York
34361
225849008
2008-07-15T18:06:08Z
Harkey Lodger
3107926
Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/82.1.163.155|82.1.163.155]] identified as [[WP:VAND|vandalism]] to last revision by [[User:62.249.193.83|62.249.193.83]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]])
{{otheruses}}
{{Infobox Settlement
|official_name = City of York
|settlement_type = {{nowrap|[[Unitary Authority|U.A.]] and [[City status in the United Kingdom|City]]}}
|motto =
|image_skyline = York (Aerial view).jpg
|imagesize = 260px
|image_caption = An aerial view of York, with [[York Minster]] in the centre
|image_blank_emblem = York City Council.png
|blank_emblem_type = Arms of City of York Council
|blank_emblem_size = 150px
|blank_emblem_link = Coat of arms of York
|image_map = EnglandYork.png
|mapsize = 200x247px
|map_caption = York shown within England
|
|subdivision_type = Sovereign state
|subdivision_name = [[United Kingdom]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[Constituent country]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[England]]
|subdivision_type2 = Region
|subdivision_name2 = [[Yorkshire and the Humber]]
|subdivision_type3 = [[Ceremonial counties of England|Ceremonial county]]
|subdivision_name3 = [[North Yorkshire]]
|subdivision_type4 = Admin HQ
|subdivision_name4 = York City Centre
|
|government_footnotes =
|government_type = [[Unitary authority|Unitary Authority]], [[City status in the United Kingdom|City]]
|leader_title = Governing body
|leader_name = City of York Council
|leader_title1 = [[Local government in England#Councils and councillors|Leadership]]:
|leader_name1 = Leader and Executive
|leader_title2 = Executive:
|leader_name2 = [[Liberal Democrats|Liberal Democrat]]
|leader_title3 = [[MPs elected in the UK general election, 2005|MPs]]:
|leader_name3 = [[Hugh Bayley]] [[Labour Party (UK)|(L)]]<br>[[John Greenway]] [[Conservative Party (UK)|(C)]]<br>[[John Grogan]] [[Labour Party (UK)|(L)]]<br>[[Anne McIntosh]] [[Conservative Party (UK)|(C)]]
|established_title = Settled by [[Roman Empire|Romans]]
|established_date = as [[Eboracum]] [[circa|c.]] [[Anno Domini|AD]] 71
|established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) -->
|established_date3 =
|
|area_total_km2 = 271.94
|
|population_as_of = 2005 est / Urban 2006
|population_total = {{EnglishDistrictPopulation|ONS=00FF}} ([[List of English districts by population|Ranked {{EnglishDistrictRank|ONS=00FF}}]])
|population_density_km2 = 687
|population_blank2_title = Ethnicity <br><small>([[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 Census]]) </small>
|population_blank2 = 97.8% White
|
|timezone = [[Greenwich Mean Time]]
|utc_offset = +0
|timezone_DST = [[British Summer Time]]
|utc_offset_DST = +1
|latd = 53 |latm = 57 |lats = 30 |latNS = N
|longd = 1 |longm = 5 |longs = 48 |longEW = W
|postal-code_type 102.32
|postal_code_type = Postcode
|postal_code = [[YO postcode area|YO]]
|area_code = 01904
|blank_name = [[ISO 3166-2:GB|ISO 3166-2]]
|blank_info = GB-YOR
|blank1_name = [[ONS coding system|ONS code]]
|blank1_info = 00FF
|blank2_name = [[British national grid reference system|OS grid reference]]
|blank2_info = SE603517
|blank3_name = [[Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics|NUTS]] 3
|blank3_info = UKE21
|
|website = [http://www.york.gov.uk/ www.york.gov.uk]
|footnotes =
}}
'''York''' ({{Audio|en-uk-York.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a historic walled [[city status in the United Kingdom|city]] in [[North Yorkshire]], [[England]], at the confluence of the rivers [[River Ouse, Yorkshire|Ouse]] and [[River Foss|Foss]]. The city is noted for its rich history, playing an important role throughout much of its existence; it is nearly 2,000 years old.
The city was founded as [[Eboracum]] in AD 71 by the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] and was made one of the two capitals of all [[Roman Britain]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.vanderbilt.edu/AnS/Classics/roman_provinces/britain/image21.htm|publisher=VanderBilt.edu|title=Lower (Britannia Inferior) and Upper Britain (Britannia Superior)|date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> During this period influential historical figures, such as [[Constantine the Great]], became associated with the city. The entire [[Roman Empire]] was governed from York for two years by [[Septimus Severus]].<ref name="romanfest">{{cite news|url=http://www.yorkromanfestival.com/history.htm|publisher=YorkRomanFestival.com|title=Roman York - a brief introduction to York's Roman History|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref>
After the [[Angles]] moved in, the city was renamed ''Eoferwic'', and served as the capital of the [[Northumbria|Kingdom of Northumbria]].<ref name="timeline">{{cite news|url=http://www.visityork.org/information/timeline.asp|publisher=VisitYork.org|title=Timeline|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> The [[Vikings]] captured the city in 866, renaming it [[Jórvík]], the capital of a wider kingdom of the same name covering much of Northern England. Around the year 1000, the city became known as York.<ref name="timeline">{{cite news|url=http://www.visityork.org/information/timeline.asp|publisher=VisitYork.org|title=Timeline|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref>
[[Richard II of England|Richard II]] wished to make York the capital of England, but before he could effect this he was [[Deposition (politics)|deposed]].<ref name="timeline">{{cite news|url=http://www.visityork.org/information/timeline.asp|publisher=VisitYork.org|title=Timeline|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> After the [[Wars of the Roses]], York housed the [[Council of the North]] and was regarded as the capital of the North. It was only after [[The Restoration]] that the political importance of the city began to decline <ref name="timeline">{{cite news|url=http://www.visityork.org/information/timeline.asp|publisher=VisitYork.org|title=Timeline|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref>. The [[Province of York]] is one of the two English [[ecclesiastical province]]s, alongside that of Canterbury.
From 1996, the term '''City of York''' describes a [[unitary authority area]] which includes rural areas beyond the old city boundaries. The urban area has a population of [[List of English cities by population|137,505]], while the entire unitary authority has [[List of English districts by population|184,900]] people. Currently, the core of the city within the [[York city walls|walls]] is a major [[tourist destination]], attracting visitors from all over the world.
