Woodworking
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2008-07-07T04:23:12Z
Theone00
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Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/98.181.45.4|98.181.45.4]] to last version by Skyezx (using [[WP:HG|Huggle]])
[[Image:Woodcarvings of cranes.jpg|right|thumb|Artists can use woodworking to create delicate [[sculpture]]s.]]
'''Woodworking''' is the process of building, making or carving something using [[wood]].
==History==
[[Image:Maler der Grabkammer der Bildhauer Nebamun und Ipuki 004.jpg|thumb|right|Ancient Egyptian woodworking]]
[[Image:Schreiner-1568.png|thumb|right|Woodworking shop in Germany in 1568, the worker in front is using a [[bow saw]] and the one in the background is [[plane (tool)|planing]]]][[Image:Woodworkdamas.JPG|thumb|[[Damascene]] woodworkers [[carving]] wood for [[hookahs]], 19th century.]]
Along with stone, mud, and animal parts, wood was certainly one of the first materials worked by primitive human beings. [[Lithic analysis|Microwear analysis]] of the [[Mousterian]] [[stone tools]] used by the [[Neanderthal]]s show that many were used to work wood. Indeed, the development of civilization was closely tied to the development of increasingly greater degrees of skill in working these materials.
Among early finds of wooden tools are the worked sticks from [[Kalambo Falls]], [[Clacton-on-Sea]] and [[Lehringen]]. The [[spear]]s from [[Schöningen]] ([[Germany]]) provide some of the first examples of wooden hunting gear. [[Flint]] tools were used for carving. Since Neolithic times, carved wooden vessels are known, for example from the [[Linear Pottery culture]] [[water well|well]]s at [[Kückhofen]] and [[Eythra]]. Examples of [[Bronze Age]] wood-carving include trees worked into [[coffin]]s from northern Germany and [[Denmark]], and wooden folding-chairs. The [[list of archaeological sites|site]] of [[Fellbach-Schmieden]] in Germany has provided fine examples of wooden animal statues from the [[Iron Age]]. Wooden [[Cult image|idol]]s from the [[La Tène culture|La Tène]] period are known from a sanctuary at the source of the [[Seine]] in [[France]].
Two ancient civilizations that used woodworking were the [[Ancient Egypt|Egyptians]] and the [[History of China#Ancient history|Chinese]]. Woodworking is depicted in many ancient Egyptian drawings, and a considerable amount of ancient Egyptian [[furniture]] (such as stools, [[chair]]s, [[Table (furniture)|tables]], [[bed]]s, [[Chest (furniture)|chests]]) has been preserved in tombs. As well, the inner coffins found in the tombs were also made of wood. The metal used by the [[Egyptians]] for woodworking tools was originally [[copper]] and eventually, after 2000 BC [[bronze]] as ironworking was unknown until much later.<ref>Enrichetta Leospo (2001), "Woodworking in Ancient Egypt", ''The Art of Woodworking'', [[Turin]]: [[Museo Egizio]], p.20</ref> Commonly used woodworking tools included [[axe]]s, [[adze]]s, [[chisel]]s, [[saw|pull saws]], and [[bow drill]]s. [[Mortise and tenon]] joints are attested from the earliest [[predynastic Egypt|Predynastic period]]. These joints were strengthened using pegs, [[dowel joint|dowels]] and leather or cord lashings. [[Animal glue]] came to be used only in the [[New Kingdom|New Kingdom period]].<ref>''Ibid''., pp.20-21</ref> Ancient Egyptians invented the art of [[veneer (wood)|veneering]] and used [[varnish]]es whose composition is not known as [[wood finishing|finishes]]. Although different native [[acacia]]s were used, as was the wood from the local [[Ficus sycomorus|sycomore]] and [[tamarisk]] trees, deforestation in the Nile valley resulted in the need for importation of wood, notably [[cedar]], but also [[Aleppo Pine|Aleppo pine]], [[boxwood]] and [[oak]], starting from the [[Second Dynasty]].<ref>''Ibid''., pp. 17-19</ref>
The progenitors of Chinese woodworking are considered to be [[Lu Ban]] (魯班) and his wife Lady Yun, from the [[Spring and Autumn Period]]. Lu Ban is said to have brought the plane, chalkline, and other tools to China. His teachings are supposedly left behind in the book ''Lu Ban Jing'' (魯班經, "Manuscript of Lu Ban"), although it was written some 1500 years after his death. This book is filled largely with descriptions of dimensions for use in building various items—such as flower pots, tables, altars, etc.—and also contains extensive instructions concerning [[Feng Shui]]. It mentions almost nothing of the intricate glueless and nailless joinery for which Chinese furniture was so famous.
