Yellow
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225679701
2008-07-14T21:33:25Z
65.111.86.178
{{otheruses1|the color}}
{{Infobox color|title=Yellow
|pic=Image:Color icon yellow.png
|symbolism=[[Aging (life cycle)|age/aging]], [[warm]]th, [[jealousy]], [[cowardice]], [[happiness]], [[slow]], [[sunshine]], the [[Orient]], [[electricity]]
|hex=FFFF00|textcolor=blue|
spelling=Color|
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h=60|s=100|v=100|-->
}}
'''Yellow''' is the [[color]] evoked by light that stimulates both the '''L''' and '''M''' (long- and medium-wavelength) [[cone cell]]s of the [[retina]] about equally, but does not significantly stimulate the '''S''' (short-wavelength) cone cells; that is, light with much [[red]] and [[green]] but not very much [[blue]].<ref>{{cite book | title = Introduction to Psychology | author = James W. Kalat | isbn = 053462460X | year = 2005 | publisher = Thomson Wadsworth | page = 105 | url = http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0534624626&id=AHBnar7sEIIC&pg=PA105&lpg=PA105&ots=m3Lzw8xCgQ&dq=yellow-light+long+medium+short+cones&sig=13IGJmaW6EZQPq3yadyxP5ds_QY}}</ref> Light with a wavelength of 570–580 [[nanometre|nm]] is yellow, as is light with a suitable mixture of somewhat longer and shorter wavelengths. Yellow's traditional [[RYB]] [[complementary color]] is [[purple]], [[violet (color)|violet]] or [[indigo]]. Yellow's colorimetrically defined complementary color in both [[RGB]] and [[CMYK]] color spaces is [[blue]]. <!--Discuss blue/violet info on talk page.-->
==Electric yellow vs. process yellow==
===Electric Yellow===
{{infobox color|title=Yellow|hex= FFFF00|
r=255|g=255|b=0|rgbspace=[[sRGB color space|sRGB]]|
c= |m= |y= |k= 0|
h=60|s=100|v=100
|source=[[Web colors#HTML color names|HTML/CSS]]<ref name="css3-color">[http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-color/#html4 W3C TR CSS3 Color Module, HTML4 color keywords]</ref>
}}
The color box at right shows the most intense '''yellow''' representable in in 8-bit [[RGB color model]]; yellow is a ''secondary'' color in an additive RGB space.
The measured light spectrum from yellow pixels on a typical computer display is complex, and very unlike the reflectance spectrum of a yellow object such as a banana.<ref>{{cite book | url = http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN3527405038&id=1oDOWr_yueIC&pg=PA215&lpg=PA215&ots=Jrfi5sRwoo&dq=%22measured+spectrum+of+computer+display+yellow+pixels%22&sig=vtsTKGy_bYEuMOhmf23ysJJxuvQ | title = Fundamentals of Atmospheric Radiation | author = Craig F. Bohren and Eugene E. Clothiaux |publisher = Wiley-VCH | year = 2006 | isbn = 3527405038}}</ref>
===Process yellow===
{{infobox color|textcolor=black|
title= Process yellow (subtractive primary, sRGB approximation)|
hex= FFEF00|
r=255|g= 239|b=0|
c= 0|m=0|y= 100|k= 0|
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|source=[http://www.tintbook.com/] [[CMYK]]
}}
'''Process yellow''' (also known as '''pigment yellow''', '''printer's yellow''' or '''canary yellow''') is one of the three colors typically used as subtractive [[primary color]]s, along with [[magenta]] and [[cyan]]. The [[CMYK color model|CMYK]] system for color printing is based on using four inks, one of which is a yellow color. This is in itself a standard color, and a fairly narrow range of yellow inks or pigments are used. Process yellow is based on a colorant that reflects the preponderance of red and green light, and absorbs most blue light, as in the reflectance spectra shown in the figure on the lower right.
Because of the characteristics of paint pigments and use of different [[color wheel]]s, [[Painting|painters]] traditionally regard the complement of yellow as the color [[indigo]] or blue-violet.
Process yellow is not an [[RGB]] color, and there is no fixed conversion from CMYK primaries to RGB. Different formulations are used for printer's ink, so there can be variations in the printed color that is pure yellow ink.
