Wuhan
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225459410
2008-07-13T20:23:47Z
Leonard G.
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{{for|the [[brand]] of [[cymbal]]|Wuhan cymbals}}
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{{Infobox Settlement
|name = Wuhan
|official_name =
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|native_name = 武汉 <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English -->
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|settlement_type = [[Sub-provincial city in the People's Republic of China|Sub-provincial city]]
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|image_skyline = WuhanTVTower.jpg
|imagesize = 250px
|image_caption = [[Tortoise Mountain TV Tower]]
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|map_caption = Location within Hubei Province
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|pushpin_map_caption = Location in China
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|subdivision_name = [[People's Republic of China]]
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|subdivision_name1 = 13
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|leader_title =[[Communist Party of China|CPC]] Wuhan
|leader_name =[[Yang song]] (杨松)
|leader_title1 = [[Mayor]]
|leader_name1 =[[Ruan chengfa]] (阮成发)
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|established_title = Settled
|established_date = 223 BC
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|population_blank1_title =Rank in Cina
|population_blank1 =[[List of cities in the People's Republic of China by population|8th]]
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|population_blank2_title =Major [[Nationalities of China|nationalities]]
|population_blank2= [[Han Chinese|Han]] - 99%<br>[[Minorities]] - 1%
|timezone = [[China Standard Time]]
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|postal_code_type = [[Postal codes in China|Postal code]]
|postal_code ='''4300'''00 - '''4304'''00
|area_code =+86/27
|blank_name =[[License Plate (China)|License plate prefixes]]
|blank_info =鄂A<br> 鄂O (police and authorities)
|blank1_name =[[ISO 3166-2]]
|blank1_info =cn-??
|blank2_name =[[Gross domestic product|GDP]] (2006)
|blank2_info =[[Renminbi|CNY]] 259.0 billion ([[List of China major cities by gross domestic product|16th]])
|blank3_name = - per capita
|blank3_info =[[Renminbi|CNY]] 30,200 ([[List of China major cities by GDP per capita|?nd]])
|blank4_name =[[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2005)
|blank4_info = ? ([[List of China administrative divisions by HDI|?nd]]) — <font color="#009900">high</font>
|website = http://www.wuhan.gov.cn
|footnotes = <center><big>'''City [[tree]]s'''</big>: [[metasequoia]];<big>'''City [[flower]]s'''</big>: [[plum blossom]] </center>
}}
'''{{Audio|zh-Wuhan.ogg|Wuhan}}''' ({{zh-stp|s=武汉|t=武漢|p=Wǔhàn}}) is the capital of [[Hubei]] province, and is the most populous city in central [[People's republic of China]]. It lies at the east of Jianghan Plain, and the intersection of the middle reaches of the [[Yangtze River|Yangtze]] and [[Han River (Hanshui)|Han River]]. Arising out of the conglomeration of three boroughs, [[Wuchang, Hubei|Wuchang]], [[Hankou]], and [[Hanyang]], Wuhan is known as the "thoroughfare of nine provinces"; it is a major transportation hub, with dozens of railways, roads and expressways passing through the city. The city of Wuhan, first termed as such in [[1927]], has a population of approximately 9,100,000 people ([[2006]]), with about 6,100,000 residents in its [[urban area]]. In the [[1920s]], Wuhan was the capital of a leftist [[Kuomintang]] (KMT) government led by [[Wang Jingwei]] in opposition to [[Chiang Kai-shek]], now Wuhan is recognized as the political, economic, financial, cultural, educational and transportation center of central China.
==Geography and Climate==
Wuhan is situated in the middle of [[Hubei]] Province of China, East Longitude 113°41′-115°05′, North Latitude 29°58′-31°22′.the east of Jianghan Plain, and the confluence of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and Hanshui River.
The metropolitan area comprises three parts - [[Wuchang, Hubei|Wuchang]], [[Hankou]], and [[Hanyang]], commonly called the "Three Towns of Wuhan" (hence the name "Wuhan", combining "Wu" from the first city and "Han" from the other two). The consolidation of these three cities occurred in 1927 and Wuhan was thereby established. These three parts face each other across the rivers and are linked by bridges, including one of the first modern bridges in China, known as the "First Bridge". It is simple in geographical structure - low and flat in the middle and hilly in the south, with the Yangtze and Han rivers winding through the city.