== History ==
{{main|History of York}}
=== Toponymy ===
[[Image:Roman Fortifications in Museum Gardens York.jpg|thumb|left|Roman wall and the west corner tower of the fort at York, the top half being medieval]]
The name 'York' ultimately derives from the [[Latin (language)|Latin]] name for the city, variously rendered as ''Eboracum'', ''Eburacum'' or ''Eburaci''. The first known recorded mention of York by this name is dated ''circa'' 95-104 AD and is an address on a wooden [[stylus]] tablet from the Roman fortress of [[Vindolanda]] in [[Northumbria]].<ref name=Hall-13>{{cite book | last = Hall | first = Richard | title = English Heritage: Book of York | origyear = 1996 | edition = 1st Ed. | year = 1996 | publisher = B.T.Batsford Ltd | isbn = 0-7134-7720-2 | pages = 13}}</ref>
The [[toponymy]] of Eboracum is uncertain as the language of the [[Indigenous peoples|indigenous population]] of the area was never recorded. Based on the generally accepted view of British history <ref>Schama, S. A History of Britain vol. 1 ISBN 0-563-48714-3 </ref><ref> Jones, T. Barbarians. ISBN 978-0-563-53916-2</ref><ref> Pryor, F. Britain BC. ISBN 978-0-007-12693-4 </ref>, the inhabitants of Britain probably spoke a celtic language, related to modern [[Welsh (language|Welsh]]. The most widely accepted theory is therefore that Eboracum is derived from the [[Brythonic languages|Proto-Brythonic]] word ''Eborakon'' meaning either 'place of the [[Taxus baccata|yew]] trees' (cf. yew = efrog in Welsh, eabhrac in Irish Gaelic and iorc in Scottish Gaelic) or perhaps 'field of Eboras'. The name is then thought to have been [[Latin]]ised by replacing ''-akon'' with ''-acum'', in common with many other place names in Roman Britain (e.g. Verlamion ([[St. Albans]] became Verulamium)<ref> Pryor, F. Britain BC. ISBN 978-0-007-12693-4 </ref>.
The name 'Eboracum' became 'Eoforwic' to the Anglo-saxon rulers of the 7th century. This was probably by conflation of 'ebor' with a Germanic root ''*eburaz'' (boar); by the 7th century the Old English for boar had become 'eofor', and Eboracum 'Eoforwic'. The 'wic' simply signified 'place'. When conquered by a Danish army in 866, the name Eoforwic would have been incomprehensible to the invaders, and soon became rendered as '[[Jórvík]]'<ref name=coyyh>{{cite web | url = http://www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/ | title = York's history | publisher = City of York Council | date = 2006-12-20 | accessdate = 2007-10-01}}</ref>. It has been suggested that this translates as 'horse-bay'; however, regardless of the exact meaning, it is probable it simply represented 'Eoforwic' in sounds familiar to the Danes.
Jorvik was reduced to ''York'' in the centuries after the [[Norman Conquest]], moving from the [[Middle English]] ''Yerk'' to ''Yourke'' in the 14th century through to ''Yourke'' in the 16th and then ''Yarke'' in the 17th century. The form ''York'' is first found in the 13th century.<ref name=Willis35>{{cite book | last = Willis | first = Ronald | date = 1988 | title = The illustrated portrait of York | edition = 4th Ed | publisher = Robert Hale Limited | isbn = 0-7090-3468-7 | pages = 35}}</ref>
An alternative theory is that the language of the indigenous population was germanic in the first place, and so Eboracum is directly derived from *''eburaz''<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.archaeology.ws/roman.html | title = Roman Place-Names | publisher = Win Scutt | date = 2006 | accessdate = 2007-09-25}}</ref>. An older and no longer current theory held that, since York was built by the IX Legio Hispania, Eboracum might be named for the Roman city Ebora (in the Iberian peninsula).
===Early history===
[[Image:York Minster close.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[York Minster]]]]
There is archaeological evidence that [[Mesolithic]] people settled in the region where York now is from 8000/7000 BC, although it is not known if these were permanent or temporary settlements. By the time of the [[Roman conquest of Britain]], the area was occupied by tribes known to the Romans as the [[Brigantes]]. The Brigantes initially became a Roman client state but later became more hostile to Rome. As a result the Roman [[Legio VIIII Hispana|Ninth Legion]] was sent north of the [[Humber]].<ref name=Willis26>{{cite book | last = Willis | first = Ronald | date = 1988 | title = The illustrated portrait of York | edition = 4th Ed | publisher = Robert Hale Limited | isbn = 0-7090-3468-7 | pages = 26-27}}</ref>
The city itself was founded in AD 71, when the Ninth Legion conquered the Brigantes and constructed a military fortress ([[castra]]) on flat ground above the [[River Ouse, Yorkshire|River Ouse]] near its junction with the [[River Foss]]. The fortess was later rebuilt in stone, covered an area of 50 [[acre]]s, and was inhabited by 6,000 soldiers. Much of the Roman fortress now lies under the foundations of [[York Minster]], and excavations in the Minster's undercroft have revealed some of the original walls.<ref name=coyyh>{{cite web | title = York's history | publisher = City of York Council | url = http://www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/ | date = 2006-12-20 | accessdate = 2007-10-01}}</ref><ref name=ytss-2>{{cite book | last = Shannon | first = John | coauthors = Tilbrook, Richard | title = York - the second city | publisher = Jarrold Publishing | date = 1990 | isbn = 0 7117 0507 0 | pages = 2}}</ref>
The Emperors [[Hadrian]], [[Septimius Severus]] and [[Constantius I]] all held court in York during their various campaigns. During his stay, the Emperor Severus proclaimed York capital of the province of [[Britannia Inferior]], and it is likely that it was he who granted York the privileges of a [[Colonia (Roman)|colonia]] or city. Constantius I died during his stay in York, and his son [[Constantine I|Constantine the Great]] was proclaimed Emperor by the troops based in the fortress.<ref name=ytss-2>{{cite book | last = Shannon | first = John | coauthors = Tilbrook, Richard | title = York - the second city | publisher = Jarrold Publishing | date = 1990 | isbn = 0 7117 0507 0 | pages = 2}}</ref>
In the 7th century York became the chief city of the [[Angles|Angle]] [[Edwin of Northumbria|King Edwin]] of [[Northumbria]].<ref>{{cite web | title = York history timeline | url =http://www.yorkhistory.com/timeline/index.php| publisher = YorkHistory.com | date = 2007 | accessdate = 2007-10-04}}</ref> The first Minster church was built at this time, for the baptism of Edwin in 627. Edwin ordered that this small wooden church should be rebuilt in stone, but he was killed in 633 and the task of completing the stone Minster fell to his successor [[Oswald of Northumbria|Oswald]].<ref name=coyyh>{{cite web | title = York's history | publisher = City of York Council | url = http://www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/ | date = 2006-12-20 | accessdate = 2007-10-01}}</ref><ref name=ymhist>{{cite web | title = York Minster: a very brief history | url = http://www.yorkminster.org/learning/the-minsters-history/ | publisher = The Dean and Chapter of York | date = 2007 | accessdate = 2007-10-04}}</ref>