[[Image:Yellow spectra Abney 1891.png|thumb|240px|right|Reflectance spectra of yellow pigments, as a percentage of white (Abney 1891)]]
[[Image:PlanckianLocusWithYellowComplements.png|thumb|right|240px|Complements of yellow have a dominant wavelength in the range 380 to 480 nm. The green lines show several possible pairs of complementary colors with respect to different blackbody color temperature neutrals, illustrated by the "[[Planckian locus]]". Three examples are shown: a 580 nm yellow is complementary to a 435 nm [[indigo]] with respect to a 2800 K white; a 580 nm yellow is complementary to a 480 nm [[blue]] with respect to a 5000 K white; and a 575 nm yellow is complementary to an extreme [[violet (color)|violet]] with respect to a 3600 K white.]]
==Etymology and definitions==
The word ''yellow'' comes from the [[Old English]] ''geolu'', or ''geolwe'' which derived from the [[Proto-Germanic]] word ''gelwaz''.<ref>[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=yellow&searchmode=none Online Etymology Dictionary<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The oldest known usage of this word in English is in the Old English poem ''[[Beowulf]]'', in a description of a shield made of wood from a [[yew tree]].<ref name=OED>Oxford English Dictionary</ref> In the English language, yellow is used to describe objects having the color between green and orange in the visible light spectrum ([[gold]], egg yolks, sunflowers, etc.). The color is associated with age and aging, both with people and objects (e.g. yellowed-paper). Ethnographically, the term yellow has also been used as a slang term for both oriental persons and light-skinned African-Americans. The term is associated at times with jealousy, as well as cowardliness. Lastly, it is associated with sensational journalistic practices, or ''yellow journalism'', and resistance to militant trade unions.<ref name=OED/>
==Complements of yellow==
Hunt<ref name=hunt>{{cite book | title = Measuring Color | author = J. W. G. Hunt | year = 1980 | publisher = Ellis Horwood Ltd | isbn = 0-7458-0125-0}}</ref> defines that "two colors are complementary when it is possible to reproduce the tristimulus values of a specified achromatic stimulus by an additive mixture of these two stimuli." That is, when two colored lights can be mixed to match a specified white (achromatic, non-colored) light, the colors of those two lights are complementary. This definition, however, does not constrain what version of white will be specified. In the nineteenth century, the scientists [[Grassmann]] and [[Helmholtz]] did experiments in which they concluded that finding a good complement for spectral yellow was difficult, but that the result was [[indigo]], that is, a wavelength that today's color scientists would call [[violet (color)|violet]]. Helmholtz says "Yellow and indigo blue" are complements.<ref>{{cite book | title = Physiological Optics | author = Hermann von Helmholtz | publisher = Dover | year = 1924}}</ref> Grassman reconstructs Newton's category boundaries in terms of wavelengths and says "This indigo therefore falls within the limits of color between which, according to Helmholtz, the complementary colors of yellow lie."<ref>{{cite journal | title = Theory of Compound Colors | author = Hermann Günter Grassman | journal = Philosophical Magazine | volume = Vol. 4 | year = 1854 | pages = 254–264 }}</ref> Newton's own color circle has yellow directly opposite the boundary between indigo and violet. These results, that the complement of yellow is a wavelength shorter than 450 nm, are derivable from the modern [[CIE 1931]] system of colorimetry if it is assumed that the yellow is about 580 nm or shorter wavelength, and the specified white is the color of a blackbody radiator of temperature 2800 [[kelvin|K]] or lower (that is, the white of an ordinary incandescent light bulb). More typically, with a daylight-colored or around 5000 to 6000 K white, the complement of yellow will be in the blue wavelength range, which is the standard modern answer for the complement of yellow.
==Plants and animals==
*The '''[[yellow birch]]''' (''Betula alleghaniensis'') is a [[birch]] [[species]] native to eastern [[North America]], from [[Nova Scotia]], [[New Brunswick]], and southern [[Quebec]] west to [[Minnesota]], and south in the [[Appalachian Mountains]] to northern [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]. They are medium-sized [[deciduous]] trees and can reaching about 20 m tall, trunks up to 80 cm in diameter. The bark is smooth and yellow-bronze and the wood is extensively used for [[flooring]], [[cabinetry]], and [[toothpicks]].