Wuhan occupies a land of 8494.41 km², most of which is plain and decorated with hills and a great number of lakes and pools. Wuhan's climate is a subtropical monsoon one with abundant rainfall and distinctive four seasons. Wuhan is known for its oppressively humid summers, when dewpoints can often reach 26℃ or more.<ref>{{cite web | author =Wunderground Archives | title = Temperatures in Wuhan| work = Wunderground |date = [[2008-01-09]]| url = http://www.wunderground.com/cgi-bin/findweather/getForecast?query=wuhan| accessdate = 2008-01-09}}</ref> Spring and autumn are generally mild, while winter is cool with occasional snow. In recent thirty years, the average annual rainfall is 1269 mm, mainly from June to August; annual temperature is 15.8℃-17.5℃, annual frost free period lasts 211 to 272 days and annual sunlight duration is 1810 to 2100 hours.
==History==
[[Image:WuhanSkyline.jpg|300px|left|thumb|View slightly south of east from the Yellow Crane Tower]]
The area was first settled more than 3,000 years ago. During the [[Han Dynasty]], Hanyang became a fairly busy port. In the [[3rd century AD]] one of the most famous battles in [[Chinese history]] and a central event in the ''[[Romance of the Three Kingdoms]]'' — the [[Battle of Red Cliffs]] — took place in the vicinity of the cliffs near Wuhan. Around that time, walls were built to protect Hanyang (AD [[206]]) and Wuchang (AD [[223]]). The latter event marks the foundation of Wuhan. In AD [[223]], the [[Yellow Crane Tower]] (黄鹤楼) was constructed on the Wuchang side of the Yangtze River. [[Cui Hao (poet)|Cui Hao]], a celebrated poet of [[Tang Dynasty]], visited the building in the early [[8th Century]]; his poem made the building the most celebrated building in southern China. The city has long been renowned as a center for the arts (especially poetry) and for intellectual studies. Under the [[Mongol]] rulers ([[Yuan Dynasty]]), Wuchang was promoted to the status of provincial capital. By approximately 300 years ago, Hankou had become one of the country's top four trading towns.
[[Image:China Wuhan Jianghanguan.jpg|thumb|left|Wuhan Custom House, opened in [[1862]]]]
In the late 1800s railroads were extended on a north-south axis through this city, which then became an important [[transshipment]] point between rail and river traffic. At this time foreign powers extracted mercantile concessions, with the riverfront of Hankou being divided up into various foreign controlled merchant districts. These districts contained trading firm offices, warehouses, and docking facilities.
In [[1911]], [[Sun Yat-sen]]'s followers launched the [[Wuchang Uprising]] that led to the collapse of the [[Qing Dynasty]] and the establishment of the [[Republic of China]].
Wuhan was the capital of a leftist [[Kuomintang]] government led by [[Wang Jingwei]] in opposition to [[Chiang Kai-shek]] during the 1920s.
In [[1938]], Wuhan and its proximities became the battlefield of the [[Battle of Wuhan]], a major conflict in the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]]. After being taken by the Japanese in 1938, Wuhan became a major Japanese logistics center for operations in southern China. In December 1944, the city was largely destroyed by U.S. [[firebombing]] raids conducted by the [[Fourteenth Air Force]]. In 1967, civil strife struck the city in the [[Wuhan Incident]] as a result of tension brought by the [[Cultural Revolution]].
The city has been subject to numerous devastating floods, which are supposed to be controlled by the ambitious [[Three Gorges Dam]]. That project is set to be completed in 2009.
===Significant Historical Events in Wuhan History===
{{Cleanup-restructure|date=September 2007}}
'''Opening Hankou as a Trading Port'''
During the Second Opium War (known in the West as the Arrow War, 1856-1860), the Government of Qing Dynasty was defeated by the western powers and signed Treaties of Tianjin and Convention of Peking, which stipulated eleven cities or regions including Hankou as trading ports. In December 1858, James Bruce (the 8th Earl of Elgin), the head of the Royal British Navy, led four warships up the Yangtze River in Wuhan to collect the information needed for opening the trading port in Wuhan. And in the spring of 1861, Counselor Harry Parkes and Admiral Herbert were sent to Wuhan to open a trading port. On the basis of Convention of Peking, Harry Parkes concluded the Hankou Lend-Lease Treaty with Guan Wen, the governor-general of Hunan and Hubei. It brought an area of 30.53 square kilometers along the Yangtze River (from Jianghan Road to Hezuo Road today) to become British Concession and permitted Britain to set up their consulate in the British Concession. Thus, Hankou became an open trading port finally.