In 866, Northumbria was in the midst of civil war when the [[Viking]]s raided and captured York. Under Viking rule the city became a major river port, part of the extensive Viking trading routes throughout northern Europe. The last ruler of an independent Jorvik, [[Eric Bloodaxe]], was driven from the city in the year 954 by King [[Edred of England|Edred]], completing the unification of England.<ref name=coyyjv>{{cite web | title = Jorvik: Viking York | publisher = City of York Council | url = http://www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/03_jorvik/ | date = 2006-12-20 | accessdate = 2007-10-05}}</ref>
===Post conquest===
[[Image:York Shambles.jpg|thumb|right|upright|"[[The Shambles (York)|The Shambles]]," a medieval street in York]]
In 1069, York was ravaged by [[William I of England|William the Conqueror]] as part of the [[harrying of the North]].<ref>{{cite web | title = York| url =http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/York| publisher = 1911Encyclopedia.org| accessdate = 2007-10-04}}</ref> The old ancient Minster was badly damaged by fire at this time, and the Normans took the decision to build a new Minster on a fresh site. Around the year 1080 [[Thomas I of York|Archbishop Thomas]] started building a cathedral that in time became the current Minster. York started to prosper again, becoming a profitable port and centre of trade, particularly in wool. [[Henry I of England|King Henry I]] granted the city's first [[charter]], confirming trading rights in England and Europe.<ref name=ymhist>{{cite web | title = York Minster: a very brief history | url = http://www.yorkminster.org/learning/the-minsters-history/ | publisher = The Dean and Chapter of York | date = 2007 | accessdate = 2007-10-04}}</ref><ref name=coynm>{{cite web | title = Norman and Medieval York | publisher = City of York Council | url = http://www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/04_norman/ | date = 2006-12-20 | accessdate = 2007-10-01}}</ref>
In 1190, York was the site of an infamous [[pogrom]] of its [[Jew]]ish inhabitants. The Jews sought sanctuary in [[Clifford's Tower]], one of the city's fortifications. The mob besieged the trapped Jews for some days while preparations were made to storm the castle. Eventually a fire was started, whether by the Jews or their persecutors is uncertain, and 150 Jews lost their lives.<ref name=bbcpog>{{cite web | title = Death in York | publisher = [[BBC]] | date = 2006-09-28 |url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/judaism/history/pogromyork_1.shtml | accessdate = 2007-10-10}}</ref>
The city underwent a period of decline during [[Tudor period|Tudor]] times. Under [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]], the [[Dissolution of the Monasteries|dissolution of the monasteries]] saw the end of the [[Monastery|monastic houses]] of York, most Northerners were Catholics and were upset with this, leading to the [[Pilgrimage of Grace]] in York. Henry VIII eventually reinstated the [[Council of the North]] in York, and this increased in importance under [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth I]], leading to a revival in the city's influence.<ref name=coyad>{{cite web | title = The Age of Decline | publisher = City of York Council | url = http://www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/05_the_age_of_decline/ | date = 2006-12-20 | accessdate = 2007-10-05}}</ref><ref name=iadbpm>{{cite web | title = Post-medieval York | publisher = York Archaeological Trust | url = http://www.iadb.co.uk/secrets/pmedieval.htm | accessdate = 2007-10-02}}</ref>
In 1644, during the [[English Civil War|Civil War]], the [[Roundheads|Parliamentarians]] [[Siege of York|besieged York]], but with the arrival of [[Prince Rupert]], with an army of 15,000 men, the siege was lifted. The Parliamentarians retreated some six miles (10 km) from York with Rupert in pursuit, before turning on his army and devastatingly defeating it at the [[Battle of Marston Moor]]. Of Rupert's 15,000 troops, no fewer than 4,000 were killed and 1,500 captured. The siege was renewed, but the city could not hold out for long, and on July 15 the city surrendered to [[Thomas Fairfax|Sir Thomas Fairfax]].<ref name=coyad>{{cite web | title = The Civil War | publisher = City of York Council | url = http://www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/06_the_civil_war/ | date = 2006-12-20 | accessdate = 2007-10-05}}</ref>
Following the [[English Restoration|restoration of the monarchy]] in 1660, and the removal of the garrison from York in 1688, the city was gradually dominated by the local aristocracy and gentry. Competition from the nearby cities of [[Leeds]] and [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]] resulted in York losing its preeminent position as a trading centre, but the city's role as the social and cultural centre for wealthy northerners was on the rise. York's many elegant [[townhouse]]s date from this period, as do the [[York Assembly Rooms|Assembly Rooms]], the [[Theatre Royal, York|Theatre Royal]], and the [[York Racecourse|Racecourse]].<ref name=iadbpm>{{cite web | title = Post-medieval York | publisher = York Archaeological Trust | url = http://www.iadb.co.uk/secrets/pmedieval.htm | accessdate = 2007-10-02}}</ref><ref name=coygt>{{cite web | title = Georgian York | publisher = City of York Council | url = http://www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/07_georgian/ | date = 2006-12-20 | accessdate = 2007-10-05}}</ref>
===Modern history===
[[George Hudson]] was responsible for bringing the railway to York in 1839. Although Hudson's career as a railway entrepreneur eventually ended in disgrace, by this time York was a major railway centre. By the turn of the century the railway accommodated the headquarters and works of the [[North Eastern Railway (UK)|North Eastern Railway]], which employed over 5,500 people in York. The railway was also instrumental in the expansion of [[Rowntree's|Rowntree's Cocoa Works]] and [[Terry's|Terry's Confectionery Works]], who were major employers in the city.<ref name=iadbpm>{{cite web | url = http://www.iadb.co.uk/secrets/pmedieval.htm | title = Post-medieval York | publisher = York Archaeological Trust | accessdate = 2007-10-02}}</ref><ref name=coyrapd>{{cite web | title = The Railway Age to the present day | publisher = City of York Council | url = http://www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/08_the_railway_age/ | date = 2006-12-20 | accessdate = 2007-10-02}}</ref>
With the emergence of [[tourism]] as a major industry, the historic core of York became one of the city's major asset, and in 1968 it was designated a [[conservation area]]. The existing tourist attractions were supplemented by the establishment of the [[National Railway Museum]] in York in 1975. The opening of the [[University of York]] in 1963 added to the prosperity of the city. The fast and frequent railway service, which brings York within two hours journey time of London, has resulted in a number of companies opening offices in the city.<ref name=coyrapd>{{cite web | title = The Railway Age to the present day | publisher = City of York Council | url = http://www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/08_the_railway_age/ | date = 2006-12-20 | accessdate = 2007-10-02}}</ref>
==Governance==
===Local government===
[[Image:Guildhall York Council.jpeg|thumb|right|[[Guildhall, York|The Guildhall]] where members of the City of York Council meet.]]
York is the traditional [[county town]] of [[Yorkshire]], to which it lends its name. Because of this, it did not form part of any of the three historic [[Riding (division)|ridings]], or divisions, of Yorkshire.
