Yokohama
80313
221821156
2008-06-26T07:05:48Z
124.13.134.56
{{for|the town of Yokohama in [[Aomori Prefecture]]|Yokohama, Aomori}}
{{for|a tire company, known by Yokohama Tyre|Yokohama Rubber Company}}
{{for|the chicken breed|Yokohama (chicken)}}
{{Infobox City Japan
|Name= Yokohama
|JapaneseName= 横浜市
|MapImage= Yokohama-CityMap.png
|Region= [[Kantō region|Kantō]]
|Prefecture= [[Kanagawa Prefecture|Kanagawa]]
|District=
|Area_km2= 437.35
|PopDate= June 2008
|Population= 3,645,507
|Density_km2= 8335
|Coords= {{coord|35|27|N|139|38|E|display=inline,title|region:JP_type:city}}
|Tree= [[Camellia]], [[Chinquapin]], [[Sangoju]]<br>[[Camellia sasanqua|Sasanqua]], [[Ginkgo biloba|Ginkgo]], [[Zelkova]]
|Flower= Rose
|Bird=
|SymbolImage= 横浜市き章.svg
|SymbolDescription=
|Mayor= [[Hiroshi Nakada]]
|CityHallPostalCode= 231-0017
|CityHallAddress= 1-1 Minato-chō, Naka-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa-ken
|CityHallPhone= 045-671-2121
|CityHallLink= [http://www.city.yokohama.jp/en/ City of Yokohama]
}}
{{nihongo|'''Yokohama'''|横浜市|Yokohama-shi}} is the capital of [[Kanagawa Prefecture]], located in the [[Kantō region]] of the main island of [[Honshū]] and is a major commercial hub of the [[Greater Tokyo Area]].
Yokohama's population of 3.6 million makes it [[Japan]]'s largest incorporated [[cities of Japan|city]] and second most populous urban area after [[Tokyo]] (during nighttime - Yokohama ranks 3rd in daytime population, after [[Osaka]]).<ref> Tokyo is not a single incorporated city - see [[Tokyo]] for more information on the definition and makeup of Tokyo.</ref>
Yokohama developed rapidly as Japan's prominent port city following the end of Japan's isolation in the late 19th century, and is today one of its major [[seaport|ports]] along with [[Kobe]], [[Osaka]], [[Nagoya, Aichi|Nagoya]], [[Hakata-ku, Fukuoka|Hakata]], [[Tokyo]], and [[Chiba, Chiba|Chiba]].
Yokohama is also one of the very few cities in Japan with a diverse multicultural population, although there has been an influx in immigration into Japan as a whole in recent years. As a result it has become a multicultural city with multicultural attractions including multicultural festivals and events. <ref>http://www.learnjapaneselanguage.co.uk/articles/15/things-to-do-in-the-city-of-yokohama.php</ref>
==History==
{{Unreferencedsection|date=March 2008}}
Yokohama was a small fishing village up to the end of the feudal [[Edo period]], a time when Japan held a policy of national seclusion, having little contact with Western foreigners. A major turning point in Japanese history happened in 1853 and again in 1854, when Commodore [[Matthew Perry (naval officer)|Matthew Perry]] arrived just south of Yokohama with a fleet of [[United States|American]] warships, demanding
that Japan open several ports for commerce. The [[Tokugawa shogunate]] agreed in 1854 by signing the Treaty of Peace and Amity.<ref>[http://www.city.yokohama.jp/me/kyoiku/library/perry/ Official Yokohama city website]</ref>
It was initially agreed that one of the ports to be opened to foreign ships would be the bustling town of [[Kanagawa-juku]] (in what is now [[Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama|Kanagawa Ward]]) on the [[Tōkaidō (road)|Tōkaidō]], a strategic highway which linked [[Edo]] to [[Kyoto, Kyoto|Kyoto]] and [[Osaka, Osaka|Osaka]]. However, the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] decided that the location of Kanagawa-juku was too close to the Tōkaidō for comfort, and port facilities were built across the inlet in the sleepy fishing village of Yokohama instead. The [[Port of Yokohama]] was opened on [[2 June]], [[1859]].
[[Image:1853Yokohama 01.jpg|left|thumb|Landing of Commodore [[Matthew C. Perry|Perry]], officers & men of the squadron, to meet the Imperial commissioners at Yoku-Hama (Yokohama?) [[July 14]], [[1853]]. Lithograph by Sarony & Co., 1855, after [[Wilhelm Heine]].]]