[[Image:YellowbreastedChat23.jpg|200px|thumb|Yellow-breasted Chat]]
*'''[[Yellow-breasted Chat]]s''' (''Icteria virens'') are large [[foraging]] [[songbird]] found in southern parts of Canada, the United States, Mexico, and Central America. They are [[Olive (color)|olive]] with a white bellies and a yellow throat and breast, with a long tail, a thick heavy bill, a large white eye ring, and dark legs.
*A '''[[Aedes|yellow-fever mosquito]]''' is a mosquito in the ''[[Aedes]]'' [[genus]], so named because they transmit [[dengue fever]] and [[yellow fever]], the mosquito-born viruses.
*'''[[Yellow-green alga]]''', also called ''xanthophytes'', are a class of [[algae]] in the ''[[Heterokontophyta]]'' [[Division (biology)|division]]. Most live in freshwater, but some are found in marine and soil habitats. They vary from [[single-celled organism|single-celled]] [[flagellate]]s to simple [[Colony (biology)|colonial]] and filamentous forms. Unlike other heterokonts, yellow-green algae's [[chloroplast]]s do not contain [[fucoxanthin]], which is why they have a lighter color.
[[Image:Gulspurv.jpg|200px|thumb|Yellowhammer]]
*The '''[[Yellowhammer]]''' (''Emberiza citrinella'') is a [[passerine]] in the [[bunting]] family ''[[Emberizidae]]''. It breeds across [[Europe]] and much of [[Asia]]. Most yellowhammers are resident, but some far northern birds migrate south in winter. It is common in all sorts of open areas with some scrub or trees. They are large with a thick seed-eater's bill. The males have a bright yellow head, yellow underparts, and a heavily streaked brown back. Females are much duller and more streaked below.
*'''[[Yellowjacket]]s''' are black-and-yellow [[wasp]]s of the genus ''Vespula'' or ''Dolichovespula'' (though some can be black-and-white, the most notable of these being the [[bald-faced hornet]], ''Dolichovespula maculata''). They can be identified by their distinctive black-and-yellow color, small size (slightly larger than a [[bee]]), and entirely black [[Antenna (biology)|antennae]].
*'''[[Liriodendron|Yellow poplar]]''' is a common name for ''[[Liriodendron]]'', the [[tuliptree]]. The name is inaccurate as this [[genus]] is not related to [[poplar]]s.
*The '''[[Yellow-shafted Flicker]]''' (''Colaptes auratus'') is a large [[woodpecker]] species of eastern North America. They have yellow shafts on their wing and tail feathers.
*'''[[Yellowtail]]''' is the common name for dozens of different [[fish]] species that have yellow tails or a yellow body.
*'''[[Goldenrod]]''' is a yellow flowering plant in the Family [[Asteraceae]]
==Yellow in human culture==
{{Refimprove|date=May 2007}}
{{Original research|date=September 2007}}
===[[Astronomy]]===
*[[Star]]s of [[spectral class]] G, such as our [[sun]] ''Sol'', have a color temperature that we characterize as "yellowish".
*The [[planet]] [[Saturn]] is yellowish, like a class G star.
===[[Calendar]]s===
* Yellow is associated with [[Monday]] on the [[Thai solar calendar]]. Anyone may wear yellow on Mondays, and anyone born on a Monday may adopt yellow as their color.
===[[Culture|Cultural]] associations===
*In the [[English language]], yellow has traditionally been associated with [[jaundice]] and [[cowardice]]. In [[American English|American slang]], a coward is said to be "yellowbellied" or "yellow".
*"Yellow" ("[[giallo]]"), in Italy, refers to crime stories, both fictional and real. This association began about in 1930 because the first series of crime novels published in Italy had a yellow cover.
*[[Pencil]]s are often painted yellow, originally because of the association of this color with the Orient, where the best [[graphite]] was found.
===[[Ethnography]]===
*[[Asian people]] are sometimes referred to as the ''[[Color metaphors for race|yellow race]]''. The use of "yellow" to refer to people of East Asian descent is usually regarded as offensive today in most contexts. In early 20th-century North America, immigrants from China and other [[East Asia]]n nations were derogatorily referred to as a "'''[[yellow peril]]'''."