York is an ancient [[borough]], and was one of the boroughs reformed by the [[Municipal Corporations Act 1835]] to form a [[municipal borough]]. It gained the status of a [[county borough]] in 1889, under the [[Local Government Act 1888]], and existed so until 1974, when, under the [[Local Government Act 1972]], it became a [[non-metropolitan district]] in the county of [[North Yorkshire]].
In the [[1990s UK local government reform]], York became one of the many boroughs to regain unitary status, but was the only one to see a substantial alteration in its borders, taking in parts of [[Selby (district)|Selby]] and [[Harrogate (borough)|Harrogate]] districts, and about half the population of [[Ryedale]] district. Unsurprisingly, this caused tension with its neighbours. Ironically, the new boundary had not been promoted by the council, which had proposed the area contained within the [[A64 road|A64]]/[[A1237 road|A1237]] [[Beltway|ring road]]. The current boundary was imposed after central Government had rejected the council's proposal.
The City of York Council has 47 councillors. As a result of the [[United Kingdom local elections, 2007|2007 local elections]] (and a [[By-election]] in September 2007), no party has an [[absolute majority]], resulting in [[no overall control]]. The [[Liberal Democrats]] have 20 councillors and in May 2007 they formed a [[minority administration]], and an executive of 9 councillors, to lead the Council for the next 12 months. The [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] formed the Opposition with 18 councillors. The [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] has 7 councillors and the [[Green Party of England and Wales|Greens]] have 2.<ref name=bbccoun>{{cite web | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/vote2007/councils/html/ff.stm | title = English local elections 2007 - York | publisher = [[BBC]] | date = 2007 | accessdate = 2007-09-03}}</ref>
In 2007, Councillor Irene Waudby was appointed York’s [[Lord Mayor]] and Councillor Keith Hyman York’s [[Sheriff]] with both appointments lasting a year. Although York’s Sheriff office is the oldest in England it is now a purely [[ceremonial]] post. The Lord Mayor also carries out civic and ceremonial duties in addition to [[chair (official)|chairing]] full meetings of the council.
===National government===
Most of York is covered by the [[City of York (UK Parliament constituency)|City of York]] [[constituency]] of the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]], though the outer parts of the city and local authority area presently fall within the [[Selby (UK Parliament constituency)|Selby]], [[Vale of York (UK Parliament constituency)|Vale of York]] and [[Ryedale (UK Parliament constituency)|Ryedale]] constituencies.
The whole of the city and local authority area lies within the [[Yorkshire and the Humber (European Parliament constituency)|Yorkshire and the Humber]] constituency of the [[European Parliament]].
===Law courts===
[[Image:York Crown Court.jpg|right|thumb|York Crown Court]]
The city has its own [[Magistrates' Court]], and more unusually also a [[Crown Court]] and [[County Court]]. It is served by the [[North Yorkshire Police]] Force.
===Twin cities===
York is twinned with:
* {{flagicon|France}} [[Dijon]], [[France]]
* {{flagicon|Ghana}} [[Fanteakwa]], [[Ghana]]
* {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Münster]], [[Germany]]
== Geography ==
[[Image:Kingsarams flood.JPG|thumb|right|The King's Arms pub during floods]]
[[Image:Barkers Tower.jpg|thumb|right|Barker's Tower on the Ouse at Lendal Bridge.]]
[[Image:York millenium bridge.jpg|thumbnail|right|The Millennium Bridge from [[South Bank, York|South Bank]]]]
[[Image:Elvington - Bridge small file.jpg|thumbnail|right|Elvington - located on the edge of the City of York]]
=== Location ===
York lies within the [[Vale of York]], a flat area of arable land bordered by the [[Pennines]], the [[North York Moors]] and the [[Yorkshire Wolds]], at the [[confluence]] of the Rivers [[River Ouse, Yorkshire|Ouse]] and [[River Foss|Foss]] on a terminal [[moraine]] left by the last [[Ice Age]].<ref name=Hall-25>{{cite book | last = Hall | first = Richard | title = English Heritage: Book of York | origyear = 1996 | edition = 1st Ed. | year = 1996 | publisher = B.T.Batsford Ltd | isbn = 0-7134-7720-2 | pages = 25}}</ref>
During Roman times, the land surrounding the rivers Ouse and [[River Foss|Foss]] was very marshy, making it easier to defend. The city is prone to [[flood]]ing from the River Ouse, and has an extensive (and mostly effective) network of flood defences. These include walls along the Ouse, and a liftable barrier across the [[River Foss]] where it joins the Ouse. In October and November 2000 York experienced the worst flooding in 375 years with over 300 homes being flooded. <ref name=dmcbflood>{{cite web | title = The impact of the October–November 2000 floods on contaminant metal dispersal in the [[River Swale]] catchment, North Yorkshire, UK | url = http://www.aber.ac.uk/iges/staff/Macklin%20files/HP%20Dennis%20et%20al.%202003.pdf | publisher = Wiley InterScience | date = 2002 | last = Dennis | first = Ian A. | coauthors = Macklin, Mark G.; Coulthard, Tom J.; Brewer, Paul A. | pages = 1 | accessdate = 2007-09-23}}</ref> Much land in and around the city has always been too flood-prone for development.
=== City districts and surrounding villages ===
*[[Acaster Malbis]], [[Acomb, Yorkshire|Acomb]], [[Askham Bryan]], [[Askham Richard]]
*[[Bishopthorpe]], [[Bootham]]
*[[Cawood]], [[Clifton, City of York|Clifton]], [[Copmanthorpe]], [[Crockey Hill]]
*[[Deighton, York|Deighton]]
*[[Derwenthorpe]] (new village, planning permission granted)
*[[Dringhouses]]
*[[Dunnington]]
*[[Earswick]], [[Elvington, City of York|Elvington]]
*[[Escrick]]
*[[Fishergate]], [[Fulford]]
*[[The Groves]]
*[[Haxby]], [[Heslington]], [[Hessay]], [[Heworth, York|Heworth]], [[Holgate, North Yorkshire|Holgate]], [[Holtby]], [[Huntington, City of York|Huntington]]
*[[Kexby, North Yorkshire|Kexby]], [[Knapton, North Yorkshire|Knapton]]
*[[Layerthorpe]]
*[[Middlethorpe, Yorkshire|Middlethorpe]], [[Moor End, East Riding of Yorkshire|Moor End]], [[Murton, York|Murton]]
*[[Naburn]], [[Nether Poppleton]], [[New Earswick]]
*[[Osbaldwick]]
*[[Rawcliffe, York|Rawcliffe]], [[Rufforth]]
*[[Skelton, York|Skelton]], [[South Bank, York|South Bank]], [[Stockton-on-the-Forest]], [[Strensall]], [[Stamford Bridge, East Riding of Yorkshire|Stamford Bridge]]
*[[Tang Hall]], [[Towthorpe, York|Towthorpe]]
*[[Upper Poppleton]]
*[[West Huntington]], [[Wheldrake]], [[Wigginton, North Yorkshire|Wigginton]], [[Woodthorpe, North Yorkshire|Woodthorpe]]
The ''ings'' are flood meadows along the River Ouse, while the ''[[Strays of York|strays]]'' are scattered around the city in marshy, low-lying places.
