William T.G. Morton
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Ed Fitzgerald
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{{Infobox Scientist
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|box_width =
|image = WilliamMorton.jpg
|image_width =150px
|caption = {{PAGENAME}}
|birth_date = [[August 9]], [[1819]]
|birth_place = [[Charlton, Massachusetts]]
|death_date = [[July 15]], [[1868]]
|death_place = [[New York City]]
|residence =
|citizenship =
|nationality = [[United States]]
|ethnicity =
|field = [[dentistry]]
|work_institutions =
|alma_mater = [[Washington University]]
|doctoral_advisor =
|doctoral_students =
|known_for = [[diethyl ether|ether]] for a surgical operation
|author_abbrev_bot =
|author_abbrev_zoo =
|influences =
|influenced =
|prizes =
|religion =
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|signature =
}}'''William Thomas Green Morton''' ([[August 9]], [[1819]] - [[July 15]], [[1868]]) was an American dentist and physician. He was born in [[Charlton, Massachusetts]]. He received his (honorary) M.D. at Washington University in Baltimore in 1852. He administered [[diethyl ether|ether]] for a surgical operation at [[Massachusetts General Hospital]] on [[October 16]], [[1846]].
This first successful public demonstration by Morton of [[diethyl ether|ether]] as an [[inhalation]] [[anesthetic]] was an historic and widely publicized event. Many consider him to be the "inventor and revealer" of [[anesthesia]]. However, he was not the first person to use ether for surgical anesthesia. Dr. [[Crawford Williamson Long]] first used [[diethyl ether|ether]] as an anesthetic during surgery on March 30, [[1842]], and although he demonstrated its use to physicians in Georgia on numerous occasions, he did not publish his findings until [[1868]], in [[The Southern Medical and Surgical Journal]]. Morton and Long's accomplishments were key factors in the medical and scientific pursuit now referred to as [[anesthesiology]] and allowed the development of modern surgery. Spread of the news of this "new" [[anesthetic]] was helped by the subsequent feud that developed between Morton and two other scientists that claimed to have made the discovery, Dr. [[Horace Wells]] and Dr. [[Charles Thomas Jackson|Charles T. Jackson]]. In contradistinction to Drs. Morton, Wells, and Jackson, Dr. [[Crawford Long]] never sought royalties or a patent from the discovery.
==Biography==
Born in [[Charlton, Massachusetts]], William Morton was originally a [[dentist]]. His parents were James Morton, a farmer, and Rebecca (Needham) Morton. He studied under [[Horace Wells]] in [[Hartford, Connecticut|Hartford]], [[Connecticut]]. The two later became partners. Morton claimed to have graduated from Baltimore Dental College in 1842 (although research indicated that he had never attended dental or medical school). In 1843 he married Elizabeth Whitman of [[Farmington, Connecticut]], the niece of former Congressman [[Lemuel Whitman]]. Her parents objected to his profession and only agreed to the marriage after he promised to study medicine, so in the autumn of 1844, Morton received tutoring from Dr. [[Charles Thomas Jackson|Charles T. Jackson]] at [[Harvard Medical School]]. He was eventually awarded an honorary medical degree in 1852 by Washington University in Baltimore.
On [[September 30]], [[1846]], Morton performed a painless tooth extraction after administering ether to a patient. This procedure led to an arrangement of a now-famous demonstration on [[October 16]], [[1846]], at the [[Massachusetts General Hospital]]. At this demonstration Dr. [[John Collins Warren]] painlessly removed a [[tumor]] from the neck of a Mr. Edward Gilbert Abbott. Following the demonstration Morton tried to hide the identity of the substance Abbott had inhaled (ether). He referred to it as "[[Lethe]]on". He had intentions to patent the substance and profit from its use. However, the “letheon” was quickly shown to be ether, and it was soon after being used in both the [[United States]] and [[Europe]]. Morton received a patent for ether in the US, which was later revoked, and never received any royalties. He spent his declining years in an attempt to persuade [[United States Congress|Congress]] to provide him compensation for his discovery, but this never arrived. His pursuit of profit from [[diethyl ether|ether]] administration was complicated by the fact that his former mentor Dr. Charles T Jackson had subsequently demonstrated the use of [[diethyl ether|ether]] in Paris and claimed the discovery as his own without credit or mention of Morton (or C. W. Long).
