Wolf spider
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2008-07-15T15:28:07Z
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{{Taxobox
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = Wolf Spider
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| classis = [[Arachnid]]a
| ordo = [[Spider|Araneae]]
| superfamilia = [[Lycosoidea]]
| familia = '''Lycosidae'''
| familia_authority = [[Carl Jakob Sundevall|Sundevall]], 1833
| diversity_link = List of Lycosidae species
| diversity = > 100 genera, c. 2,300 species
| range_map = Distribution.lycosidae.1.png
| range_map_width = 250px
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision =
''[[Adelocosa]]''<br />
''[[Alopecosa]]''<br />
''[[Arctosa]]''<br />
''[[Geolycosa]]''<br />
''[[Hogna]]''<br />
''[[Lycosa]]''<br />
''[[Pardosa]]''<br />
''[[Pirata (spider)|Pirata]]''<br />
''[[Sosippus]]''<br />
''[[Trochosa]]''<br />
''many more''
}}
'''Wolf spiders''' are members of the [[Family (biology)| family]] '''Lycosidae''', from the Greek word "λυκος" meaning "wolf". They are robust and agile hunters, and have good eyesight. They live mostly solitary lives and hunt alone. Some are opportunistic wanderer hunters, pouncing upon prey as they find it or chasing it over short distances. Others lie in wait for passing prey, often from or near the mouth of a burrow.
Wolf spiders resemble [[Nursery web spider]]s (family ''Pisauridae''), but they carry their [[egg (biology)|egg]] sacs by attaching them to their [[spinnerets]] (Pisauridae carry their egg sacs with their [[chelicerae]] and [[pedipalp]]s).
==Description==
[[Image:Wolf spider&egg sac.jpg|Wolf spider and egg sac|thumb|250px|left|Wolf spider carrying her egg sac]]
[[Image:Wolf_spider_with_young_in_garden.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Wolf spider carrying her young]]
There are several genera of wolf spider, ranging in size from 1 [[centimetre|cm]] to 8 cm.
They have eight eyes arranged in three rows. The bottom row consists of four small eyes,
the middle row has two very large eyes (which distinguishes them from the [[Pisauridae]]),
and the top row has two medium-sized eyes. They depend on their eyesight, which is quite
good, to hunt. Their sense of touch is also acute.
Wolf spiders are unique in carrying their eggs along with them in a round silken globe, or egg sac,
which they attach to the spinnerettes at the end of their abdomen. The abdomen must
be held in a raised position to keep the egg case from dragging on the ground, but they
are still capable of hunting while so encumbered.
Also unique among spiders is their method of infant care. Immediately after the little
spiders hatch and emerge from their protective silken case they clamber up their mother's
legs and all crowd onto her abdomen.
[[Image:Wolf_eyes_for_guide.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Eye configuration of a ''Hogna'' species]]
Their eyes reflect light well, and one way of finding them is to hunt at night using a
flashlight strapped to one's forehead so that the light from the flashlight is reflected
from their eyes directly back toward its source.
Because they depend on camouflage for protection, they do not have the flashy appearance
of some other kinds of spiders. In general their coloration is appropriate to their
favorite habitat.
''[[Hogna]]'' is the genus with the largest of the wolf spiders. Among the ''Hogna'' species in the U.S., the nearly solid dark brown ''H. carolinensis'' is the largest, with a body that can be more than one inch long. It is sometimes confused with ''H. helluo'' (pictured below), which is somewhat smaller and entirely different in coloration.
Some members of the ''Lycosidae'', such as ''H. carolinensis'' (called the Carolina wolf spider despite the fact that its range covers much of the U.S.) make deep tubular burrows in and around which they lurk much of the time. Others, such as ''H. helluo'', seek shelter under convenient rocks and other such shelters as nature may provide. They may wander from place to place, and are therefore more likely to be the ones attracted into human habitation when the weather starts to turn colder in autumn.
There are many smaller wolf spiders. They patrol pastures and fields and are an important natural control on harmful insects.
The wolf spiders are capable of giving defensive bites, and some South American species may give bites that are medically significant. However, in general their presence works very much in favor of humans wherever they are found.