'''Hubei under Zhang Zhidong'''
In the fifteenth year of Guangxu Period (1889) of the Qing Dynasty, [[Zhang Zhidong]] was transferred from [[Guangdong]] to be the governor-general of [[Hunan]] and [[Hubei]]. By 1906, he had governed Hubei for 17 years. During this period, he elucidated the theory of “Chinese learning as the basis, Western learning for application,” known as the ti-yong ideal. He set up many heavy industries, founded Hanyang Steel Plant, Daye Iron Mine, Pingxiang Coal Mine and Hubei Arsenal and set up local textile industries, boosting the flourishing modern industry in Wuhan. Meanwhile, he initiated educational reform, opened dozens of modern educational organizations successively, such as Lianghu (Hunan and Hubei) Academy of Classical Learning, Civil General Institute, Military General Institute, Foreign Languages Institute and Lianghu (Hunan and Hubei) General Normal School, and selected a great many students for study overseas, which well promoted the development of China’s modern education. Furthermore, he trained modern military and organized a modern army including a zhen and a xie (both zhen and xie are military units in the Qing Dynasty) in Hubei. All of these laid a solid foundation for the modernization of Wuhan.
'''Wuchang Uprising'''
On [[October 10]] of the third year of Xuantong Period of the Qing Dynasty (1911), an armed uprising broke out in Wuchang. Before uprising, with the purpose of overthrowing the Manchu Dynasty, bourgeois revolutionaries conducted deep and wide propaganda and mobilization and founded various revolutionary organizations in Wuhan. In earlier September 1911, the Qing Government moved part of the Hubei new army to Sichuan for suppressing the people’s uprising there, which made a good chance for the uprising in Wuhan. On September 14th, Literature Society and gongjinhui, the two greatest revolutionary organizations in Hubei, jointly founded the uprising headquarters in Wuchang and decided to rise up. On the morning of October 9th, the bomb at the office of the political arrangement exploded accidentally and unfortunately, and the uprising proclamation, beadroll and official seal fell into the hands of Rui Cheng, the governor-general of Hunan and Hubei, who demolished the uprising headquarters in Wuchang the same day, and decided to raid the revolutionaries according to the beadroll. At this critical moment, the conductors from the basal backbones of revolutionary organizations contacted each other secretly and made a decision of immediate uprising. On the night of 10th, the revolutionaries fired to rise in revolt at the engineering barracks of new army, and then led on the new army of all barracks to rise up successively. Under the guidance of Wu Zhaolin, Cai Jimin, etc., the revolutionary army seized the official residence of the governor and government offices including fan, nie, etc. in Hubei. Rui Cheng fled in panic into the Chu-Yu Ship anchored by the river, and Zhang Biao, the controller of Qing army, also discarded the city and fled away. On the morning of 11th, the revolutionary army took the whole city of Wuchang. But the leaders such as Jiang Yiwu, Sun Wu disappeared then, thus the acephalous revolutionary army recommended Li Yuanhong, the assistant governor of Qing army, as the commander-in-chief, founded Hubei Military Government, proclaimed the abolishment of the Qing Dynasty’s imperialism and the founding of Republic of China, as well as published an open telegram for call to uprising of every province. As the beginning of the Revolution of 1911 (led by Dr. Sun Yat-sen, which overthrew the Qing Dynasty), Wuchang Uprising played a most important role in raising upsurge of the democratic revolution, which also was called “the lead in launching the Revolution of 1911” since 1911 was the year of xinhai in traditional Chinese chronology.
'''National Government Moved its Capital to Wuhan'''
In 1926, with the north extension of Northern Expedition, the center of Great Revolution shifted from the Pearl River basin to the Yangtze River basin. On [[November 26]], the KMT Central Political Committee decided to move the capital to Wuhan. In middle December, most of the KMT central executive commissioners and National Government commissioners arrived in Wuhan, set up the temporary joint conference of central executive commissioners and National Government commissioners, performed the top functions of central party headquarters and National Government, and declared they would work in Wuhan on [[January 1]], [[1927]] and decided to combined the three towns of Wuchang, Hankou, and Hanyang into Wuhan City, called “Capital District”. The National Government was located in the Nanyang Building in Hankou, while the central party headquarters and other organizations chose their locations in Hankou or Wuchang. In the earlier period after its move, the National Government approved and implemented a series of policies and resolutions in favor of people, and boosted the development of the national revolution, thus received warmly supports from the people.