==Materials==
Historically, woodworkers relied upon the woods native to their region, until transportation and trade innovations made more exotic woods available to the craftsman. Woods can be sorted into three basic types, [[Hardwood|hardwoods]], typified by tight grain and often derived from deciduous trees, [[softwood|softwoods]], typically from evergreen trees, and man-made materials, such as [[plywood]] and [[MDF]].
==Woodworkers==
* [[Alvar Aalto]]
* [[Norm Abram]]
* [[John Boson]]
<!-- Redlink * [[Mike Dunbar]]--><!-- New England woodworker, apparently famed for a revival of handmade windsor chairs, and books and presentations on the subject. Significantly notable for contemporary US green woodworking -->
<!--* [[Marc Fish]]No Notability established-->
* [[Tage Frid]]
* [[Eileen Gray]]
<!-- Redlink * [[Garrett Hack]]--><!-- written a number of books on hand tools, New England woodworker, worthy of inclusion -->
* [[R. Bruce Hoadley]]
* [[James Krenov]]
* [[John Makepeace]]
* [[Sam Maloof]]
* [[David J. Marks]]
* [[Joseph Moxon]]
* [[George Nakashima]]
<!-- * [[Thomas Nixon]] Non-notable, certainly not the person under this wl. -->
* [[Alan Peters]]
<!--* [[Scott Phillips (woodworker)|Scott Phillips]]host of The American Woodshop on PBS-->
* [[André Jacob Roubo]]
* [[Henry O. Studley]]
* [[Roy Underhill]]
* Sir [[Neville Wilkinson]]
* [[Michiko Suganuma]]<!-- Not a woodworker - lacquerworker instead -->
==See also==
* [[Fire hardening]]
* [[History of construction]]
* [[History of wood carving]]
* [[Saw pit]]
* [[Sloyd]]
* [[Stave church]]
* [[Turning]]
* [[Lathart]]
* [[Wagae-nuri]] Japanese lacquerware
* [[Wood as a medium]]
* [[Wood turning]]
* [[Woodworking glossary]]
* [[Workbench (woodworking)|Woodworking workbench]]
* [[Segmented turning]]
* [[Tack cloth]]
* [[Wood]]
==Notes==
<references/>
==References==
*{{cite book
| last = Feirer
| first = John L.
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Cabinetmaking and Millwork
| publisher = Glencoe Publishing
| date = 1988
| location = Mission Hills California
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id = ISBN 0-02-675950-0 }}
*{{cite book
| last = Frid
| first = Tage
| authorlink = Tage Frid
| coauthors =
| title = Tage Frid Teaches Woodworking
| publisher = Taunton Press
| date = 1979
| location = Newton, Connecticut
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id = ISBN 0-918804-03-5 }}
*{{cite book
| last = Joyce
| first = Edward
| authorlink =
| coauthors = revised and expanded by Alan Peters
| title = Encyclopedia of Furniture Making
| publisher = Sterling Publishing Co.
| date = 1987
| location = New York
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id = ISBN 0-8069-6440-5 (ISBN 0-8069-7142-8 Paperback)}}
*{{cite book
| last = Roubo
| first = André Jacob
| authorlink = André Jacob Roubo
| coauthors =
| title = The Art of the Joiner
| publisher = [[Académie des Sciences]]
| date = 1769-1784
| location = Paris
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id = }}
<!--Categories-->
[[Category:Skills]]
[[Category:Wood]]
[[Category:Woodworking| ]]
[[Category:Manufacturing]]
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