==Toxicity==
Wolf spiders are not aggressive but will inject [[Spider bite|venom]] freely if continually provoked. Symptoms of their venomous bite include swelling, mild pain and itching. Though usually considered harmless to humans, the bite of some species may be painful. In the past, [[necrotic]] bites have been attributed to some [[South America]]n species, but further investigation has indicated that those problems that did occur were probably actually due to bites by members of other genera.<ref>Ribeiro LA, Jorge MT, Piesco RV, Nishioka SA, 1990. Wolf spider bites in Sao Paulo, Brazil: a clinical and epidemiological study of 515 cases. Toxicon 28: 715–717.[Medline]</ref> Australian wolf spiders have also been associated with [[necrotic]] wounds, but careful study has likewise shown them not to produce such results.<ref>[http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a713620950~db=all Australian Wolf Spider Bites (Lycosidae): Clinical Effects and Influence of Species on Bite Circumstances - Clinical Toxicology<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
==Habitats==
[[Image:Wolf spider attack position.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Burrowing wolf spider defending its egg sac]]
Wolf spiders can be found in a wide range of habitats both coastal and inland. These include shrublands, woodland, wet coastal forest, alpine meadows and suburban gardens. Spiderlings disperse aerially and consequently wolf spiders have wide distributions. Although some species have very specific [[microhabitat]] needs (such as stream-side gravel beds or montane herb-fields) most are wanderers without permanent homes. Some build [[burrow]]s which can be opened or have a trapdoor. Arid zone species construct turrets or plug their holes with pebbles during the rainy season to protect themselves from floodwaters.
<br clear=both>
==Additional photos==
<gallery>
Image:Wolf spider.jpg|The back of a burrowing wolf spider
Image:Wolf spider tunnel.jpg|The silken tunnel of a burrowing wolf spider
Image:Wolf spider&egg sac03.jpg|Wolf spider and egg sac
Image:Wolf spider with young.jpg|Wolf spider carrying young on back
Image:wolf_spider_florida.jpg|Florida wolf spider
Image:Wolf spider focus bracket02.jpg|Torso with [[cephalothorax]] and [[opisthosoma]]
Image:Wolf_Spider_in_Grass.jpg| Wolf spider hunting in the grass
Image:20071030_Wolf_Spider_Carrying_Egg_Sac.jpg|Wolf spider carrying egg sac across our back path in Chelsea, Victoria, Australia
Image:20071030_Wolf_Spider_Carrying_Egg_Sac_(Cropped).jpg|Cropped version of wolf spider carrying egg sac
Image:Lycosa sp..JPG|Lycosa sp. in captivity with US Quarter for scale
Image:Wolf-spider-central-texas.jpg|Wolf spider commonly found in Central Texas
Image:WolfSpiderMVY.JPG|Wolf spider carrying her young on Martha's Vineyard bike trail
</gallery>
==References==
* {{aut|Platnick, Norman I.}} (2008): [http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog/index.html The world spider catalog], version 8.5. ''American Museum of Natural History''.
<references />
==External links==
{{wikispecies|Lycosidae}}
{{commonscat|Lycosidae}}
*[http://www.anura.it/Fotografia/Wolfspiders_page.htm Wolf Spiders Photo Gallery by Emanuele Biggi]
*[http://www.termite.com/spider-identification.html Notes on toxicity]
*[http://www.uky.edu/Ag/CritterFiles/casefile/spiders/wolf/wolf.htm Article from the University of Kentucky]
*[http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&issn=0161-8202&volume=033&issue=01&page=0153&ct=1|Factors Factors influencing escape behaviors of some wolf spiders]
{{Araneae}}
[[Category:Lycosidae| ]]
[[ca:Licòsid]]
[[cs:Slíďákovití]]
[[da:Jagtedderkopper]]
[[de:Wolfspinnen]]
[[et:Huntämbliklased]]
[[es:Lycosidae]]
[[fr:Lycosidae]]
[[he:זאבניים]]
[[lt:Plėšriavoriai]]
[[hu:Farkaspókok]]
[[nl:Wolfspinnen]]
[[ja:コモリグモ]]
[[pl:Pogońcowate]]
[[sv:Jaktspindlar]]
[[zh-yue:狼蛛科]]
[[zh:狼蛛科]]