'''The Castaway Zhongshan Warship in Jinkou'''
In early October in 1938, Japanese aggressors moved east and north respectively upon outskirts of Wuhan. As a result, the Party and government institution, large quantities of companies and enterprises and numerous people had to withdraw from Wuhan to the west of Hubei and Sichuan. The KMT navy undertook the responsibility of defending Yangtze River on patrol and covering the withdrawal. On [[24 October]], when seeing over the waters of the Yangtze River near Jinkou town (Jiangxia District in Wuhan) in Wuchang, the famous navy warship of the KMT Zhongshan warship come up against 6 Japanese planes. The planes took turns to dive to strafe and bomb Zhongshan warship crazily. Though Captain Sha Shijun led the whole officers and soldiers and shot down two hostile planes, the Zhongshan warship eventually sank down due to serious ravages with 25 officers and soldiers sacrificing their valuable lives. Originally named Yongfeng warship, the Zhongshan warship, 62.1 meters long and 8.9 meters wide, was a gunboat ordered in Japanese Mitsubishi Shipyard by the Qing Government in 1910 with a tonnage of 836 tons and a speed of 13.5 sea miles/h. In 1913, Zhongshan warship with 138 seamen was incorporated in the first armada of Chinese navy, which then took part under the guidance of Cheng Biguang in the constitution defending movement launched by Sun Yat-sen in July 1917. Moreover, Sun Yat-sen stayed on Yongfeng warship for over 50 days in the command of putting down the rebellion raised by Chen Jiongming in June 1922 personally. To commemorate Sun Yat-sen, Yongfeng warship was renamed as Zhongshan warship on [[13 April]] in 1625, which was even utilized by Jiang Jieshi to fabricate the 320 Event for excluding Communists in 1926. In view of Zhongshan warship’s significant historical values, the cultural relic department of Hubei province endeavored for years to salvage it and finally succeeded in 1996, and built a Zhongshan warship exhibition hall in Jinkou after it was repaired.
'''Completion and Opening-to-traffic of the First Yangtze River Bridge'''
The project of building the First Yangtze River Bridge was regarded as one of the key projects during the period of the first five-year plan. The Engineering Bureau of the First Yangtze River Bridge, set up by the Ministry of Railway in April 1953, was responsible for the design and construction of the bridge. The document “Resolutions on Building the First Yangtze River Bridge” was passed in the 203rd conference of State Council on [[15 January]] [[1954]]. The technical conference on the routes of the bridge, was held in Hankou on [[15 January]] [[1955]], determined that the route from Tortoise Hill to Snake Hill was the best choice. On [[25 October]], the bridge proper was under construction. The same day in 1957 the whole project was completed and an opening-to-traffic ceremony was held on [[15 October]]. The whole bridge was 1670 m long, of which the superstratum was a highway with a width of 22.5 m and the substratum was a double-line railway with a width of 18 m. The bridge proper was 1156 m long with two pairs of eight piers and nine arches with a space of 128 m between each arch. Thanks to the First Yangtze River Bridge, Beijing-Wuhan and Guangdong-Wuhan railways were available and any place could be reached from Wuchang, Hankou to Hanyang. Thus Wuhan was a thoroughfare to nine provinces not only in reality but in name as well.
==Administrative Divisions==
Wuhan administers over a dozen districts and 3 economic development districts.
# Jiang'an District (江岸区)
# Jianghan District (江汉区)
# Qiaokou District (硚口区)
# Hanyang District (汉阳区)
# Wuchang District (武昌区)
# Qingshang District (青山区)
# Hongshan District (洪山区)
# Caidian District (蔡甸区)
# Dongxihu District (东西湖区)
# Hannan District (汉南区)
# Jiangxia District (江夏区)
# Huangpi District (黄陂区)
# Xinzhou District (新洲区)
# Wuhan Economic and Technology Development District (武汉经济技术开发区)
# Donghu New Technology District (东湖新技术开发区)
# Wujiashan Taiwan Investment District (吴家山台商投资区)
== Transportation ==
[[Image:Yangze Bridge Wuhan.jpg|200px|right|thumb|First bridge seen from Hanyang]]
[[Chang Jiang Bridge]] at Wuhan was built over the [[Yangtze River]] (Chang Jiang) in [[1957]], carrying the [[railroad]] directly across the river between Snake Hill (on the left in the picture below) and Turtle Hill. Before this bridge was built it could take up to an entire day to [[train ferry|barge]] railcars across. Including its approaches, it is 5,511 feet (1680 m) long, and it accommodates both a double-track railway on a lower deck and a four lane roadway above. It was built with the assistance of advisers from the [[Soviet Union]], it is therefore a strange piece of Stalinist architecture in the middle of China. {{Fact|date=June 2008}}
<center>
[[Image:YangtzeWuhanFirstBridge.jpg|400px|left|thumb|The ''First Bridge'' at Wuhan. This view is downstream, backward the distant [[Three Gorges]] and [[Chongqing]]]]
</center><br style="clear:both;" />
===The roads expressways and bridges===
'''The second bridge''', a [[cable-stayed bridge]], built of pre-stressed concrete, has a central span of 400 meters The Wuhan Second Changjiang Bridge is 4,678 meters in length (including 1,877 meters of the main bridge) and 26.5 to 33.5 meters in width. Its main bridgeheads are 90 meters high each, pulling 392 thick slanting cables together in the shape of double fans, so that the central span of the bridge is well poised on the piers and the bridge's stability and vibration resistance are ensured. With six lanes on the deck, the bridge is designed to handle 50,000 motor vehicles passing every day.