== Demography ==
At the time of the [[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 UK census]] the population of York was 181,094 and its ethnic composition was 97.84% White, compared with the English average of 90.92%. York's population has a slightly higher elderly population than the national average.<ref name=glance>{{cite web | title = Welcome to York - York at a Glance | url = http://www.york-tourism.co.uk/information/facts.asp | publisher = York Tourism Board | date = 2005 | accessdate = 2007-09-03}}</ref><ref name=neigstat>{{cite web | url = http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=3&b=276825&c=york&d=13&e=16&g=392940&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&enc=1 | title = Neighbourhood Statistics - York (Local Authority) | publisher = Office for National Statistics | accessdate = 2007-09-03}}</ref>
== Economy ==
[[Image:P4150008.JPG|thumb|right|Offices of Norwich Union in York]]
York's economy is based on the [[service industry]] with 87.1% of employment in the city in 2006 being in this area. The service industries in York include public sector employment, health, education, finance, IT and [[tourism]] that accounts for 10.9% of employment. [[Unemployment]] in York is low at 1.9% in 2007 compared to the [[United Kingdom]] national average of 3%.<ref name=NOMIS>{{cite web
| title = Labour Market Profile York
| publisher = NOMIS - official labour market statistics
| date = 2006
| url = https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/lmp/la/2038432023/report.aspx
| accessdate = 2008-02-19}} </ref> The three biggest employers in York are the [[City of York Council]] with over 6,500 employees, [[Norwich Union|Norwich Union Life]] and [http://www.nyypct.nhs.uk/ North Yorkshire and York Primary Care Trust] both with between 3000 and 5000 employees. Other major employers include [[Card Protection Plan]], [[Nestlé]], [[Shepherd Building Group]] and [[British Telecom]] as well are a number of different railway companies.<ref>{{cite web
| title = The Major Employers in the City of York Council area.
| publisher = City of York Council
| date = 2006
| url = http://www.york.gov.uk/content/45053/31645/Economic_intelligence/company_list.pdf
| accessdate = 2008-01-19}} </ref>
This is very different from the position of the economy as recently as the 1950s, when York's prosperity was based on chocolate manufacturing and the railways. This position continued until the early 1980s when 30% of the workforce were employed by just five employers and 75% of manufacturing jobs were in four companies<ref name=FYGREPORT/>. Most of the industry around the railway has gone, including the carriage works (known as ABB at the time of closure) which at its height in 1880s employed 5,500 people but closed in the mid 1990s.<ref name=FYGREPORT>{{cite web | title = The Future York Group Report: An Independent Strategic Review of the York Economy | publisher = The Future York Group Report | date = June 2007 | url = http://www.york.gov.uk/content/45053/31645/Economic_intelligence/FYG_Main_Report.pdf | format = PDF
| accessdate = 2008-01-22}}</ref> York is the headquarters of the confectionery manufacturer Nestlé York(formerly Nestlé Rowntrees)', and home to the ''[[KitKat]]'', ''[[Smarties (Nestlé)|Smarties]]'' (though not for much longer) and eponymous [[Yorkie (chocolate bar)|''Yorkie'' bar]] chocolate brands. [[Terry's]] chocolate factory, makers of the ''[[Terry's Chocolate Orange|Chocolate Orange]]'', was also located in the city; but it closed on [[30 September]] [[2005]], when production was moved by its owners, [[Kraft Foods]], to Poland. However, the historic factory building can still be seen, situated next to the Knavesmire racecourse.
It was announced on the [[20 September]], [[2006]] that Nestlé would be cutting 645 jobs at the Rowntree's chocolate factory in York.<ref name=bbcrown>{{cite web | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/north_yorkshire/5363992.stm | title = More jobs lost at chocolate firm | publisher = [[BBC]] | date = 2006 | accessdate = 2007-09-03}}</ref> This came after a number of other job losses in the city at [[Norwich Union]], [[British Sugar]] and Terry's chocolate factory.<ref name=bbcjobs>{{cite web | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/north_yorkshire/5345168.stm | title = Job losses 'bitter blow' for city | publisher = [[BBC]] | date = 2006 | accessdate = 2007-09-03}}</ref> Despite this, the employment situation in York remains fairly buoyant, with at least one major employer (NU) still employing more people in the city than it did five years ago.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}. Since the closure the site has been developed into the headquarters for [http://www.cpp.co.uk/ CPP] and two housing schemes, one of which was a [[Self-build]] project. York's economy has been developing in the areas of [[science]], [[technology]] and the [[creative industries]] with the creation of a [[science park]] near [[University of York]] and the city becoming a founding National Science City. Between 1998 and 2008 York has gained 80 new technology companies and 2,800 new jobs in the sector.<ref>{{cite web
| title = About Science City York
| publisher = Science City York
| date = 2006
| url = http://www.sciencecityyork.org.uk/about/index.html
| accessdate = 2008-01-19}} </ref>
Regional gross value figures added for York, at current basic prices in [[pounds sterling]], are:<ref name=strgv>{{PDFlink|[http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_economy/RegionalGVA.pdf Regional Gross Value Added]|1.79 MB}} Office of National Statistics (2005) (pp.240-253)</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year || Agriculture || Industry || Services || Total
|-
| 1995 || 30 || 579 || 1,443 || '''2,052'''
|-
| 2000 || 13 || 782 || 2,168 || '''2,963'''
|-
| 2003 || 16 || 779 || 2,505 || '''3,299'''
|}
==Education==
[[Image:York central hall.jpg|thumb|right|University of York, view across the lake to Central Hall]]
The [[University of York]] is on the outer edge of the city at [[Heslington]]. It was York's only institution with university status until 2006, when the centrally located York St. John University College, formerly an autonomous college of the [[University of Leeds]], attained full university status as [[York St John University]]. The city also hosts a branch of [[The College of Law]].
The University of York also boasts one of the most highly rated medical schools, [[Hull York Medical School]].
The city has two major further education institutions. [[York College (York)|York College]] is an amalgamation of York Technical College and York Sixth Form College. Students there study a very wide range of academic and vocational courses, and range from school leavers and sixth formers to people training to make career moves. [[Askham Bryan College]] offers further education courses, foundation and honours degrees, specialising in more vocational subjects such as [[Horticulture]], [[Agriculture]], Animal Management and even Golf Course Management.
