stand for racial self-preservation and claim culture itself is a product of race.<ref>The Hispanic challenge. Foreign Policy March 1, 2004</ref> As a result, according to Huntington, they say the demographic shift in the US towards non-whites brings a new culture that is intellectually and morally inferior.<ref>The Hispanic challenge. Foreign Policy March 1, 2004</ref> With it comes [[affirmative action]], [[immigrant]] ghettos and declining educational standards.<ref>Despite new leaders, and with them new tactics and new ideas, the goal of white separatists remains to convince Americans that racial separation is the only way to survive. National Public Radio (NPR) August 14, 2003 Thursday</ref> By challenging established policy on immigration, civil rights and racial integration, they seek to build bridges with moderately conservative white citizens.<ref>[http://chronicle.com/free/v48/i45/45a01201.htm Can We Improve Race Relations by Giving Racists Some of What They Want?] The Chronicle of Higher Education July 19, 2002</ref> [[White separatism]] and [[White supremacism|supremacism]] are two smaller subgroups within white nationalism.<ref name=Swain/> The former seek a separate white nation-state, while the latter add ideas from [[social Darwinism]] and [[Nazism]] to their ideology.<ref>ibid.</ref> Some white nationalists deny they are in either category.<ref>ibid.</ref> Both schools of thought generally avoid the term "supremacy", saying it has negative connotations.<ref>The New Nativism; The alarming overlap between white nationalists and mainstream anti-immigrant forces. The American Prospect November, 2005</ref> ==Development== White nationalism has a long tradition in English-speaking countries. According to one view, it is a product of the modern centralized state's emergence in the West, like all nationalisms.<ref>Can Nationalism studies and ethnic, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies July 1, 2004</ref> The term originated as a self-description by some groups, primarily in the United States, to describe their belief in a [[racialism|racially defined]] collective identity of [[white people|white]] or [[Caucasian race|Caucasian]] people. In the past, [[xenophobia|xenophobic]] ethnic policies may be seen as congruent to white nationalism. In the 19th and early 20th century racial definitions of the American nation were common, resulting in race-specific immigration restrictions, such as the [[Chinese Exclusion Act (United States)|Chinese Exclusion Act]]. The 1915 film ''[[Birth of a Nation]]'' was an allegorical invocation of white nationalism, for example.<ref>In its darkness, 'Kong' shows the human heart. Newsday (New York) December 15, 2005</ref> Also, the [[White Australia]] ideal was semi-official policy in Australia for many decades. In South Africa, it was championed by the [[New National Party]]<ref>Apartheid-era party is ending its existence, The International Herald Tribune August 9, 2004</ref> starting in 1948, as the struggle over apartheid heated up.<ref>Kani explores a post-apartheid world on stage. ABC Transcripts (Australia) May 11, 2005</ref> In recent years, the Internet has provided an expansion of audiences for white nationalism.<ref>Patriotism in Black and White The American Prospect January 13, 2003</ref> White nationalism in the US combines elements of American racial nationalism and race-based [[identity politics]]. Starting in the 1960s, it grew as the conservative movement developed in mainstream society.<ref>Black politics are in a black hole, Newsday (New York), January 14, 2005</ref> [[Samuel Huntington]] argues that it developed as a reaction to a perceived decline in the essence of American identity as European, Anglo-Protestant and English-speaking.<ref>Bush and Kerry show opposing faces of two different Americas. Business Day (South Africa) October 21, 2004</ref> Some American white nationalists, for example, say immigration must be restricted to selected people of European ancestry.<ref>Dating the White Way Newsweek August 9, 2004</ref> ==Identity== [[Image:New 2000 white percent.gif|thumb|175px|White majority areas (two darkest tones), US Census 2000.]] White nationalists say every nationality feels a natural affection for its own kind.<ref>In its darkness, 'Kong' shows the human heart Newsday (New York) December 15, 2005</ref> Thus they believe in a common identity, common interests, and common political action for white people. This identity is valid for the entire white population, but not an obligation for others. This worldview is often influenced by late 19th-century [[Romantic nationalism|romantic]] racial nationalism.