*A ''[[High yellow]]'' is [[African-American]] [[slang]] for someone who is a very light-skinned African-American. This term was widely used in the early 20th century but it is seldom heard nowadays.
===[[Games]]===
*Yellow is the color of the [[snooker]] [[ball]] that has a 2-point value.
*A semi-popular game in the UK is "Yellow Car", which involves yelling "Yellow Car" and striking someone close to you on spotting a yellow car. There are multiple variations of this game depending on area or group played with, but the above is the common rule between them.
===[[History]]===
*The legendary first emperor of China was known as the [[Yellow Emperor]] or [[Huang Di]] ([[Traditional Chinese character|Chinese]]: 黃帝, [[Simplified Chinese]]: 黄帝).
*The [[Yellow Turbans]] were a [[Daoist]] sect that staged an extensive [[rebellion]] during the [[Han Dynasty]].
===[[Journalism]]===
[[Image:YellowKid.jpeg|200px|thumb|The Yellow Kid]]
*"'''[[Yellow journalism]]'''" was [[sensationalism|sensationalist]] [[journalism]] that distorts, exaggerates, or exploits news to maximize profit. The term came from [[Joseph Pulitzer]]'s ''[[New York World]]'' and [[William Randolph Hearst]]'s [[New York Journal American]], who engaged in sensational reporting during the late 19th and early 20th century, most famously during the [[Spanish-American War]]. The term was derived from the color [[comic strip]] ''[[The Yellow Kid]]'', which appeared in both papers.
===[[Medicine]]===
*Yellow is associated with [[jaundice]], since someone who has that [[disease]] may turn yellow.
===[[Mining]]===
*[[Yellowcake]] (also known as urania and uranic oxide) is concentrated [[uranium oxide]], obtained through the milling of uranium [[ore]]. Yellowcake is used in the preparation of fuel for [[nuclear reactor]]s and in [[uranium enrichment]], one of the essential steps for creating [[nuclear weapon]]s.
===[[Music]]===
*[[The Beatles]] 1966 album [[Revolver (album)]] features the #1 hit, "[[Yellow Submarine (song)|Yellow Submarine]]."
*The March 1967 album by [[Donovan]] called ''[[Mellow Yellow (album)|Mellow Yellow]]'' was very popular among the [[hippie]]s. The featured song on the album, "[[Mellow Yellow]]," popularized during the Spring of 1967 a widely believed [[hoax]] that it was possible to get high by smoking scrapings from the inside of [[banana]] peels, although this rumor was actually started in 1966 by a different [[musician]] popular among the hippies, [[Country Joe McDonald]].
*[[Coldplay]] achieved worldwide fame with their 2000 single "[[Yellow (song)|Yellow]]." It is a song that associates things the singer sees with the color yellow.
===[[Mysticism]]===
* In the [[metaphysics]] of the ''[[New Age]] Prophetess'', [[Alice A. Bailey]], in her system called the [[Seven Rays]] which classifies [[human]]s into seven different metaphysical personality types, the ''fourth ray'' of ''harmony through conflict'' is represented by the color ''yellow''. People who have this metaphysical personality type are said to be ''on the Yellow Ray''.
* [[Psychic]]s who claim to be able to observe the [[Aura (paranormal)|aura]] with their [[third eye]] report that someone with a yellow aura is typically someone who is in an [[wikt:occupation|occupation]] requiring [[intellectual]] acumen, such as a [[scientist]].<ref> [[Swami Panchadasi]] ''The Human Aura: Astral Colors and Thought Forms'' Des Plaines, Illinois, USA:1912--Yogi Publications Society Page 33</ref>
===[[Politics]]===
*Yellow was also the color of the [[New Party (Republic of China)|New Party]] in the [[Republic of China]] ([[Taiwan]]), which supports [[Chinese reunification]].
*In the United States, a [[yellow dog Democrat]] was a [[U.S. Southern states|Southern]] voter who consistently voted for [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] candidates in the late 19th and early 20th centuries because of lingering resentment against the [[United States Republican Party|Republicans]] dating back to the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] and [[Reconstruction era of the United States|Reconstruction]] period. Today the term refers to a hard-core Democrat, supposedly referring to a person who would vote for a "yellow dog" before voting for a Republican.
