Willem Einthoven 370239 224181426 2008-07-07T18:16:49Z Bobo192 97951 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/204.68.32.6|204.68.32.6]] ([[User talk:204.68.32.6|talk]]) to last version by Thingg {{Infobox Scientist |name = Willem Einthoven |box_width = |image =Willem Einthoven.jpg |image_width =150px |caption = Willem Einthoven in 1906 |birth_date = [[May 21]], [[1860]] |birth_place = [[Semarang]] |death_date = [[September 29]], [[1927]] |death_place = [[Leiden]], [[Netherlands]] |residence = |citizenship = |nationality = [[Netherlands|Dutch]] |ethnicity = |field =[[physiology|physiologist]] |work_institutions = [[University of Leiden]] |alma_mater = [[University of Utrecht]] |doctoral_advisor = |doctoral_students = |known_for = [[electrocardiogram]] |author_abbrev_bot = |author_abbrev_zoo = |influences = |influenced = |prizes = [[Image:Nobel prize medal.svg|20px]][[Nobel Prize in Medicine]] in [[1924]] |religion = Lutheran |footnotes = |signature = }} '''Willem Einthoven''' ([[Semarang]], [[May 21]], [[1860]] &ndash; [[Leiden]], [[September 29]], [[1927]]) was a Dutch [[Physician|doctor]] and [[physiology|physiologist]]. He invented the first practical [[electrocardiogram]] (ECG or EKG) in [[1903]] and received the [[Nobel Prize in Medicine]] in [[1924]] for it. Einthoven was born in [[Semarang]] on [[Java (island)|Java]] in the [[Dutch East Indies]] (now [[Indonesia]]). His father, a medical doctor, died when Einthoven was a child. His mother returned to the [[Netherlands]] with her children in [[1870]] and settled in [[Utrecht (city)|Utrecht]]. In 1885, Einthoven received a medical degree from the [[University of Utrecht]]. He became a professor at the [[University of Leiden]] in [[1886]]. Before Einthoven's time, it was known that the beating of the heart produced electrical currents, but the instruments of the time could not accurately measure this phenomenon without placing electrodes directly on the heart. Beginning in [[1901]], Einthoven completed a series of prototypes of a [[string galvanometer]]. This device used a very thin filament of conductive wire passing between very strong [[electromagnet]]s. When a current passed through the filament, the [[electromagnetic field]] would cause the string to move. A light shining on the string would cast a shadow on a moving roll of photographic paper, thus forming a continuous curve showing the movement of the string. The original machine required water cooling for the powerful electromagnets, required 5 people to operate it and weighed some 600 lb. This device increased the sensitivity of the standard [[galvanometer]] so that the electrical activity of the heart could be measured despite the insulation of flesh and bones. [[Image:Willem Einthoven ECG.jpg|thumb|left|An early ECG device]] Although later technological advances brought about better and more portable EKG devices, much of the terminology used in describing an EKG originated with Einthoven. His assignment of the letters P, Q, R, S and T to the various deflections is still used. The term "[[Einthoven's triangle]]" is named for him. It refers to the imaginary inverted [[equilateral triangle]] centered on the chest and the points being the standard [[Electrocardiogram|lead]]s on the arms and leg. After his development of the string galvanometer, Einthoven went on to describe the electrocardiographic features of a number of [[heart disease|cardiovascular disorders]]. Later in life, Einthoven turned his attention to the study of [[sound|acoustics]]. He died in [[Leiden]] in the [[Netherlands]] and is buried in the graveyard of the Reformed Church at 6 Haarlemmerstraatweg in [[Oegstgeest]]<ref>Van Ditzhuijzen, Jeannette (September 9 2005). ''Bijna vergeten waren ze, de rustplaatsen van roemruchte voorvaderen''. Trouw (Dutch newspaper), p. 9 of supplement.