The bridge was completed in 1995. {{Fact|date=June 2008}}
'''The third bridge'''
The Third Wuhan Changjiang Bridge was completed in September 2000. Located 8.6 kilometers southwest of the First Bridge, construction of Baishazhou Bridge started in 1997. With an investment of over 1.4 billion yuan (about 170 million U.S. dollars), the bridge, which is 3,586 meters long and 26.5 meters wide, has six lanes and has a capacity of 50,000 vehicles a day. The bridge is expected to serve as a major passage for the future Wuhan Ring Road, enormously easing the city's traffic and aiding local economic development.
=== Railway ===
The city proper in Wuhan is served by two railway stations located in the boroughs of [[Hankou]] and [[Wuchang, Hubei|Wuchang]]. As a result, the railway system in China actually does not have a unique designation for the name "Wuhan", and trains heading to Wuhan are marked with the respective borough's station name, and not the city's. In 2006, construction began on a the new [[Wuhan Railway Station]] with 11 platforms.
===Public transit ===
[[Wuhan Metro]] In September 2004, Wuhan became the sixth Chinese city with a subway system (after [[Beijing]], [[Tianjin]], [[Shanghai]], [[Guangzhou]] and [[Shenzhen]]). The first 10.2 km line (10 stations) is an elevated rail (and therefore called 'light rail' in Chinese terminology). It runs from Huangpu to Zongguan in the downtown area of the Hankou District, and it is the first one in the country to use a communication-based train control system (a [[Railway Signalling#Moving Block|Moving Block signalling system]], provided by [[Alcatel]]). The designed minimum interval is only 90 seconds between two trains and it features driverless operation. {{Fact|date=January 2008}}
=== Air ===
{{main|Wuhan Tianhe International Airport}}
Opened in April 1995, [[Wuhan Tianhe International Airport]] is one of the busiest airports in central China and it is located 26 km north of Wuhan. It has also been selected as China's fourth international hub airport after [[Beijing Capital International Airport]], Shanghai-Pudong and Guangzhou Baiyun. A second terminal is expected to be completed in July 2008, having been started in February 2005 with an investment of RMB3.372 billion.
===Waterway ===
==Tourist sites==
<center>[[Image:ConcertGroupPano.jpg|600px|thumb|none|Replica instruments of ancient originals are played at the [[Hubei Provincial Museum]]. A replica set of bronze concert bells is in the background and a set of stone chimes is to the right]]</center><br style="clear:both;" />
*At [[Wuchang, Hubei|Wuchang]] you can find the [[East Lake (Wuhan)|East Lake]] (the largest lake within a city in China) and [[South Lake (Wuhan)|South Lake]].
*The [[Hubei Provincial Museum]] includes many artifacts excavated from ancient tombs, including a magnificent and unique concert bell set ([[bianzhong]]). A dance and orchestral show is given here, using reproductions of the original instruments.
*The Rock and Bonsai Museum includes a magnificent mounted [[platybelodon]] skeleton, many unique and finely figured rocks, a giant quartz crystal (as large as an automobile) and an outdoor garden with miniature trees in the [[penjing]] ("''Chinese Bonsai'' ") style.
*Some luxury [[Riverboat]] tours begin here after a flight from [[Beijing]] or [[Shanghai]], with several days of flatland cruising and then climbing through the [[Three Gorges]] with passage upstream past the [[Gezhouba Dam|Gezhouba]] and [[Three Gorges Dam|Three Gorges]] dams to the city of [[Chongqing]]. With the completion of the dam a number of cruises now start from the upstream side and continue west, with tourists traveling by motor coach from Wuhan. Although there is no longer the excitement of fast water cruising through the three gorges, and some of the historic wall carvings are now underwater, much of the drama of the high cliffs and narrow passages remains.