{{Fact|date=June 2007}} Most supporters say 'white nationalism' refers to political activities ''within'' an existing country. They have not necessarily rejected their existing national identity and allegiance, nor that they seek to destroy existing states. They see themselves as [[patriotism|patriotic]] preservers of European history and culture. In other words, their racial identity coincides with this patriotism: For them, everything that is good about their homeland is white. The present form of American white nationalism, inclusive of Caucasian immigrant groups, is relatively recent. Conversely, "white nationalism" in Europe normally indicates a racial variant of an existing ethnic nationalism. For example, the British National Party opposes large-scale immigration of Russians and Poles, even though they are white. Their mission statement states that ''The British National Party exists to secure a future for the indigenous peoples of these islands in the North Atlantic which have been our homeland for millennia. We use the term indigenous to describe the people whose ancestors were the earliest settlers here after the last great Ice Age and which have been complemented by the historic migrations from mainland Europe.The migrations of the Celts, Anglo-Saxons, Danes, Norse and closely related kindred peoples have been, over the past few thousands years, instrumental in defining the character of our family of nations.''<ref>[http://www.bnp.org.uk/mission-statement/ The BNP Mission Statement]</ref> Some white nationalists support a territorially defined [[white separatism]], the belief that white and non-white people should reside in separate territories (and not just lead separate social lives). Like the [[Volksstaat]] proposal, it would require migration of whites to a remote and thinly populated location. However, some other forms of white separatism proposed by white nationalists take the form of far-reaching [[racial segregation]] within an existing [[nation-state]]. ==Definition of "white"== White nationalists define 'white' in a restricted way. In the United States, it implies [[European ethnic groups|Europe]]an ancestry, self-identification with European culture and European [[ethnicity]]. Likewise, the neologism [[European-American]] is a contrast with [[Asian-American]] and [[African-American]]. A growing number of white nationalists reject the definition of white as being restricted to Europeans, and not only embrace all Europeans, but Latin American whites and biological whites in the Middle East and West Asia, such as [[Kurds]], Iranians, Turks and northern Arabs such as Syrians and Lebanese, as well as unmixed North African Berbers (called by their Berber name "Amazigh" in both the white nationalist and Berber nationalist movement). Southern Middle Easterners such as Saudi Arabians, etc. are generally not accepted due to their perceived black origin, but individual nationalists make individual exceptions. Likewise they do not accept most South Asian Caucasoids such as Indians and Pakistanis, but again there are individual exceptions. These Pan Aryans argue that since whites are indeed a shrinking minority, it is essential that all biological whites be united. They further state that since nearly all WNs believe that race is an objective biological concept, it is irrational and self-defeating to reject any biological white based on geography, religion, mere custom or an irrefutable presumption of racial mixture based on mere physical proximity to non-white people. They further argue that every white nationalist has an inflexible moral duty to raise the racial awareness of all whites. Pan Aryans usually reject the identification of "European" and prefer to be called "Aryan" or simply "white". There is no corresponding 'European' ethnicity in Europe itself. In fact, some opponents of the [[European Union]] question its legitimacy, precisely because there is no corresponding ethnic or cultural group.<ref>See: [http://www.arena.uio.no/publications/wp99_4.htm]</ref> Despite their self-definition as 'European', many American white nationalists would not regard ''all'' descendants of European [[immigrants]] as "white". For an acceptable definition, white nationalists draw primarily on 19th-century [[race science|racial taxonomy]], which neither reached a consensus on racial categories nor is accepted by [[genetics|geneticists]]. (For example, geneticist [[Neil Risch]] classifies racial groups in a way that few white nationalists would accept; Jews, Germans and Pakistanis are all [[Caucasoid]].)