The Port of Yokohama quickly became the base of foreign trade in Japan. Japan's first English language newspaper, the ''Japan Herald'', was first published in Yokohama in 1861. Foreigners occupied a district of the city called "Kannai" ("inside the barrier"), which was surrounded by a [[moat]], and were protected by their [[extraterritoriality]] status both within and outside the moat. Many individuals crossed the moat, causing a number of problems. The [[Namamugi Incident]], one of the events that preceded the downfall of the shogunate, took place in what is now [[Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama|Tsurumi Ward]] in 1862. [[Ernest Satow]] wrote about the incident in his ''A Diplomat in Japan''.
After the [[Meiji Restoration]] of 1868, the port was developed for trading [[silk]], with the main trading partner being [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Great Britain]]. Many Western influences first reached Japan in Yokohama, including Japan's first daily newspaper (1870) and Japan's first gas-powered street lamps (1872). Japan's first railway was constructed in the same year to connect Yokohama to Shinagawa and Shimbashi in Tokyo. In the same year, [[Jules Verne]] set in Yokohama an episode of his widely-read "[[Around the World in Eighty Days (book)|Around the World in Eighty Days]]", capturing - though he had not been there personally - the atmosphere of a fast-developing, Western-oriented Japanese city.
[[Image:YokohamaTradersSadahide1861.jpg|thumb|Foreign ships in Yokohama harbor.]]
[[Image:YokohamaForeignTradersSadahide1861.jpg|thumb|A foreign trading house in Yokohama in 1861.]]
In 1887, a British merchant, [[Samuel Cocking]], built the city's first power plant, a coal burning plant, at first for his own use, but it became the basis for the Yokohama Cooperative Electric Light Company. The city was officially incorporated on [[April 1]], [[1889]]. By the time the extraterritoriality of foreigner areas was abolished in 1899, Yokohama was the most international city in Japan, with foreigner areas stretching from Kannai to the [[Yamate|Yamate Bluff]] area and the large [[Yokohama Chinatown]].
The early 20th century was marked by rapid growth of industry. Entrepreneurs built factories along reclaimed land to the north of the city towards [[Kawasaki, Kanagawa|Kawasaki]], which eventually grew to be the [[Keihin Industrial Area]]. The growth of Japanese industry brought affluence to Yokohama, and many wealthy trading families constructed sprawling residences there, while the rapid influx of population from Japan and Korea also led to the formation of Kojiki-Yato, the largest slum in Japan at the time.
Much of Yokohama was destroyed on [[1 September]], [[1923]] by the [[Great Kantō earthquake]]. The Yohohama police reported casualties at 30,771 dead and 47,908 injured, out of a pre-earthquake population of 434,170.<ref>Hammer, Joshua. (2006). [http://books.google.com/books?id=6O8VyhDbUPgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Tokyo+1923&lr=&source=gbs_summary_r#PPA243,M1 ''Yokohama Burning: The Deadly 1923 Earthquake and Fire that Helped Forge the Path to World War II,'' p. 143.]</ref> In the aftermath of the quake, mass murder of Koreans by vigilante mobs occurred in the Kojiki-yato slum, fuelled by rumours of rebellion and sabotage.<ref>Hammer, [http://books.google.com/books?id=6O8VyhDbUPgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Tokyo+1923&lr=&source=gbs_summary_r#PPA149,M1 pp. 149]-170.</ref> [[Martial law]] was in place until [[19 November]]. Rubble from the quake was used to reclaim land for parks, the most famous of which is the Yamashita Park on the waterfront which opened in 1930.
Yokohama was rebuilt, only to be destroyed again by thirty-odd U.S. air raids during [[World War II]]. An estimated 7,000–8,000 people were killed in a single morning on [[29 May]], [[1945]] in what is now known as the Great Yokohama Air Raid, when [[B-29 Superfortress|B-29s]] dropped firebombs over the city and in the space of just 1 hour and 9 minutes reduced 34% of the city to rubble.
[[Image:Yokohama Koreanwar.jpg|right|thumb|During the [[Korean War]], the [[United States Navy]] used Yokohama's port as a transshipment base. This ship departed Yokohama in 1951, carrying war dead home to the U.S.]]