</ref>. ==See also== * [[Electrocardiogram]] * [[String galvanometer]] ==References and further reading== <references/> *{{Citation |id = [[PMID]]:18164799 |url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18164799 |last=Cajavilca |first=Christian |last2=Varon |first2=Joseph |publication-date=2008 Mar |year=[[2008]] |title=Resuscitation great. Willem Einthoven: the development of the human electrocardiogram |volume=76 |issue=3 |periodical=Resuscitation |pages=325–8 |doi = 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2007.10.014 |journal=Resuscitation }} *{{Citation |id = [[PMID]]:12766530 |url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12766530 |last=Barold |first=S Serge |publication-date=2003 Jan |year=[[2003]] |title=Willem Einthoven and the birth of clinical electrocardiography a hundred years ago |volume=7 |issue=1 |periodical=Cardiac electrophysiology review |pages=99–104 }} *{{Citation |id = [[PMID]]:12744012 |url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12744012 |last=Schweitzer |first=P |last2=Keller |first2=S |publication-date=2002 Dec |year=[[2002]] |title=Willem Einthoven--inventor of electrocardiography |volume=48 Suppl 1 |issue= |periodical=Vnitrní lékarství |pages=20–3 }} *{{Citation |id = [[PMID]]:11511722 |url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11511722 |last=Haas |first=L F |publication-date=2001 Sep |year=[[2001]] |title=Willem Einthoven (1860-1927) |volume=71 |issue=3 |periodical=J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatr. |pages=407 }} *{{Citation |id = [[PMID]]:9820341 |url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9820341 |last=Raju |first=T N |publication-date=1998 Nov 7 |year=[[1998]] |title=The Nobel chronicles. 1924: Willem Einthoven (1860-1927) |volume=352 |issue=9139 |periodical=[[Lancet]] |pages=1560 }} *{{Citation |id = [[PMID]]:9404240 |url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9404240 |last=Davies |first=M K |last2=Hollman |first2=A |publication-date=1997 Oct |year=[[1997]] |title=Willem Einthoven (1860-1927) |volume=78 |issue=4 |periodical=Heart |pages=324 }} *{{Citation |id = [[PMID]]:8935680 |url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8935680 |last=Maciel |first=R |publication-date=1996 Apr |year=[[1996]] |title=[Willem Einthoven. From an arduous beginning to the Nobel Prize] |volume=66 |issue=4 |periodical=Arq. Bras. Cardiol. |pages=179–86 }} *{{Citation |id = [[PMID]]:1395193 |url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1395193 |last=Silverman |first=M E |publication-date=1992 Oct |year=[[1992]] |title=Willem Einthoven--the father of electrocardiography |volume=15 |issue=10 |periodical=Clinical cardiology |pages=785–7 }} *{{Citation |id = [[PMID]]:2206718 |url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2206718 |last=Krikler |first=D M |last2=Hollman |first2=A |publication-date=1990 Sep |year=[[1990]] |title=The last portrait of Willem Einthoven: newly discovered links between Sir Thomas Lewis and Alexander Samojloff |volume=64 |issue=3 |periodical=British heart journal |pages=223–6 }} *{{Citation |id = [[PMID]]:3277566 |url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3277566 |last=Ershler |first=I |publication-date=1988 Feb |year=[[1988]] |title=Willem Einthoven--the man. The string galvanometer electrocardiograph |volume=148 |issue=2 |periodical=Arch. Intern. Med. |pages=453–5 }} *{{Citation |id = [[PMID]]:3898619 |url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3898619 |last=Schwartze |first=D |publication-date=1985 Jun 1 |year=[[1985]] |title=[Willem Einthoven. Thoughts on the occasion of his 125th anniversary] |volume=40 |issue=11 |periodical=Zeitschrift für die gesamte innere Medizin und ihre Grenzgebiete |pages=356–60 }} *{{Citation |id = [[PMID]]:359335 |url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/359335 |last=Denolin |first=H |publication-date=1978 Sep |year=[[1978]] |title=Willem Einthoven. 