There are over [[List of schools in Yorkshire and the Humber#York|55 schools in the City of York]] area. The [[Local Education Authority]] is the City of York Council, who manage most primary and secondary schools within the city. About 40 [[Primary education|primary schools]] cover education from ages 5-11, with some offering early years education from age three. From 11-16 education is then provided by 11 [[secondary school]]s, four of which offer additional education up to the age of 18.
York also has several private schools. [[St Peter's School, York|St Peter's School]] is famous as the school attended by [[Guy Fawkes]]. Two others have [[Quaker]] origins: [[Bootham School]] is [[co-education]]al and [[The Mount School, York|The Mount School]] is all-girls. On the outskirts of the city is [[Queen Margaret's School, York|Queen Margaret's School]]. One other is The Minster School.
On September 10th 2007 Oaklands Sports College and Lowfield Comprehensive School merged to become one school. The new school is known as York High School, and the headteacher is David Ellis, who was previously headteacher at Oaklands. In January 2009 the school hopes to move back to the Oaklands site on Cornlands Road.
==Transport==
York's location on the River Ouse and in the centre of the Vale of York means that it has always had a significant position in the nation's transport system.
===River transport===
[[Image:189-SFEC-YORK-20070827.JPG|thumb|right|Boats on the River Ouse]]
The city grew up as a river port at the confluence of the [[River Ouse, Yorkshire|River Ouse]] and the [[River Foss]]. The Ouse was originally a [[tidal river]], accessible to sea-going ships of the time. Today both of these rivers remain navigable, although the Foss is only navigable for a short distance above the confluence. A [[canal lock|lock]] at [[Naburn]] on the Ouse to the south of York means that the river in York is no longer tidal.<ref name=wscapouse>{{cite web | title = History along the River Ouse | publisher = British Waterways | url = http://www.waterscape.com/canals-and-rivers/river-ouse-yorkshire/history | accessdate = 2007-10-10}}</ref>
Until the end of the 20th century, the Ouse was used by [[barge]]s to carry freight between York and the port of [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]]. The last significant traffic was the supply of [[newsprint]] to the local newspaper's Foss-side print works, which continued until 1997. Today navigation is almost exclusively leisure-oriented. [[YorkBoat]] provides cruises on the river.<ref name=wscapouse>{{cite web | title = History along the River Ouse | publisher = British Waterways | url = http://www.waterscape.com/canals-and-rivers/river-ouse-yorkshire/history | accessdate = 2007-10-10}}</ref>
===Road transport===
[[Image:York Davygate.jpg|thumb|right|Street unsuitable for modern traffic]]
Like most cities founded by the Romans, York is well served by long distance trunk roads. The city lies at the intersection of the [[A19 road]] from [[Doncaster]] to [[Tyneside]], the [[A59 road]] from [[Liverpool]] to York, the [[A64 road]] from [[Leeds]] to [[Scarborough, North Yorkshire|Scarborough]], and the [[A1079 road]] from York to [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]]. The A64 road also provides the principal link to the [[motorway]] network, linking York to both the [[A1 road|A1(M)]] and the [[M1 motorway|M1]] motorways at a distance of about {{convert|10|mi|km}} from the city.
The city is surrounded on all sides by an outer ring road, at a distance of some {{convert|3|mi|km}} from the centre of this city, which allows through traffic to by-pass the city. The street plan of the historic core of the city dates from mediaeval times and is not suitable for modern traffic. As a consequence much of the area inside the city walls is either [[Car-free zone|car free]] or traffic is heavily restricted. To alleviate this situation, five bus based [[York Park and Ride|park and ride]] sites operate in York. The sites are located towards the edge of the city, with easy access from the ring road, and allow out of town visitors to complete their journey into the city centre by bus.<ref name=coypar>{{cite web | title = Park & Ride | publisher = City of York Council | url = http://www.york.gov.uk/transport/Parking/Park_and_Ride/ | date = 2007-08-31 | accessdate = 2007-10-09}}</ref>
===Rail transport===
[[Image:York railway station and Royal York Hotel - April 10 2005.jpg|thumb|right|York railway station and Royal York Hotel]]
York has been a major railway centre since the beginning of the railway age, with the first line arriving in 1839. For many years the city hosted the headquarters and works of the [[North Eastern Railway (UK)|North Eastern Railway]].<ref name=coyrapd>{{cite web | title = The Railway Age to the present day | publisher = City of York Council | url = http://www.york.gov.uk/leisure/Local_history_and_heritage/yorks_history/08_the_railway_age/ | date = 2006-12-20 | accessdate = 2007-10-02}}</ref>
[[York railway station]] is a principal stop on the [[East Coast Main Line]] from [[London]] to [[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]] and [[Edinburgh]]. It takes less than two hours to get to York from London by rail, with at least 25 direct trains each weekday. The station is also served by long distance trains on [[Cross Country services]] linking Edinburgh and Newcastle with destinations in south and west England via [[Birmingham]].<ref name=coyrail>{{cite web | title = Trains | publisher = City of York Council | url = http://www.york.gov.uk/transport/Public_transport/trains/ | date = 2007-08-31 | accessdate = 2007-10-09}}</ref>
[[First TransPennine Express|TransPennine Express]] provide a frequent service of semi-fast trains linking York to Newcastle, [[Scarborough, North Yorkshire|Scarborough]], [[Leeds]], [[Manchester]], [[Manchester Airport]], and [[Liverpool]]. Local stopping services by [[Northern Rail]] connect York to [[Harrogate]], [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]], Leeds, [[Sheffield]], [[Bridlington]] and many intermediate points, as well as many other stations across Greater Manchester & Lancashire.<ref name=coyrail>{{cite web | title = Trains | publisher = City of York Council | url = http://www.york.gov.uk/transport/Public_transport/trains/ | date = 2007-08-31 | accessdate = 2007-10-09}}</ref>
===Air transport===
York has an airfield at the former [[RAF Elvington]], some {{convert|7|mi|km}} south-east of the city centre, which is also the home of the [[Yorkshire Air Museum]]. Despite having the longest runway in the county, at present Elvington is only open to [[private aviation]]. Plans sometimes surface to open it to other traffic, either for business aviation or a full service airport.<ref name=tpelb>{{cite web | url = http://archive.thisisyork.co.uk/2003/10/9/258266.html | title = Up in the air for Elvington | publisher = Evening Press | date = 2003-09-09 | accessdate = 2007-10-12}}</ref>
York is linked to [[Manchester Airport]] by an hourly direct [[First TransPennine Express|TransPennine Express]] train, giving access to the principal airport serving the north of England, with connections to many destinations in [[Europe]], [[North America]], [[Africa]], and [[Asia]]. The nearer [[Leeds-Bradford Airport]] is linked to York by the hourly ''York Air Coach'' service operated by [[First York]].<ref name=coyrail>{{cite web | title = Trains | publisher = City of York Council | url = http://www.york.gov.uk/transport/Public_transport/trains/ | date = 2007-08-31 | accessdate = 2007-10-09}}</ref><ref name=fgyac>{{cite web | url = http://www.yorkaircoach.com | title = York Air Coach | publisher = First Group plc | accessdate = 2007-10-12}}</ref>
===Local public transport===
[[Image:York ftr.jpg|thumb|right|A York 'ftr' bus]]
Public transport within the city is largely [[bus]] based. The principal bus operator is [[First York]], a part of [[FirstGroup plc]]. First York operates the majority of the city's local bus services, as well as the [[York park and ride]] services. York is also the location of the first implementation of FirstGroup's experimental, and controversial, [[FTR (bus)|ftr bus concept]], which seeks to confer the advantages of a modern [[tram]]way system at a lower cost.<ref name=firstbus>{{cite web | title = York | url = http://www.firstgroup.com/ukbus/yorkhumber/york/home/index.php | publisher = First Group plc | accessdate = 2007-10-09}}</ref>
'''[[Veolia Transport]]''' also operate a number of local bus services.