[[Image:Wuhanbells.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Ancient bronze concert bells at the Hubei Provincial Museum]]
*The [[Yellow Crane Tower]] (aka. Huanghelou), modern in structure, ancient in lore and legend. The original tower is presumed to have been first built in approximately 220 AD. The tower has been destroyed and reconstructed numerous times, was burned last according to some sources in [[1884]]. Jung Chang's book 'Mao The Unknown Story', however, refers to Mao ascending the Yellow Crane Pavilion in 1927 to look across the vastness of the Yangtze, suggesting a later date for its destruction. Complete reconstruction took place in [[1981]]. The reconstruction utilized modern materials and even includes an elevator, yet in outward appearance and detail is true in spirit to the traditional design of the tower through the centuries.
*[[Jiqing Street]](吉庆街), a street full of road side restaurants and street performers during the evening, well-known by Chinese due to a novel Live Show (生活秀) with stories of events on this street by [[Chi Li]].
[[Image:TheYellowCraneTower.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Yellow Crane Tower]]
==Economy==
Wuhan is a [[sub-provincial city]]. Its GDP was RMB 259 billion and GDP per capita was approximately RMB 30,200 (US$3,790) as of 2006. In 2006, the city's average [[disposable income]] was 12,360 yuan. {{Fact|date=April 2008}}
Wuhan has currently attracted about 50 [[France|French]] invested companies, over one third of French investment in China, the most among Chinese cities.<ref>{{cite web | author =People's Daily Online | title = Wuhan absorbs most French investment in China| work = People's Daily |date = [[2005-10-25]]| url = http://english.people.com.cn/200510/25/eng20051025_216752.html| accessdate = 2006-10-23}}</ref>
Wuhan is an important functional center for economy, trade, finance, transportation, information and technology, and education in Central China. Its major sectors include modern manufacture industry with optic-electronic information, automobile manufacture as the key components, steel manufacturing, new pharmaceutical sector, biology engineering, new material industry, environmental protection. Wuhan Iron & Steel (Group) Co. and Dongfeng-Citroen Automobile Co., Ltd settle in this city. Besides, there are in this city 35 higher educational institutions including the well-known Wuhan University, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, 3 state-level development zones and many enterprise incubators. The comprehensive strength of science and technology ranks the third in China. [http://www.cnhubei.com/200502/ca677743.htm]
==Colleges and universities==
Wuhan is the scientific and educational center in Central China, with 35 higher educational institutions such as Wuhan University and Huazhong University of Science and Technology, which cover all the fields of science and technology and employ elites and explorers in these fields. Wuhan has formed a comprehensive scientific and educational strength ranking the 3rd in China with its main force: three national development zones and four scientific and technologic development parks as well as numerous enterprise incubators, over 350 research institutes, 1470 hi-tech enterprises, and over 400,000 experts and technicians.
There are eight national colleges and universities,<ref>{{cite web | author =| title = National Colleges and Universities (in Simple Chinese)| work = Hubei Provincial Department of Education|date = [[2006-08-31]]| url = http://www.hbe.gov.cn/e21web/jyt/hbgx_list.php?college_kinds=1| accessdate =}}</ref> and fourteen public colleges and universities<ref>{{cite web | author =| title = Public Colleges and Universities (in Simple Chinese)| work = Hubei Provincial Department of Education|date = [[2006-08-31]]| url = http://www.hbe.gov.cn/e21web/jyt/hbgx_list.php?college_kinds=2| accessdate =}}</ref> in Wuhan.
