William Cullen
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2008-06-29T19:08:35Z
Kernel Saunters
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Removed category "People from South Lanarkshire"; Quick-adding category "People from Hamilton, South Lanarkshire" (using [[WP:HOTCAT|HotCat]])
{{otherpersons|William Cullen}}
{{Infobox Scientist
|name = William Cullen
|box_width =
|image = Cullen William.jpg
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|caption = William Cullen
|birth_date = [[15 April]] [[1710]]
|birth_place = [[Hamilton, Scotland|Hamilton]], [[Lanarkshire]]
|death_date = [[5 February]] [[1790]]
|death_place =
|residence =
|citizenship =
|nationality = [[Scotland|Scottish]]
|ethnicity =
|field = [[Physician|doctor]] and [[chemist]]
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|alma_mater = [[University of Edinburgh]]
|doctoral_advisor =
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}}
'''William Cullen''' ([[15 April]] [[1710]] – [[5 February]] [[1790]]) was a [[Scotland|Scottish]] [[Physician|doctor]] and [[chemist]].
==Early life==
Cullen was born in [[Hamilton, Scotland|Hamilton]], [[Lanarkshire]]. He studied at [[Hamilton Grammar School]], then, in [[1726]], began a General Studies arts course at the [[University of Glasgow]]. He began his medical training as apprentice to John Paisley, a [[Glasgow]] apothecary [[surgery|surgeon]], then spent [[1729]] as surgeon on a merchant vessel trading between [[London]] and the [[West Indies]]. After two years as assistant apothecary to Mr Murray of Henrietta Street, London, he returned to Scotland in [[1732]] to establish himself in general medical practice in the parish of [[Shotts]], Lanarkshire. From 1734 to 1736 he studied [[medicine]] at the [[University of Edinburgh]], where he became interested in chemistry, and was one of the founders of the [[Royal Medical Society]].
In 1736 he began medical practise in Hamilton, where he rapidly acquired a high reputation. He also continued his study of the [[natural science]]s, especially of [[chemistry]]. From 1737 to 1740 [[William Hunter (anatomist)|William Hunter]] was his resident pupil, and at one time they proposed to enter into partnership. In 1740 Cullen was awarded the degree of [[M.D.]] from [[Glasgow University]]. In 1741, he married and started his family. He became ordinary medical attendant to James Douglas, 5th [[Duke of Hamilton]] (1703-43), his family, and his livestock. In 1744, following the Duke's death, the Cullens moved to Glasgow.
After university (in [[1747]]), he was awarded Britain's first independent lectureship in Chemistry and was elected President of the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow. In [[1751]] he was appointed [[Regius Professor of Medicine and Theraputics, Glasgow|Professor of the Practice of Medicine]], but continued to also lecture on chemistry.
In Glasgow he gave extramural lectures, for the University, on physiology, botany, materia medica, and chemistry. His great abilities, enthusiasm, and use of practical demonstrations for instruction, made him a successful and highly popular teacher, attracting large classes. At the same time he also practised physic. In 1747 he was appointed to a lectureship in chemistry. Cullen was a diligent, but unoriginal, investigator and experimenter. However, he encouraged original research among his pupils, one of whom was [[Joseph Black]].
==Edinburgh==
In 1755 he was enticed by [[Lord Kames]] to become Professor of Chemistry and Medicine at the [[University of Edinburgh]].
It was in Edinburgh, in 1756, that he gave the first documented public demonstration of artificial [[refrigeration]]<ref>William Cullen, ''Of the Cold Produced by Evaporating Fluids and of Some Other Means of Producing Cold,'' '''in''' Essays and Observations Physical and Literary Read Before a Society in Edinburgh and Published by Them, II, (Edinburgh 1756)</ref>. Cullen used a pump to create a partial [[vacuum]] over a container of [[diethyl ether]], which then [[boiling point|boiled ]], absorbing [[Heat of vaporization|heat]] from the surroundings. This created a small amount of ice, but the process found no commercial application.
From 1757 he delivered lectures on [[clinical medicine]] in the [[Edinburgh Royal Infirmary]].
On the death of [[Charles Alston (professor)|Charles Alston]] in 1760, Cullen at the request of the students undertook to finish his course of lectures on ''materia medica''; he delivered an entirely new course, notes of which were published in an unauthorized edition in 1771, but which he re-wrote and issued as ''A Treatise on Materia Medica'' in 1789.
On the death of [[Robert Whytt]], the professor of the institutes of medicine, Cullen accepted the chair, at the same time resigning that of chemistry. In the same year he had been an unsuccessful candidate for the professorship of the practice of physic (medicine), but subsequently an arrangement was made between him and [[John Gregory (moralist)|John Gregory]], the successful candidate, by which they both agreed to deliver alternate courses on the theory and practice of medicine. This arrangement continued until the sudden death of Gregory in 1773. Cullen was then appointed sole professor of the practice of physic, and he continued in this office until a few months before his death. He died on [[February 5]], [[1790]].
Cullen's eldest son Robert became a Scottish judge in 1796 under the title of Lord Cullen later Baron Cullen<ref>[http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/portrait.asp?search=as&grp=1095%3BScottish+sitters+and+artists&lDate=&LinkID=mp55787&rNo=0&role=sit NPG D2239; Robert Cullen, Baron Cullen<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>, and was known for his powers of [[impressionist (entertainment)|mimicry]].