*The [[Monster Raving Loony Party]] (OMRLP) has made use of yellow, along with black, as its primary party colors.
*The best-known personage associated with yellow is the current king of [[Thailand]], [[Bhumibol Adulyadej]]. Ever since the [[2005-2006 Thai political crisis|political crisis of 2005-2006]], during the events of the [[2006 Thai coup d'état]], in honor of the [[60th Anniversary Celebrations of HM King Bhumibol Adulyadej's Accession to the Throne|60th anniversary of his accession to the throne]] and continuing until his 80th birthday celebration on [[5 December]] [[2007]], Thailand has been a veritable sea of yellow as the people of Thailand show support for their king.
*In the 1986 [[People Power Revolution]], yellow was the dominant theme, the color being associated with former president [[Corazon Aquino]].
===[[Sports]]===
*In [[football (soccer)|Association football]] (soccer), the [[referee (football)|referee]] shows a [[Penalty card#Yellow card|yellow card]] to indicate that a player has been officially cautioned.
*In [[American Football]], a yellow flag is thrown onto the field by a referee to indicate a [[American football#Penalties|penalty]].
*Originally in [[Rugby League]] and then later, also in [[Rugby Union]], the referee shows a [[yellow card]] to indicate that a player has been sent to the [[sin bin]].
*In [[auto racing]], a yellow [[flag]] signals caution. Cars are not allowed to pass one another under a yellow flag.
*In [[road bicycle racing|cycle racing]], the [[yellow jersey]] - or ''maillot jaune'' - is awarded to the leader in a stage race. The tradition was begun in the [[Tour de France]] where the sponsoring ''L'Auto'' [[newspaper]] (later ''[[L'Équipe]]'') was printed on distinctive yellow [[newsprint]].
[[Image:folland gnat xr991 arp.jpg|thumb|right|[[Folland Gnat]] T.Mk1 during a display at [[Kemble Airport|Kemble]] Air Day, England, in 2008. This aircraft is painted in the yellow colour of a former RAF display team - the [[Yellowjacks]].]]
===[[Transportation]]===
*In some countries, [[taxicab]]s are commonly yellow. This practice began in [[Chicago]], where taxi entrepreneur John Hertz painted his taxis yellow based on a University of Chicago study alleging that yellow is the color most easily seen at a distance.
*In [[Canada]] and the [[United States]], [[school bus]]es are almost uniformly painted a yellow color (often referred to as "[[school bus yellow]]") for purposes of visibility and safety, and British [[bus]] operators such as [[FirstGroup plc]] are attempting to introduce the concept there
*"[[Caterpillar Inc.|Caterpillar]] yellow" and "high-visibility yellow" are used for highway construction equipment.
*In the [[rules of the road]], yellow (called "amber" in Britain) is a [[traffic light]] signal warning that the period in which passage is permitted is coming to an end. It is intermediate between [[green]] (go) and [[red]] (stop). In [[railway signaling]], yellow is often the color for warning, slow down, such as with distant [[Railway signal|signals]].
*Several [[light rail]] and [[rapid transit]] lines on various [[public transportation]] have a [[Yellow Line]].
===[[Vexillology]]===
* In [[International maritime signal flags]] a yellow flag denotes the letter "Q". It also means a ship asserts that it does not need to be Quarantined.
==Yellow pigments==
*[[Cadmium pigments|Cadmium yellow]]
*[[Chrome yellow]]
*[[Gamboge]]
*[[Indian Yellow]]
*[[Naples Yellow]]
*[[Red ochre|Yellow ochre]]
*[[Orpiment]]
*[[Titanium yellow]]
==See also==
{{wiktionary}}
{{commonscat|Yellow}}
*[[List of colors]]
*[[Lemon (color)|Lemon yellow]]
*[[Mustard (color)]]
*[[CMYK color model]]
*[[RYB color model]]
{{-}}
== References ==
{{Citations missing|date=February 2007}}
<references/>
== External links ==
*[http://www.sensationalcolor.com/content/view/1064/144/ All About the Color Yellow]
{{EMSpectrum}}
{{Shades of yellow|*}}
{{web colors}}
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