During the [[Occupied Japan|American occupation]], Yokohama was a major transshipment base for American supplies and personnel, especially during the [[Korean War]]. After the occupation, most local U.S. naval activity moved from Yokohama to an American base in neighboring [[Yokosuka, Kanagawa|Yokosuka]].
The city was designated by [[City designated by government ordinance (Japan)|government ordinance]] on [[September 1]], [[1956]].
The city's [[tram]] and [[trolleybus]] system was abolished in 1972, the same year as the opening of the first line of [[Yokohama Municipal Subway]].
Construction of [[Minato Mirai 21]] ("Port Future 21"), a major urban development project on reclaimed land, started in 1983. Minato Mirai 21 hosted the Yokohama Exotic Showcase in 1989, which saw the first public operation of [[maglev train]]s in Japan and the opening of Cosmo Clock 21, at the time the largest [[Ferris wheel]] in the world. 1989 also saw the opening of the 860m-long [[Yokohama Bay Bridge]].
In 1993, Minato Mirai saw the opening of the [[Yokohama Landmark Tower]], the tallest building in Japan.
The [[2002 FIFA World Cup]] final was held in June at the [[International Stadium Yokohama]].
In 2009, the city will mark the 150th anniversary of the opening of the port and the 120th anniversary of the commencement of the City Administration. An early part in the commemoration project incorporates the Fourth [[Tokyo International Conference on African Development]] (TICAD IV) which will be held in Yokohama in May 2008. The TICAD Yokohama Promotion Committee, described Africa as "an element essential to our discussion on the global environment." Yokohama, which is seeking to demonstrate the image of a creative, environmentally-minded city as well as its "power of citizens" to the world, has coined the slogan "Yokohama Meets Africa."<ref name="g2008">Adisa, Banji. [http://www.guardiannewsngr.com/news/article04//indexn2_html?pdate=250308&ptitle=Japan%20to%20promote%20Africa's%20growth%20at%20Tokyo%20confab "Japan to promote Africa's growth at Tokyo confab,"] ''Guardian '' (Lagos). March 25, 2008.</ref>
A noteworthy feature of this year's conference will be the award of the [[Hideyo Noguchi Africa Prize]], established by the Government of Japan to honor individuals and organizations for outstanding achievements in the fields of medical research and medical services in Africa. Winners in the two categories will collect a medal and an honorarium of 100 million Yen (about $1 million) each. The prize, officially named "The Prize in Recognition of Outstanding Achievements in the Fields of Medical Research and Medical Services in Africa Awarded in Memory of Dr. [[Hideyo Noguchi]]," is managed by [[Japan International Cooperation Agency]] ([[Japan International Cooperation Agency|JICA]]). Noguchi (1876-1928) was a prominent Japanese bacteriologist who died in Accra, Ghana, of yellow fever virus, in pursuit of his research on vaccines to stop diseases such as yellow fever and poliomyelitis. He had travelled extensively in Central and South America before coming to Africa.<ref name="g2008">[see above]</ref>
==Historical Population==
[[Image:Yokohama MinatoMirai21.jpg|thumb|The [[Minato Mirai 21]] district of Yokohama, featuring the [[Yokohama Landmark Tower|Landmark Tower]] and surrounding buildings.]]