==Publications==
His chief works were ''First Lines of the Practice of Physic''; ''Institutions of Medicine'' (1710): and ''Synopsis Nosologiae Methodicae'' (1785), which contained his classification of diseases into four great classes (1) ''Pyrexiae'', or [[febrile]] diseases, as [[typhus]] fever; (2) ''[[Neuroses]]'', or nervous diseases, as [[epilepsy]]; (3) ''Cachexiae'', or diseases resulting from bad habit of body, as [[scurvy]]; and (4) ''Locales'', or local diseases, as [[cancer]].
==References==
<references />
== Further reading ==
*{{Citation
|id = [[PMID]]:11616322
|url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11616322
|last=Christie
|first=J. R.
|publication-date=1994
|year=[[1994]]
|title=Historiography of chemistry in the eighteenth century: Hermann Boerhaave and William Cullen
|volume=41
|issue=1
|periodical=Ambix
|pages=4-19
}}
*{{Citation
|id = [[PMID]]:793940
|url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/793940
|last=Cramer
|first=M.
|last2=De Morsier
|first2=G.
|publication-date=1976
|year=[[1976]]
|title = Teachings of the physican William Cullen of Edinburg (1712-1790) transcribed by his student physician Louis Odier of Geneva (1748-1817)
|volume=33
|issue=3-4
|periodical=Gesnerus
|pages=217-27
}}
*{{Citation
|id = [[PMID]]:4929623
|url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4929623
|last=Crellin
|first=J. K.
|publication-date=1971 Jan
|year=[[1971]]
|title=William Cullen: his calibre as a teacher, and an unpublished introduction to his A Treatise of the Materia Medica, London, 1773
|volume=15
|issue=1
|periodical=Medical history
|pages=79-87
}}
*{{Citation
|id = [[PMID]]:3909876
|url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3909876
|last=Dubois
|first=J. C.
|publication-date=1985 Jun
|year=[[1985]]
|title = Neuroses and practical medicine in the works of William Cullen
|volume=143
|issue=6
|periodical=Annales médico-psychologiques
|pages=572-7
}}
*{{Citation
|id = [[PMID]]:13632206
|url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13632206
|last=Johnstone
|first= R. W.
|publication-date=1959 Jan
|year=[[1959]]
|title=William Cullen
|volume=3
|issue=1
|periodical=Medical history
|pages=33-46
}}
*{{Citation
|id = [[PMID]]:2031172
|url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2031172
|last=McGirr
|first=E. M.
|publication-date=1991 Feb
|year=[[1991]]
|title=William Cullen MD (1710-1790)
|volume=36
|issue=1
|periodical=Scottish medical journal
|pages=6
}}
*{{Citation
|id = [[PMID]]:2031170
|url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2031170
|last=McGirr
|first=E. M.
|last2=Stoddart
|first2=W.
|publication-date=1991 Feb
|year=[[1991]]
|title=Changing theories in 18th-century medicine. The inheritance and legacy of William Cullen
|volume=36
|issue=1
|periodical=Scottish medical journal
|pages=23-6
}}
*{{Citation
|id = [[PMID]]:4129567
|url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4129567
|last=Risse
|first=G. B.
|publication-date=1973 Mar
|year=[[1973]]
|title=William Cullen and child care. A 1788 letter
|volume=8
|issue=1
|periodical=Clio medica (Amsterdam, Netherlands)
|pages=65-7
}}
*{{Citation
|id = [[PMID]]:4618142
|url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4618142
|last=Risse
|first=G. B.
|publication-date=1974
|year=[[1974]]
|title = Doctor William Cullen, physician, Edinburgh": a consultation practice in the Eighteenth Century
|volume=48
|issue=3
|periodical=Bulletin of the history of medicine
|pages=338-51
}}
*{{Citation
|id = [[PMID]]:11612030
|url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11612030
|last=Stott
|first=R.
|publication-date=1986 Jun
|year=[[1986]]
|title=William Cullen and Edinburgh medicine: a reappraisal
|volume=38
|issue=
|periodical=The Society for the Social History of Medicine bulletin
|pages=7-9
}}
*{{Citation
|id = [[PMID]]:3550326
|url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3550326
|last=Stott
|first=R.
|publication-date=1987 Apr
|year=[[1987]]
|title=Health and virtue: or, how to keep out of harm's way. Lectures on pathology and therapeutics by William Cullen c. 1770
|volume=31
|issue=2
|periodical=Medical history
|pages=123-42
}}
*{{Citation
|id = [[PMID]]:14114029
|url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14114029
|publication-date=1964 Apr 27
|year=[[1964]]
|title= William Cullen (1710-1790)
|volume=188
|issue=
|periodical=[[Journal of the American Medical Association|JAMA]]
|pages=388-9
}}
*{{1911}}
==External links==
* [http://www.chem.gla.ac.uk/~alanc/dept/cullen.htm Extracts from Senatus Minutes, University of Glasgow]
* [http://www.chem.ed.ac.uk/public/professors/cullen.html Biography by W. P. Doyle] at University of Edinburgh, School of Chemistry
* [http://www.nahste.ac.uk/isaar/GB_0237_NAHSTE_P0251.html Biography, qualifications, sources] at Navigational Aids for the History of Science, Technology & the Environment
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cullen, William}}
[[Category:1710 births]]
[[Category:1790 deaths]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Scottish chemists]]
[[Category:Scottish doctors]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Glasgow]]
[[Category:People from Hamilton, South Lanarkshire]]
[[de:William Cullen]]
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[[ja:ウィリアム・カレン]]
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[[ru:Каллен, Уильям]]