<ref>New York Times: ''Race Is Seen as Real Guide to Track Roots of Disease'', 2002. [http://web.mit.edu/racescience/in_media/race_disease_nyt_july2002.htm]</ref> Different variants of racial-origin theories, such as [[Nordicism]] and [[Pan-Germanism|Germanism]], define different groups as 'white', both excluding some Southern and Eastern Europeans because of perceived racial taint[http://www.white-history.com/refuting_rm/]. [[Aryan|Pan Aryanism]] &mdash; itself originally a component of [[Nazi]] race theories &mdash; defines most Europeans as Aryan-origin whites. Some white nationalists use the term 'Pan-Europeanism' for a definition including all European [[ethnic group]]s. Other white nationalists hope that [[population genetics]] will provide clear criteria for 'white'. Some have adopted a definition based on the Y-chromosome [[Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)|haplogroup R1b]]. This marker is prevalent in most Western European populations, possibly reflecting the re-expansion into Europe of a [[Refugia|smaller human population]] in Southern Europe, after the last [[ice age]]. ==Opposition== Opponents to white nationalism charge that white nationalists are in fact [[white supremacism|white supremacists]], [[KKK|Ku Klux Klan members]] or [[white power skinhead]]s, and that white nationalists are not so much interested in their own 'white heritage' as in power over non-whites. White nationalism is sometimes described as a [[Reactionary|reaction]] by whites who believe they are [[disenfranchising|disenfranchised]] by the rise of [[liberal]] [[multicultural]] [[ideology|ideologies]] based on [[tolerance]] and [[multiculturalism]], as well as the gains of other racial and ethnic groups against the majority white population in many Western nations. White nationalists respond that they are simply organizing in ways similar to organizations such as the [[NAACP]] and other groups that are generally not seen as controversial, and that to accuse white-nationalist groups of racism while approving of, or tolerating, other racially oriented groups is hypocritical and [[Racism in the United States|racist]] towards [[European American|white people]].{{Fact|date=February 2008}} Kofi Buenor Hadjor responds by stating that [[black nationalism]] is rather the response to white nationalism, while white nationalism is the expression of white supremacy.<ref>{{cite book |title=Another America: The Politics of Race and Blame |last=Hadjor |first=Kofi Buenor |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1995 |publisher=Haymarket Books |location= |isbn=1931859345 |pages=100 }} </ref> Some white nationalists respond to the accusation of white supremacism by saying that they are [[white separatism|white separatists]], and that separation precludes domination of one group by another. Critics point out that while posturing as [[civil rights]] groups advocating the interests of their ethnic or racial group, white nationalist groups frequently draw on the [[nativism|nativist]] traditions of the American [[Ku Klux Klan]] and the British [[National Front (British)|National Front]].<ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title= BNP: A party on the fringe |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1507680.stm |work= |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=August 24, 2001 |accessdate=2008-02-14 }}</ref> Anyone can call himself a 'white nationalist'. The term "white nationalist" has been used by [[neo-Nazi]], [[white supremacy]], and [[Christian Identity]] groups, which have differing ideologies but share an identification with the white race. ==White nationalist groups== The [[American Renaissance (group)|American Renaissance]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adl.org/learn/Ext_US/amren.asp?&&MSHiC=1252&L |title=New Century Foundation (American Renaissance) |accessdate=2008-02-14 |author= |date=2005 |work= |publisher=[[Anti-Defamation League]]}}</ref>, [[Council of Conservative Citizens]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adl.org/learn/ext_us/CCCitizens.asp?xpicked=3&item=12 |title=Council of Conservative Citizens |accessdate=2008-02-14 |author= |date=2005 |work= |publisher=[[Anti-Defamation League]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.splcenter.org/intel/news/item.jsp?aid=13 |title=Nazis, racists join Minuteman Project |accessdate=2008-02-14 |author= |date=April 22, 2005 |work= |publisher=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]]}}</ref>, the [[National Alliance (United States)|National Alliance]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adl.org/learn/Ext_US/N_Alliance.asp |title=National Alliance |accessdate=2008-02-14 |author= |date=2005 |work= |publisher=[[Anti-Defamation League]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?sid=175 |title=Anti-Immigration Groups |accessdate=2008-02-14 |author= |date= |work= |publisher=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]]}}</ref> and [[National Vanguard]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.splcenter.org/intel/intelreport/article.jsp?aid=790 |title=White Nationalism |accessdate=2008-02-14 |author= |date= |work= |publisher=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]]}}</ref> are four examples of groups in the [[United States]] that