'''Longer distance bus services''' in York are provided by a number of operators:
*[[Arriva Yorkshire]]
**Selby
*[[East Yorkshire Motor Services]]
**routes to Hull, Beverley, Pocklington etc.
*[[Transdev]] [[Harrogate & District]]
**[[Knaresborough]], [[Harrogate]]
*[[Transdev]] [[Yorkshire Coastliner]],
**Linking [[Leeds]] via York with Scarborough, [[Filey]], [[Bridlington]] and [[Whitby]].
'''Rural services''' are provided by a number of companies, linking local towns and villages with York.<ref name=firstbus>{{cite web | title = York | url = http://www.firstgroup.com/ukbus/yorkhumber/york/home/index.php | publisher = First Group plc | accessdate = 2007-10-09}}</ref>
'''Open Top Buses''' are operated by York Pulman and also Topline Travel on behalf of [[City Sightseeing]].
==Sites of interest ==
[[Image:CLIFFOR1.JPG|thumb|right|[[Clifford's Tower]]]]
{{See also|York sites of interest|medieval churches of York}}
[[York Minster]], the second largest [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] cathedral in [[northern Europe]], stands at the city's centre.
York's centre is enclosed by [[York city walls|the city's medieval walls]]. The entire circuit (including parts where walls never existed) is about {{convert|3|mi|km|0}}.
[[York Castle|Clifford's Tower]], a [[quatrefoil]] [[keep]] built on top of a Norman [[motte-and-bailey|motte]], was the site of a massacre in 1190 when the small [[Jewish]] community of York sought protection in the tower on the feast of [[Special_Sabbaths#Shabbat_HaGadol|Shabbat ha-Gadol]]. Many Jews took their own lives rather than face a violent mob in an event regarded as one of the most notorious examples of [[antisemitism]] in medieval England.<ref>{{cite web | last = Dickinson | first = David | title = Clifford's Tower: Massacre at York (1190) | date = 1997 | url = http://ddickerson.igc.org/cliffords-tower.html | accessdate = 2008-04-03}}</ref>
[[The Shambles (York)|The Shambles]] is a narrow [[medieval]] street, lined with shops, boutiques and [[tea room]]s. Most of these premises were once butchers' shops, and the hooks from which carcasses were hung and the shelves on which meat was laid out can still be seen outside some of them. The street also contains the Shrine of [[Margaret Clitherow]], although it is not located in the house where she lived.
[[Image:York city.jpg|thumb|left|Looking towards the Minster from the [[York city walls|city walls]]]]Another feature of central York is the [[Snickelways of York|Snickelways]], narrow pedestrian routes, many of which led towards the former main market-place. The city has many museums, including the [[York Castle Museum|Castle Museum]], [[Yorkshire Museum & Gardens]], [[JORVIK Viking Centre]], the [[York Art Gallery]], [[Richard III Museum]] and the [[Merchant Adventurers' Hall]]. The [[National Railway Museum]] is situated just beyond the station, and is home to a vast range of transport material and the largest collection of railway locomotives in the world. Included this collection are the world's fastest steam locomotive [[LNER 4468 Mallard]] and the world famous [[LNER Class A3 4472 Flying Scotsman|4472 Flying Scotsman]], which is being overhauled in the Museum.<ref name=nrmfs>{{cite web | title = Flying Scotsman | url = http://www.nrm.org.uk/flyingscotsman/index.asp | publisher = [[National Railway Museum]] | accessdate = 2007-09-03}}</ref>
York is also noted for its wealth of churches and pubs. Many of the remaining churches in York are from the medieval period. It is said that York contains one church for every week of the year and one pub for every day of the year, and that there is no point within the city walls where one can stand and not be able to see at least one pub and at least one church, but these claims are exaggerated.
==Culture==
{{See also|List of people associated with York}}
===Theatre===
[[Image:York england UK theatre royal.jpg|thumb|right|upright|The [[Theatre Royal, York|Theatre Royal]]]]
York has a number of theatres, the [[York Theatre Royal|Theatre Royal]], the [[Grand Opera House (York)|Grand Opera House]] and [[Joseph Rowntree Theatre]]. It also has many amateur companies, and is home to the [[Riding Lights Theatre Company]].
===Music===
York has a fine musical heritage and modern day York has a rich tapestry live music performances all year round. Among many music groups performing regularly in York are the [[Academy of St Olave's]], a [[chamber orchestra]] who give concerts in the beautiful setting of [[St Olave's Church, York|St Olave's Church, Marygate]].
A former church, [[Medieval churches of York#St Margaret.2C Walmgate|St Margaret's, Walmgate]], is now the [[National Centre for Early Music]], host to concerts, broadcasts, competitions and events through the year, especially during the [[York Early Music Festival]].
===Media===
The York area is served by a local newspaper, ''[[The Press (York)|The Press]]'' (known as the ''Evening Press'' until April 2006) and two local radio stations [[Minster FM]] and [[BBC Radio York]]. It is also served by ''York@54'', a local free-to-air television station.
The [[University of York]] has its own television broadcasting channel [[York Student Television]] (YSTV) and two campus newspapers ''[[nouse]]'' and ''[[Vision (York)|Vision]]'', with Vision currently holding the title of Guardian Student Newspaper of the Year - a position that either one of the two newspapers have held for 4 out of the last 6 years.{{Fact|date=January 2008}} Its radio station [[University Radio York|URY]] is the longest running legal independent radio station in the UK, and was voted [[BBC Radio 1]] Student Radio Station of the Year 2005.
===Sports===
[[Image:Kit kat cres 07 2.jpg|thumb|300px|right|[[Bootham Crescent]] is the home ground of [[York City F.C.]]]]