Census Date Population Rank in Japan
* 2005 3,579,133 2nd
* 2000 3,426,651 2nd
* 1995 3,307,136 2nd
* 1990 3,220,331 2nd
* 1985 2,992,926 2nd
* 1980 2,773,674 2nd passing [[Osaka]]
* 1975 2,621,771 3rd
* 1970 2,238,264 3rd passing [[Nagoya]]
* 1965 1,788,915 4th
* 1960 1,375,710 4th passing [[Kyoto]]
* 1955 1,143,687 5th
* 1950 951,189 5th
* 1945 814,379 5th
* 1940 968,091 5th passing [[Kobe]]
* 1935 704,290 6th
* 1930 620,306 6th
* 1925 405,888 6th
* 1920 422,942 6th
==Economy==
The city has a strong economic base, especially in the [[shipping]], [[biotechnology]], and [[semiconductor]] industries. [[Nissan]] will move its headquarters to Yokohama from [[Chūō, Tokyo]] by 2010.<ref>http://www.japancorp.net/Article.Asp?Art_ID=7647</ref>
{{Expand-section|date=June 2008}}
==Places of interest==
[[Image:Yokohama Marine Tower Dscn1518a.jpg|thumb|[[Yokohama Marine Tower]]]]
The places of interest are mainly around the historic port area of [[Kannai]]. Next to the waterfront Yamashita Park is [[Yokohama Marine Tower]], the tallest lighthouse in the world.<ref>{{Citation|last=Sabin|first=Burritt|title=Yokohoma vs. Kobe: bright lights, big beacons|newspaper=[[The Japan Times]]|date=2002-03-17|url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/fl20020317a6.html|accessdate=2008-01-29}}</ref>{{Fact|date=January 2008}} Further inland lies [[Yokohama Chinatown]], the largest [[Chinatown]] in Japan and one of the largest in the world. Also in the vicinity is the [[Yokohama Stadium]], the Silk Center, the [[Yokohama Doll Museum]].<ref>[http://www.welcome.city.yokohama.jp/eng/ycvb/2300.html Official Yokohama city website] {{en icon}}</ref> There is also a large immigration office, near Yamashita Park. Nearby [[Isezakicho]] and Noge areas offer many colourful shops and bars and, with their restaurants and stores catering to residents from [[China]], [[Thailand]], [[South Korea]], and other countries, have an increasingly international flavour.
The small but fashionable [[Motomachi]] shopping area (where there are various shops starting with Cyrillus, Godiva, and so on) leads up to [[Yamate]], or "The Bluff" as it used to be known, a 19th/early 20th century Westerners' settlement overlooking the harbour, scattered with foreigners' mansions. A foreigners' cemetery and the Harbour View Park is in the area. The Rose Garden can be found in the park.
There are various points of interest in the futuristic Minato Mirai 21 harbourside redevelopment. The highlights are the [[Landmark Tower]] which is the tallest building in Japan, Queen's Square Yokohama (a shopping mall) and the Cosmo Clock 21, which was the largest Ferris wheel in the world when it was built in 1989 and which also doubles as "the world's biggest clock".
The Shin-Yokohama district, where the [[Shinkansen]] station is located, is some distance away from the harbour area, and features the 17,000 capacity [[Yokohama Arena]], the [[Shin-Yokohama Raumen Museum]], and [[Nissan Stadium]], once known as the '''International Stadium Yokohama''' when it was the setting for the final for the [[2002 FIFA World Cup]] held on [[June 30]], [[2002]].
The city is also home to the [[Central League]] [[baseball]] team, the [[Yokohama BayStars]], and the [[soccer]] teams, [[Yokohama F Marinos]] and [[Yokohama FC]].
==Politics and government==
[[Image:Yokohama060907.jpg|thumb|Yokohama Bay from the [[Landmark Tower]]]]
[[Image:AkarengaJP14Apr05.jpg|thumb|Yokohama Red Brick Warehouse (now a shopping mall)]]
The Yokohama Municipal Assembly consists of 92 members elected from 18 Wards. The [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|LDP]] has minority control with 30 seats with [[Democratic Party of Japan]] with a close 29. The mayor is Hiroshi Nakada.
===Wards===
Yokohama has 18 [[Wards of Japan|wards]] (''ku''):
{| valign=top
|-
|valign=top|
* [[Aoba-ku, Yokohama|Aoba-ku]] (青葉区)
* [[Asahi-ku, Yokohama|Asahi-ku]] (旭区)
* [[Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama|Hodogaya-ku]] (保土ヶ谷区)
* [[Isogo-ku, Yokohama|Isogo-ku]] (磯子区)
* [[Izumi-ku, Yokohama|Izumi-ku]] (泉区)
* [[Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama|Kanagawa-ku]] (神奈川区)
* [[Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama|Kanazawa-ku]] (金沢区)
* [[Kōhoku-ku, Yokohama|Kōhoku-ku]] (港北区)
* [[Kōnan-ku, Yokohama|Kōnan-ku]] (港南区)
|valign=top|
* [[Midori-ku, Yokohama|Midori-ku]] (緑区)
* [[Minami-ku, Yokohama|Minami-ku]] (南区)
* [[Naka-ku, Yokohama|Naka-ku]] (中区)
* [[Nishi-ku, Yokohama|Nishi-ku]] (西区)
* [[Sakae-ku, Yokohama|Sakae-ku]] (栄区)
* [[Seya-ku, Yokohama|Seya-ku]] (瀬谷区)
* [[Totsuka-ku, Yokohama|Totsuka-ku]] (戸塚区)
* [[Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama|Tsurumi-ku]] (鶴見区)
* [[Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama|Tsuzuki-ku]] (都筑区)
|}
==Sister cities==
Yokohama has [[sister city]] agreements with the following cities:<ref>[http://www.welcome.city.yokohama.jp/eng/tourism/mame/a3000.html Official Yokohama city tourism website] {{en icon}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|Romania}} [[Constanţa]], [[Romania]]
*{{flagicon|France}} [[Lyon]], [[France]]
*{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Odessa]], [[Ukraine]]
*{{flagicon|Philippines}} [[Manila]], [[Philippines]]
*{{flagicon|India}} [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
*{{flagicon|United States}} [[San Diego, California]], [[United States|U.S.]]