In the autumn of 1862 he joined the [[Army of the Potomac]] as a volunteer surgeon, and applied ether to more than two thousand wounded soldiers during the battles of [[Battle of Fredericksburg|Fredericksburg]], [[Battle of Chancellorsville|Chancellorsville]], and the [[Battle of the Wilderness|Wilderness]].
Morton was in [[New York City]] in July 1868 when he went to [[Central Park]] to seek relief from a heat wave, but he collapsed there and died soon after. He is buried at [[Mount Auburn Cemetery]] in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]], [[Massachusetts]].
==Legacy==
[[Image:Ether monument-Boston.JPG|thumb|Panel from monument in Boston commemorating Morton's demonstration of the anesthetic use of ether.]]
The {{fy|1944}} [[Paramount Pictures]] film ''[[The Great Moment (1944 film)|The Great Moment]]'', written and directed by [[Preston Sturges]], is based on the life of W. T. G. Morton. Morton was ranked #37 on [[Michael H. Hart]]'s [[The 100|list of the most influential figures in history]].
== References ==
*{{Citation
|id = [[PMID]]:15916010
|url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15916010
|last=Pavlovskiĭ
|first=L N
|publication-date=
|year=
|title=[Dentist William Morton is a founder of general anesthesia]
|volume=
|issue=1-2
|periodical=Lik. Sprava
|pages=111-5
}}
*{{Citation
|id = [[PMID]]:12641171
|url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12641171
|last=Heynick
|first=Frank
|publication-date=2003 Mar
|year=[[2003]]
|title=William T.G. Morton and "The Great Moment".
|volume=51
|issue=1
|periodical=Journal of the history of dentistry
|pages=27-35
}}
*{{Citation
|id = [[PMID]]:9540719
|url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9540719
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|publication-date=1997
|year=[[1997]]
|title=The great Morton-Jackson debate.
|volume=46
|issue=2
|periodical=Journal of the Massachusetts Dental Society
|pages=24-5
}}
*{{Citation
|id = [[PMID]]:8984612
|url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8984612
|last=Morton
|first=W T
|publication-date=1996 Nov 23
|year=[[1996]]
|title=[SMW 100 years ago. William Thomas Green Morton and the discovery of anesthesia]
|volume=126
|issue=47
|periodical=Schweizerische medizinische Wochenschrift
|pages=2040-2
}}
*{{Citation
|id = [[PMID]]:8909661
|url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8909661
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|publication-date=1996 Oct
|year=[[1996]]
|title=William Morton and the first successful demonstration of anaesthesia.
|volume=24
|issue=5
|periodical=Anaesthesia and intensive care
|pages=529
}}
*{{Citation
|id = [[PMID]]:8872680
|url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8872680
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|title=The last days of William Thomas Green Morton.
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|periodical=Journal of clinical anesthesia
|pages=431-4
}}
*{{Citation
|id = [[PMID]]:8151115
|url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8151115
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|publication-date=1994 Jan
|year=[[1994]]
|title=Benjamin Perley Poore and his historical materials for a biography of W.T.G. Morton, M.D.