===National===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[Wuhan University]] (founded in 1893)<br/>[[:zh:武汉大学|武汉大学]]
|[[Huazhong University of Science and Technology]] ([[HUST]])<br/>[[:zh:华中科技大学|华中科技大学]]
|[[Wuhan University of Technology]]([[WUT]])<br/>[[:zh:武汉理工大学|武汉理工大学]]
|[[China University of Geosciences]]<br/>[[:zh:中国地质大学|中国地质大学 (武汉)]]
|-
|[[Huazhong Agricultural University]] (founded in 1898)<br/>[[:zh:华中农业大学|华中农业大学]]
|[[Central China Normal University]](founded in 1903)([[Huazhong Normal University]])<br/>[[:zh:华中师范大学|华中师范大学]]
|[[Zhongnan University of Economics and Law]]<br/>[[:zh:中南财经政法大学|中南财经政法大学]]
|[[South-Central University for Nationalities]]<br/>[[:zh:中南民族大学|中南民族大学]]
|}
===Public===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|[[Hubei University]]<br/>[[:zh:湖北大学|湖北大学]]
|[[Wuhan University of Science and Technology]]<br/>[[:zh:武汉科技大学|武汉科技大学]]
|[[Jianghan University]]<br/>[[:zh:江汉大学|江汉大学]]
|[[Hubei University of Technology]]<br/>[[:zh:湖北工业大学|湖北工业大学]]
|-
|[[Wuhan Institute of Technology]]<br/>[[:zh:武汉工程大学|武汉工程大学]]
|[[Wuhan University of Science and Engineering]]<br/>[[:zh:武汉科技学院|武汉科技学院]]
|[[Wuhan Polytechnic University]]<br/>[[:zh:武汉工业学院|武汉工业学院]]
|[[Hubei College of Traditional Chinese Medicine]]<br/>[[:zh:湖北中医学院|湖北中医学院]]
|-
|[[Wuhan Institute of Physical Education]]<br/>[[:zh:武汉体育学院|武汉体育学院]]
|[[Hubei Institute of Fine Arts]]<br/>[[:zh:湖北美术学院|湖北美术学院]]
|[[Hubei Police College]]<br/>[[:zh:湖北警官学院|湖北警官学院]]
|[[Wuhan Conservatory of Music]]<br/>[[:zh:武汉音乐学院|武汉音乐学院]]
|-
|[[Hubei University of Economics]]<br/>[[:zh:湖北经济学院|湖北经济学院]]
|[[Wuhan Bioengineering Institute]]<br/>[[:zh:武汉生物工程学院|武汉生物工程学院]]
|[[Hubei University of Education]]]]<br/>[[:zh:湖北第二师范学院|湖北第二师范学院]]
|
|}
Note: Institutions without full-time bachelor programs are not listed.
==Language==
[[Image:Wuhan City Square.jpg|thumb|200px|Night lights at a major square in the Wuchang district of Wuhan.]]
[[Image:Wuhan Construction.jpg|thumb|200px|Construction boom.]]
[[Image:Wuhan City.jpg|thumb|200px|]]
[[Image:TurtleHill Base.jpg|thumb|200px|View from the base of Turtle Hill with the Yellow Crane tower seen in the distance.]]
[[Image:Wuhan 2.jpg|thumb|200px|]]
[[Image:Wuhan 4.jpg|thumb|200px|]]
[[Image:Wuhan 5.jpg|thumb|200px|]]
[[Image:Wuhan 6.jpg|thumb|200px|]]
[[Image:Wuhan 8.jpg|thumb|200px|]]
[[Image:Wuhan 13.jpg|thumb|200px|]]
Wuhan natives speak a dialect of Southwestern [[Mandarin Chinese]]. Because it also has a blend of southern Chinese elements, the Wuhan dialect was once promoted as the ideal basis for a [[Standard Chinese]] dialect.
==Folklore==
Because of its hot summer weather, Wuhan is known as one of the [[Three Furnaces]] of China, along with [[Nanjing]] and [[Chongqing]]. Wuhan is by far the hottest of the Three Furnaces; the average temperature in July is 37.2°C (99°F), and the maximum often exceeds 40°C (104°F). {{Fact|date=April 2008}}
The [[Lute Platform]] in [[Hanyang]] was where the legendary musician [[Yu Boya]] is said to have played. Yu Boya played for the last time over the grave of his friend [[Zhong Ziqi]], then smashed his lute because the only person able to appreciate his music was dead. {{Fact|date=April 2008}}
==Popular foods==
* [[Re gan mian|Hot and Dry Noodles]], ''Re-gan mian'' (热干面) consists of long freshly boiled noodles mixed with sesame paste. The Chinese word ''re'' means hot and ''gan'' means dry. It is considered to be the most typical local food for breakfast.
* [[Duck's Neck]] or ''Ya Bozi'' (鸭脖子) is a local version of this popular Chinese dish, made of duck necks and spices.
* [[Bean Pan]] or ''Doupi'' (豆皮)is a popular local dish with a filling of egg, rice, beef, mushrooms and beans cooked between two large round soybean skins and cut into pieces, structurally like a stuffed pizza without enclosing edges.
