World Ocean
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[[Image:World ocean map.gif|right|thumb|275px|Animated map exhibiting the world's [[ocean]]ic waters. A continuous body of water encircling the [[Earth]], the World Ocean is divided into a number of principal areas with relatively free interchange among them. Five oceanic divisions are usually reckoned: [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]], [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]], [[Indian Ocean|Indian]], [[Arctic Ocean|Arctic]], and [[Southern Ocean|Southern]]; the last two listed are sometimes consolidated into the first three.]]
{{Five oceans}}
The '''World Ocean''', '''world ocean''', or '''global ocean''' is the interconnected system of the [[Earth]]'s [[ocean]]ic (or [[Marine (ocean)|marine]]) [[water]]s, and comprises the bulk of the [[hydrosphere]].
The unity and continuity of the World Ocean, with relatively free interchange among its parts, is of fundamental importance to [[oceanography]].<ref>Spilhaus, Athelstan F. 1942 (Jul.). "Maps of the whole world ocean." ''Geographical Review'' ([[American Geographical Society]]). Vol. 32 (3): pp. 431-5.</ref> Customarily, it is divided into a number of principal oceanic areas that are delimited by the [[continent]]s and various oceanographic features: these divisions are the '''[[Atlantic Ocean]]''', '''[[Arctic Ocean]]''' (sometimes considered a [[sea]] of the Atlantic), '''[[Indian Ocean]]''', '''[[Pacific Ocean]]''', and '''[[Southern Ocean]]''' (sometimes reckoned instead as just the southern portions of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans). In turn, oceanic waters are interspersed by many smaller seas and other bodies of water.
A global ocean has existed in one form or another on Earth for eons, and the notion dates back to [[classical antiquity]] (in the form of [[Oceanus]]). The contemporary concept of the ''World Ocean'' was coined by the [[Russia]]n [[oceanography|oceanographer]] [[Yuly Shokalsky]] in the early 20th century to describe what is basically a solitary, continuous ocean that covers and encircles most of the Earth.
While continuous, the World Ocean can be visualized as being centered on the Southern Ocean. The Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans can be seen as [[bays]] or lobes extending northward from the Southern Ocean. Further north, the Atlantic opens into the Arctic Ocean, which is connected to the Pacific by the [[Bering Strait]]:
* The Southern Ocean is the ocean surrounding [[Antarctica]], dominated by the [[Antarctic Circumpolar Current]], generally the ocean south of sixty degrees south latitude. The Southern Ocean is partially covered in [[sea ice]], the extent of which varies according to the season. The Southern Ocean is the second smallest of the five named oceans.
* The Atlantic Ocean, the second largest, extends from the Southern Ocean between [[South America]], [[Africa]], [[North America]] and [[Europe]], to the Arctic Ocean. The Atlantic meets the Indian Ocean south of Africa at [[Cape Agulhas]].
* The Indian Ocean extends northward from the Southern Ocean to [[India]], between Africa and [[Australia]]. The Indian Ocean joins the Pacific Ocean to the west, near Australia.
* The Pacific Ocean, the largest of all, also reaches northward from the Southern Ocean to the Arctic Ocean. It spans the gap between Australia, [[Asia]], North America and [[Oceania]]. The Pacific Ocean meets the Atlantic south of South America at [[Cape Horn]].
* The Arctic Ocean is the smallest of the five. It joins the Atlantic near [[Greenland]] and [[Iceland]], and joins the Pacific at the [[Bering Strait]]. It overlies the [[North Pole]], touching North America in the [[Western hemisphere]] and [[Scandinavia]] and Asia in the [[Eastern hemisphere]]. The Arctic Ocean is partially covered in sea ice, the extent of which varies according to the season. Some authorities do not consider the Arctic Ocean a ''bona fide'' ocean, because it is largely surrounded by land with only limited exchange of water with the other oceans. Consequently, it is considered by some to be a [[sea]] of the Atlantic, referred to as the ''Arctic Mediterranean Sea'' or ''Arctic Sea''.
The approximate shape of the World Ocean can for most purposes be treated as constant, although in fact it is not: [[continental drift]] continually changes its structure.
== See also ==
* [[Sea]]
* [[Plate tectonics]]
* [[Superocean]]
* [[World Ocean Atlas]]
* [[Seven Seas]]
* [[Origin of water on Earth]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
* Chekin, L. 2002. "[http://vitiaz.ru/congress/en/thesis/2.html The world ocean in medieval cartography]". Moscow: S. I. Vavilov Institute of the History of Science and Technology of the Russian Academy of Sciences; thesis for [http://www.vitiaz.ru/english/index.html Museum of the World Ocean] congress.
* "[http://www.answers.com/Ocean#Encyclopedia Ocean]". ''The Columbia Encyclopedia'', 6th ed. 2003. New York: Columbia University Press; also,
* Danabasoglu, Gokhan ; McWilliams, James C.; & Gent, Peter R. 1994. "[http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/264/5162/1123?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=%22global+ocean%22&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT The role of mesoscale tracer transports in the global ocean circulation]". ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'': vol. 264. (no. 5162), pp. 1123-1126.
* "[http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/sci/A0860097.html The world ocean]". [http://www.infoplease.com/index.html Infoplease.com]. 2005. Pearson Education.
* Levitus, Sydney; Antonov, John I.; Boyer, Timothy P.; and Stephens, Cathy. 2000. "Warming of the world ocean": [http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/287/5461/2225 abstract], [http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/287/5461/2225?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&fulltext=%22world+ocean%22&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&resourcetype=HWCIT article]. ''Science'': vol. 287. (no. 5461), pp. 2225-2229.
* "[http://www.livescience.com/oceans/ All about oceans]". [http://www.livescience.com/ LiveScience.com]. 2007. Imaginova Corp.
* Spilhaus, Athelstan F. 1942. "Maps of the whole world ocean." ''[[American Geographical Society|Geographical Review]]'': vol. 32 (no. 3), pp. 431-5.
* ''[http://www.oceansatlas.com/ UN Atlas of the Oceans]'':
** "[http://www.oceansatlas.com/unatlas/about/physicalandchemicalproperties/background/seemore1.html Distribution of land and water on the planet]", "[http://www.oceansatlas.com/unatlas/about/howoceanswereformed2/originsofoceans/originofocean2jte.html Origins of the oceans and continents]"
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