self-identify as white nationalist, but have been categorized as white supremacist and [[racist]] groups by such organizations as the [[Southern Poverty Law Center|SPLC]] and the [[Anti-Defamation League|ADL]]. In Europe, nationalist parties such as France's [[Front National]], Germany's [[National Democratic Party of Germany|National Democratic Party]] and Belgium's [[Vlaams Belang]] promote nationalism and oppose immigration (especially non-white immigration), but do not describe themselves as "white nationalist". In most European [[nation-state]]s, the nation is traditionally defined by ancestry and long-term association of a single ethnic group with the national homeland. If that ethnic group is already 'white' - as for instance with the Germans in Germany - then additional definition as 'white' is superfluous. It is when this redefinition is disputed, that ethnic or racial limits on the composition of the nation become a political issue. In South America there are White Nationalists groups too. In Chile there are tow different groups: The nationalsocialist [[TOT]] (Troops of Tomarrow), that exist in America, Argentina and Mexico too. And the Identitarian [[Bloque Identitario]] to people of European Descent. In Argentina there are TOT and PNT, but some Nationalist believe that PNT is only a peronist party with neonazi simbols and anti-semitic ideas. ==Notes== {{reflist}} White Nationalism in South America In Chile there are two groups: The neonazi [[TOT]] (Troops of Tomarrow), that exist in America, Argentina and Mexico too. And the Identitarian "[[Bloque Identitario]]" to people of European Descent. In Argentina there are [[TOT]] and [[PNT]], but some Nationalist believe that PNT is only a peronist party with neonazi simbols and anti-semitic ideas. ==References== *{{cite book | author = Josey, Charles Conant | title = The Philosophy of Nationalism | location= Washington, DC | publisher= Cliveden Press | year = 1983 [1923] | pages = | id = ISBN 1-87846-510-4 | }} *{{cite book | author = Levin, Michael E. | title = Why Race Matters: Race Differences and What They Mean | location= Westport, CT | publisher= Praeger Publishers | year = 1997 | pages = | id = ISBN 0-27595-789-6 | }} *{{cite book | author = McDaniel, George (ed.) | title = A Race Against Time: Racial Heresies for the 21st Century | location= Oakton, VA | publisher= New Century Foundation | year = 2003 | pages = | id = ISBN 0-96563-832-4 | }} *{{cite book | author = Robertson, Wilmot | title = The Dispossessed Majority | location= Cape Canaveral, FL | publisher= Howard Allen | year = 1981 | pages = | id = ISBN 0-91457-615-1 | }} *{{cite book | author = Robertson, Wilmot | title = The Ethnostate | location= Cape Canaveral, FL | publisher= Howard Allen | year = 1993 | pages = | id = ISBN 0-91457-622-4 | }} *{{cite book | author = Swain, Carol M. | title = Contemporary Voices of White Nationalism in America | location= New York, NY | publisher= Cambridge University Press | year = 2003 | pages = 312 pages | id = ISBN 0-52101-693-2 ==List of prominent white nationalists== *[[Gordon Lee Baum]] *[[Don Black (nationalist)|Don Black]] *[[David Duke]] *[[Fjordman]] *[[Sam Francis]] *[[Paul Fromm (politician)|Paul Fromm]] *[[Lynx and Lamb Gaede]] *[[Nick Griffin]] *[[Ian Jobling]] *[[David Lane]] *[[Joel T. LeFevre]] *[[Norman Lowell]] *[[Robert Jay Mathews]] *[[Revilo P. Oliver]] *[[William Luther Pierce]] *[[James C. Russell]] *[[Kevin Alfred Strom]] *[[Jared Taylor]] *[[Hal Turner]] *[[Derek Turner]] *[[John Tyndall]] *[[Bill White (neo-Nazi)|Bill White]] ==See also== {{col-begin}} {{col-break}} *[[Aryan]] *[[British National Party]] *[[Christian Identity]] *[[Ethnic nationalism]] *[[Fascism]] *[[Folkbond]] *[[Fourteen Words]] *[[Independent National Socialism]] *[[Know-Nothing movement]] *[[Ku Klux Klan]] *[[Martial races theory]] *[[National anarchism]] *[[Nationalism]], [[nation]] and [[nation-state]] *[[Nazi punk]] *[[Nazism]] *[[Neo-Nazism]] *[[New Orleans Protocol]] *[[Nordic theory]] *[[Pan Aryan National Front]] [[website]] *[[Race and crime#Judicial racism|Judicial racism]] *[[Racialism]] and [[racism]] *[[Stormfront (website)]] *''[[The Passing of the Great Race]]'' *[[Vinland#Other usages of the term Vinland|Vinland]] *[[White Anglo-Saxon Protestant]] *[[White power skinhead]] *[[White separatism]] *[[White supremacy]] *[[Xenophobia]] {{col-break}} ===Compare=== *[[Black nationalism]] *[[White pride]] and [[black pride]] *[[White Power]] and [[Black Power]] *[[White supremacy]] and [[black supremacy]] *[[White separatism]] and [[black separatism]] *[[Mexica Movement]] *[[Jewish Defense League]] {{col-end}} {{Racism topics|state=collapsed}} [[Category:Nationalism]] [[Category:Political theories]] [[Category:Politics and race]] [[Category:Racism]] [[Category:White supremacy]] [[fr:Nationalisme blanc]]