50th commemorative anniversary |volume=8 |issue=2 |periodical=European journal of cardiology |pages=303–4 }} *{{Citation |id = [[PMID]]:359334 |url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/359334 |last=Tammeling |first=G J |publication-date=1978 Sep |year=[[1978]] |title=Willem Einthoven as a pioneer in bronchial function |volume=8 |issue=2 |periodical=European journal of cardiology |pages=299–302 }} *{{Citation |id = [[PMID]]:359331 |url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/359331 |last=Snellen |first=H A |publication-date=1978 Sep |year=[[1978]] |title=Willem Einthoven Memorial Symposium on Developments in Electrocardiography 1927-1977, Leiden, The Netherlands, 28 October 1977. Introduction |volume=8 |issue=2 |periodical=European journal of cardiology |pages=201–3 }} *{{Citation |id = [[PMID]]:340042 |url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/340042 |last=Rosol |first=Z |publication-date=1977 Nov 25 |year=[[1977]] |title=[50th anniversary of the death of Willem Einthoven (1860-1927)] |volume=116 |issue=47 |periodical=Cas. Lek. Cesk. |pages=1480 }} *{{Citation |id = [[PMID]]:323520 |url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/323520 |last=Kyle |first=R A |last2=Shampo |first2=M A |publication-date=1977 May 9 |year=[[1977]] |title=Willem Einthoven |volume=237 |issue=19 |periodical=[[Journal of the American Medical Association|JAMA]] |pages=2108 }} *{{Citation |id = [[PMID]]:4870668 |url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4870668 |last=Sulek |first=K |publication-date=1967 Nov 15 |year=[[1967]] |title=[Nobel prize in 1924 for Willem Einthoven for the discovery of the mechamism of the electrocardiogram] |volume=20 |issue=22 |periodical=Wiad. Lek. |pages=2072 }} *{{Citation |id = [[PMID]]:14238036 |url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14238036 |publication-date=1965 Feb 8 |year=[[1965]] |title=Willem Einthoven (1860-1927) |volume=191 |issue= |periodical=[[Journal of the American Medical Association|JAMA]] |pages=494–5 }} *{{Citation |id = [[PMID]]:14090830 |url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14090830 |last=GAMBAROGLU |first=K |publication-date=1963 Sep |year=[[1963]] |title=[Willem Einthoven (1860-1927).] |volume=41 |issue= |periodical=Klinicheskaia meditsina |pages=154–6 }} *{{Citation |id = [[PMID]]:13785174 |url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13785174 |last=WIGGERS |first=C J |publication-date=1961 Mar |year=[[1961]] |title=Willem EINTHOVEN (1860-1927). Some facets of his life and work |volume=9 |issue= |periodical=Circ. Res. |pages=225–34 }} *{{Citation |id = [[PMID]]:13707441 |url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13707441 |last=GOTTLIEB |first=L S |publication-date=1961 Mar |year=[[1961]] |title=Willem EINTHOVEN, M.D., Ph.D., 1860-1927. Centenary of the father of electrocardiography |volume=107 |issue= |periodical=Arch. Intern. Med. |pages=447–9 }} *{{Citation |id = [[PMID]]:13705673 |url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13705673 |last=GIRAUD |first=G |publication-date=1961 Mar |year=[[1961]] |title=[Willem EINTHOVEN. Nobel Prize in Medicine.] |volume=59 |issue= |periodical=Montpellier médical |pages=189–94 }} *{{Citation |id = [[PMID]]:13182673 |url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13182673 |last=NYLIN |first=G |publication-date=1954 |year=[[1954]] |title=Willem