*{{flagicon|China}} [[Shanghai]], [[People's Republic of China]]
*{{flagicon|Canada}} [[Vancouver]], [[Canada]]
==Education==
[[Image:tyuukagaimon.jpg|thumb|[[Yokohama Chinatown]]]]
Public elementary and middle schools are operated by the city of Yokohama. There are 9 public high schools which are operated by the Yokohama City Board of Education<ref>[http://www.city.yokohama.jp/me/kyoiku/gakkou_info/gakkou_info1000.html Official Yokohama city website]</ref>, and a number of public high schools which are operated by the [[Kanagawa Prefectural Board of Education]].
==Yokohama in fiction==
Two successful Godzilla films feature Yokohama and the famous clock (being destroyed) in [[Godzilla vs. Mothra]] and [[GMK]].
==See also==
*[[Foreign cemeteries in Japan]]
*[[Osanbashi Pier]]
*[[Yokohama Rubber Company]], manufacturer of tires
* [[Hideyo Noguchi#Hideyo Noguchi Africa Prize|Hideyo Noguchi Africa Prize]] -- May 2008
==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}
==References==
* Hammer, Joshua. (2006). [http://books.google.com/books?id=6O8VyhDbUPgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Tokyo+1923&lr=&source=gbs_summary_r ''Yokohama Burning: The Deadly 1923 Earthquake and Fire that Helped Forge the Path to World War II.''] New York: [[Simon & Schuster]]. 10-ISBN 0-743-26465-7; 13-ISBN 978-0-743-26465-5 (cloth)
* Heilbrun, Jacob. [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/17/books/review/Heilbrunn.t.html "Aftershocks,"] ''New York Times.'' September 17, 2006.
==External links==
{{Commons|Yokohama}}
* [http://www.city.yokohama.jp/en/ Official website] {{en icon}}
* [http://www.welcome.city.yokohama.jp/eng/tourism/ Yokohama Convention & Visitors Bureau] {{en icon}}
* [http://wikitravel.org/en/article/Yokohama Wikitravel: Yokohama]
* [http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2007/07/06/stories/2007070650030200.htm At the Future Port]Yokohama’s Minato Mirai 21 is an ultra-modern port… a far cry from its origins as a small fishing village, a travel report by Vinod Jacob 06 Jul 2007
* [http://www.photopassjapan.com/yokohama/ Yokohama guide in Pictures] ( Minato Mirai, Chinatown, Yamashita park, Sakuragicho, Stadium, Cosmo World )
* [[National Archives of Japan]], Digital Gallery: Marine survey chart: [http://jpimg.digital.archives.go.jp/jpg_prg/jgmWeb.dll?TmpFileDisp4?si=0&md=0&ql=10&env=jpeg2k_images/ezu/kaigan_jissokuzu/028_yokohama_e.env&l=9&cy=5581&cx=8091&dy=400&dx=600&i=lossy/kouseisai/ezu/kaigan_jissokuzu/t77o_1_1_28.jp2&file=temp_kuniezu_e.html Yokohama harbor], published 1874
{{Kanagawa}}
{{Regions and administrative divisions of Japan}}
{{World's most populated urban areas}}
[[Category:Coastal cities]]
[[Category:Port cities in Japan]]
[[Category:Yokohama|*]]
[[Category:Coastal cities in Japan]]
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