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|pages=5-23
}}
*{{Citation
|id = [[PMID]]:3540476
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|publication-date=1987 Jan
|year=[[1987]]
|title=Morton: pioneer in the use of ether.
|volume=62
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|periodical=Mayo Clin. Proc.
|pages=56
}}
*{{Citation
|id = [[PMID]]:3890908
|url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3890908
|last=Leonard
|first=A G
|publication-date=1985 May 11
|year=[[1985]]
|title=Stamp recognition for William Morton.
|volume=158
|issue=9
|periodical=British dental journal
|pages=345
}}
*{{Citation
|id = [[PMID]]:3888002
|url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3888002
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|title=Anesthesia's dental heritage (William Thomas Green Morton).
|volume=32
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|periodical=Anesthesia progress
|pages=25-9
}}
*{{Citation
|id = [[PMID]]:367405
|url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/367405
|publication-date=1979 Feb 20
|year=[[1979]]
|title=Wimmiam McLintock Morton, T.D., L.D.S.
|volume=146
|issue=4
|periodical=British dental journal
|pages=128
}}
*{{Citation
|id = [[PMID]]:795512
|url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/795512
|last=Rozar
|first=L B
|publication-date=1975 Jul
|year=[[1975]]
|title=Dr. William T.G. Morton D.D.S., discoverer of surgical anesthesia.
|volume=39
|issue=1
|periodical=CAL [magazine] Certified Akers Laboratories
|pages=6-8
}}
*{{Citation
|id = [[PMID]]:4572338
|url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4572338
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|publication-date=1973 Mar
|year=[[1973]]
|title=William Thomas Green Morton (1819-1868).
|volume=52
|issue=2
|periodical=Anesth. Analg.
|pages=166
}}
*{{Citation
|id = [[PMID]]:5283677
|url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5283677
|publication-date=1971 Apr
|year=[[1971]]
|title=[Two tormented lives. Horace Wells and William Morton]
|volume=15
|issue=117
|periodical=Boletin de información - Ilustre Colegio Oficial de Odontólogos y Estomatólogos 2. a Región (Cataluña)
|pages=17-21 passim
}}
*{{Citation
|id = [[PMID]]:5277344
|url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5277344
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|first=M B
|publication-date=1970 Oct
|year=[[1970]]
|title=William Thomas Green Morton.
|volume=35
|issue=2
|periodical=Worcester medical news
|pages=15-8
}}
*{{Citation
|id = [[PMID]]:5263393
|url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5263393
|last=Andreae
|first=H
|publication-date=1969 Dec 1
|year=[[1969]]
|title=[The discoverer of ether anesthesia, dentist Morton, born 150 years ago]
|volume=20
|issue=23
|periodical=Zahnärztliche Praxis
|pages=276
}}
*{{Citation
|id = [[PMID]]:5319582
|url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5319582
|publication-date=1965 Oct 11
|year=[[1965]]
|title=William T.G. Morton (1819-1868), demonstrator of ether anesthesia.
|volume=194
|issue=2
|periodical=[[Journal of the American Medical Association|JAMA]]
|pages=190-1
}}
*{{Citation
|id = [[PMID]]:14192801
|url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14192801
|last=ALPER
|first=M H
|publication-date=
|year=
|title=THE ETHER CONTROVERSY REVISITED (MORTON WT), (JACKSON CT).
|volume=25
|issue=
|periodical=Anesthesiology
|pages=560-3
}}
*{{Citation
|id = [[PMID]]:13389978
|url= http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13389978
|publication-date=1956 Oct
|year=[[1956]]
|title=[WILLIAM THOMAS GREEN MORTON.]
|volume=3
|issue=4
|periodical=Revista española de anestesiología
|pages=380-3
}}
* Fenster, J.M. (2001). Ether Day: The Strange Tale of America's Greatest Medical Discovery and the Haunted Men Who Made It. New York, NY: HarperCollins.
* Louis Figuier ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=4M8EAAAAYAAJ Exposition et histoire des principales découvertes scientifiques modernes]'' p. 212 (Paris: Masson, 1851) (in French) contains an account of the discovery of anaesthesia with ether by Morton and Jackson and of its reception in Europe.
{{DEFAULTSORT:Morton, William T. G.}}
[[Category:American physicians]]
[[Category:American dentists]]
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