* [[Soup Bun]] or ''Tangbao''(汤包)is a kind of dumpling with thin skin made of flour, steamed with very juicy meat inside, it is called Tang (soup) Bao (bun), because every time one takes a bite from it the soup inside spills out.
* [[Salty Doughnut]] or ''Mianwo'' (面窝) is a kind of doughnut with salty taste. It's much thinner than common doughnut, and is a typical Wuhan local food.
==Famous people==
* Dong Bi Wu was the first judge for the highest court in the People's Republic of China. He founded the famous school Wuhan high school in 1920.{{Fact|date=January 2008}}
* Modern Writer Chi Li {{Fact|date=January 2008}}
* Tennis Players [[Li Na (tennis)|Li Na]] and [[Li Ting (tennis)|Li Ting]] reside in [[Hankou]].
* Olympic gold medal [[diving|diver]] [[Fu Mingxia]] resided in [[Hankou]].
* Table tennis player [[Qiao Hong]].
* Vice Premier and Minister Of Health of China [[Wu Yi]], is a native of Wuhan. She was ranked the 2nd Most Powerful Woman in the World by Forbes.com {{Fact|date=January 2008}}
* Famous actress Xu Fan.{{Fact|date=January 2008}}
* [[Olympic Games]] medal winner [[diving|diver]] [[Hailiang Xiao]] is from Wuhan.
* [[Chang-lin Tien]], former Chancellor of the [[University of California, Berkeley]] (1990–97)
* Professional badminton player and two time Olympic gold medalist [[Gao Ling]] was born in Wuhan
* [[Liu Yi Fei]] (Crystal Liu) starring in the upcoming movie [[The Forbidden Kingdom]] alongisde [[Jet Li]] and [[Jackie Chan]] is from Wuhan
==Soccer==
In 2005, Wuhan FC won CSL (China Super League) Cup, for the first time since the Chinese professional football league was formed in 1994.
<br />In May [[2006]] top Chinese [[soccer]] team [[Wuhan Huanghelou]] announced that they had formed a lucrative deal with top [[England|English]] team [[Bolton Wanderers]] which would see both coaching and commercial methods exchanged.
==Sister cities==
*{{flagicon|Australia}} [[Adelaide]], [[Australia]], since July [[2007]]
*{{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Arnhem]], [[Netherlands]], since June [[1999]]
*{{flagicon|France}} [[Bordeaux]], [[France]], since [[June 18]], [[1998]]
*{{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Borlänge]], [[Sweden]], since September [[2007]]
*{{flagicon|South_Korea}} [[Cheongju]], [[Republic of Korea]], since [[October 29]], [[2000]]
*{{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Christchurch]], [[New Zealand]], since [[April 4]], [[2006]]
*{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Duisburg]], [[Germany]], since [[October 8]], [[1982]]
*{{flagicon|Romania}} [[Galaţi]], [[Romania]], since [[August 12]], [[1987]]
*{{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Győr]], [[Hungary]], since [[October 19]], [[1995]]
*{{flagicon|Sudan}} [[Khartoum]], [[Sudan]], since [[September 27]], [[1995]]
*{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Kiev]], [[Ukraine]], since [[October 19]], [[1990]]
*{{flagicon|UK}} [[Manchester]], [[United Kingdom]], since [[September 16]], [[1986]]
*{{flagicon|Canada}} [[Markham, Ontario|Markham]], [[Canada]], since [[September 12]], [[2006]]
*{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Ōita, Ōita|Ōita]], [[Japan]], since [[September 7]], [[1979]]
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|Pittsburgh]], [[United States|United States of America]], since [[September 8]], [[1982]]
*{{flagicon|Norway}} [[Porsgrunn]], [[Norway]], since June [[2004]]
*{{flagicon|Austria}} [[Sankt Pölten]], [[Austria]], since [[December 20]], [[2005]]
==See also==
*[[1954 Yangtze River Floods]]
*[[List of cities in the People's Republic of China by population]]
*[[List of current and former capitals of subnational entities of China]]
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
==External links==
{{commons|Wuhan}}
*[http://www.wh.gov.cn/ Wuhan Government website]
{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Nanjing]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Historical capitals of China|(wartime) Capital of China]]
|years=[[1937]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Chongqing]] (wartime)}}
{{end}}
{{Hubei}}
{{Major cities of Greater China}}
{{coor title dms|30|34|21|N|114|16|45|E|region:CN-42_type:city(4191774)}}
[[Category:Wuhan|*]]
[[Category:Provincial capitals in China]]
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