Einthoven. Address given at the Einthoven Commemoration Festival, Leyden, December 1953 |volume=24 |issue=5 |periodical=Cardiologia |pages=311–4 }} *{{Citation |id = [[PMID]]:17837835 |url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17837835 |last=Williams |first= |publication-date=1928 May 4 |year=[[1928]] |title=Willem Einthoven |volume=67 |issue=1740 |periodical=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |pages=456–458 |doi = 10.1126/science.67.1740.456 |journal=Science |pmid=17837835 }} *''Nobel Lectures, Physiology or Medicine 1922-1941'', Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1965. * {{cite book | last = Snellen | first = Herman Adrianus | title = Willem Einthoven (1860-1927) Father of Electrocardiography, Life and Work, Ancestors and Contemporaries | year = 1995 | publisher = Kluwer Academic Publishers | location = Dordrecht | id = ISBN 0-7923-3274-1 }} * {{cite journal | author = Shouldice RB, Bass G | title = From Bench to Bedside - Developments in Electrocardiology | journal = The Engineers Journal, Institution of Engineers of Ireland | volume = 56 |issue = 4 | pages = 47–9| year = 2002 | url = http://shouldice.net/research/PDF/IEI_Electrocardiology.pdf}} ==External links== {{commons|Willem Einthoven}} * The Einthoven Foundation Cardiology Information Portal [http://www.einthoven.nl/Einthoven-algemeen/einthoven_historical_pictures.html Historical pictures] * [http://nobelprize.org/medicine/laureates/1924/index.html Nobel prize citation] * [http://library.med.utah.edu/kw/ecg/ecg_outline/Lesson1/lead_dia.html Einthoven's triangle] * [http://vlp.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/library/search?-display=full&-max=25&-op_author=all&author=Einthoven&-table=vl_literature&-error= Bibliography] in the Virtual Laboratory of the [[Max Planck Institute for the History of Science]] * Museum Boerhaave [http://www.museumboerhaave.nl/ONDERWIJS/VOORTGEZET/2defase/ANW/pdf/nobelprijswinnaars.pdf Negen Nederlandse Nobelprijswinnaars] * A.M. Luyendijk-Elshout, [http://www.inghist.nl/Onderzoek/Projecten/BWN/lemmata/bwn2/einthoven ''Einthoven, Willem (1860-1927)''], in Biografisch Woordenboek van Nederland. * Biography [http://www.kb.nl/hkc/nobel/einthoven/einthoven.html ''Willem Einthoven (1860-1927)''] at the National Library of the Netherlands *[http://www.cardiologyjournal.org/darmowy_pdf.phtml?indeks=93&indeks_art=1210&VSID=aa11e2d3b9d24acd6e335af0e5fee5bb Willem Einthoven (1860–1927): Father of electrocardiography].Moukabary, T. Cardiology Journal. 2007, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 316–317 Copyright © 2007 Via Medical ISSN 1897–559. {{Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Laureates 1901-1925}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Einthoven, Willem}} [[Category:1860 births]] [[Category:1927 deaths]] [[Category:Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine]] [[Category:Dutch physicians]] [[Category:Dutch physiologists]] [[Category:Dutch inventors]] [[Category:Dutch Lutherans]] [[Category:Dutch Nobel laureates]] [[Category:Utrecht University alumni]] [[Category:Leiden University faculty]] [[Category:Medical educators]] [[Category:People from Semarang, Central Java]] [[ar:فيلم أينتهوفن]] [[bg:Вилем Ейнтховен]] [[ca:Willem Einthoven]] [[de:Willem Einthoven]] [[es:Willem Einthoven]] [[fr:Willem Einthoven]] [[hr:Willem Einthoven]] [[io:Willem Einthoven]] [[id:Willem Einthoven]] [[it:Willem Einthoven]] [[sw:Willem Einthoven]] [[lb:Willem Einthoven]] [[lt:Willem Einthoven]] [[nl:Willem Einthoven]] [[ja:ウィレム・アイントホーフェン]] [[pl:Willem Einthoven]] [[pt:Willem Einthoven]] [[ru:Эйнтховен, Виллем]] [[sl:Willem Einthoven]] [[fi:Willem Einthoven]] [[sv:Willem Einthoven]] [[zh:威廉·埃因托芬]]