The city's [[Football (soccer)|football]] team is [[York City F.C.|York City]], currently playing in the [[Conference National|Football Conference]]. York have played as high as the [[Football League Second Division|old Second Division]] but are best known for their "giant killing" status in cup competitions, having reached the [[FA Cup]] semi-final in 1955 and beaten [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] 3-0 during the 1995 [[League Cup]]. Their matches are played at [[KitKat Crescent]] (formerly Bootham Crescent).
York also has a strong [[rugby league]] history. York F.C., later known as [[York Wasps]] were one of the oldest Rugby teams in the country but the effects of a move to the out of town [[Huntington Stadium]], poor results and falling attendances led to their bankruptcy in 2002. The supporters formed a new club, [[York City Knights]], who now play at the same stadium in [[National League Two]]. An open rowing club [[York City Rowing Club]] is located underneath Lendal Bridge.
[[Image:York racecourse.jpg|thumb|left|A view of the Ebor Stand at [[York Racecourse]]]]
[[York Racecourse]] was established in 1731 and from 1990 has been awarded Northern Racecourse of the Year for 17 years running. This major [[horseracing]] venue is located on the [[Knavesmire]] and sees thousands flocking to the city every year for the 15 race meetings. The Knavesmire Racecourse also hosted [[Royal Ascot]] in 2005. In August racing takes place over the three day [[Ebor Festival]] that includes the Ebor Handicap dating from 1843.
The most notable sportsmen to come from York in recent years are footballer [[Marco Gabbiadini]] and former [[England national football team|England]] manager [[Steve McClaren]], who both attended Nunthorpe Grammar School (now called [[Millthorpe School]]).
Motorbike speedway took place at York. The track in the Burnholme Estate was completed in 1930 and a demonstration event staged. In 1931 the track staged team and open events and the York team took part in the National Trophy.
[[York International 9s]] is a [[rugby league nines]] tournament which takes place in York each year.
==Religion==
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="margin-left: 1em; width: 30em; font-size: 90%;"
!colspan="4"|'''Religion in York 2001'''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=3&b=276825&c=york&d=13&e=16&g=392940&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&enc=1&bhcp=1|title= York (Local Authority) |author=United Kingdom Census 2001 |publisher=neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk |year=2001 |accessdate=2007-07-11}}</ref>
|-
![[United Kingdom Census 2001|UK Census 2001]] || York || [[Yorkshire]]|| England
|-
|Christian||74.42%||73.07||71.74%
|-
|No religion||16.57%||14.09%||14.59%
|-
|Muslim||0.58%||3.81%||3.1%
|-
|Buddhist||0.21%||0.14%||0.28%
|-
|Hindu||0.19%||0.32%||1.11%
|-
|Jewish||0.11%||0.23%||0.52%
|-
|Sikh||0.05%||0.38%||0.67%
|-
|Other religions||0.30%||0.19%||0.29%
|-
|Religion not stated||7.57%||7.77%||7.69%
|}
{{main|Religion in York}}
[[Christianity]] is the religion with the largest following in York with 74.4% residents reporting themselves as Christian in the 2001 census. These census figures show no other single religion returned affiliation, as a percentage of population, above the national average for [[England]].
There are 32 active [[Anglican]] [[churches]] in York which is home to the [[Archbishop of York]] and the [[Mother Church]], [[York Minster]], and administrative centre of the [[Diocese of York]].<ref>[http://www.dioceseofyork.org.uk/index.shtml ''Welcome''], The Diocese of York (2007), retrieved on [[6 November]] [[2007]]</ref> York is in the [[Roman Catholic]] Diocese of [[Middlesbrough]], has eight Roman Catholic churches and a number of different Catholic religious orders.<ref name="Middiocese">[http://middlesbrough-diocese.org.uk/?page_id=64''Parishes''], Middlesbrough Diocese (2007), retrieved on [[5 November]] [[2007]]</ref>
Other Christian denominations that are active in York include [[Religious Society of Friends]] who have three [[Friends meeting house|meeting houses]] in York,<ref>[http://www.yorkquakers.org.uk/ ''Home''], Quakers in the York area, retrieved on [[6 November]] [[2007]]</ref> Methodists with the York North and York South circuits of The Methodist Church York and Hull District,<ref>[http://www.yorkhullmethodist.org.uk/ ''Circuits & Churches''], The Methodist Church York and Hull District, retrieved on [[5 November]] [[2007]]</ref> and Unitarians.
There is one [[Mosque]] in York which also contains a [[UK Islamic Mission]] Islamic centre.<ref> [http://www.mcb.org.uk/affiliates.php ''UKIM Educational Centre Project''], UK Islamic Mission Islamic (2007), retrieved on [[5 November]] [[2007]]</ref>
Various [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] traditions are represented in and around York.
==Noted York people==
{{More|List of people from York}}
<!-- NOTE:
This is just a summary of the most noted York people throughout its history, historically unremarkable figures do not belong here. -->
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
*[[Alcuin]] (735 – 804) scholar, ecclesiastic, poet
*[[William of York]] (1110 – 1154), archbishop, [[patron saint]] of York
*[[John Ball (priest)|John Ball]] (1330 – 1381), Lollard priest, rebel
*[[Margaret Clitherow]] (1556 – 1586), Catholic saint, martyr
*[[Guy Fawkes]] (1570 – 1606), Catholic revolutionary
*[[John Earle (bishop)|John Earle]] (1601 – 1665), clergyman, author
*[[John Aislabie]], (1670 – 1742), politician
*[[Peter Harrison]] (1716 – 1775), architect
*[[Richard Hotham]] (1722 – 1799), developer, politician
*[[Tuke family]] (1732 – 1895), social campaigners for the insane
*[[John Flaxman]] (1755 – 1826), sculptor, draughtsman
*[[Nathan Drake]] (1766 – 1836), essayist, physician
*[[William Etty]] (1787 – 1849), painter
*[[George Hennet]] (1799 – 1857), railway contractor, entrepreneur
*[[William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse]] (1800 – 1867), astronomer
*[[George Hudson]] (1800 – 1871), railway pioneer, politician
{{col-break}}
*[[Joseph Hansom]], (1803 – 1882), architect, inventor
*[[William Hepworth Thompson]] (1810 – 1886), classical scholar
*[[John Snow (physician)|John Snow]] (1813 – 1858), physician
*[[Joseph Rowntree (Philanthropist)|Joseph Rowntree]] (1836 – 1925), chocolatier, philanthropist
*[[Albert Joseph Moore]] (1841 – 1893), painter
*[[Silvanus P. Thompson]] (1851 – 1916), author, electrical engineer
*[[James Hack Tuke]] (1819 – 1896), social campaigner for [[Ireland]]
*[[Henry Scott Tuke]] (1858 – 1929), painter
*[[Benjamin Seebohm Rowntree|Seebohm Rowntree]] (1871 – 1954), chocolatier, social reformer
*[[W. H. Auden]] (1907 – 1973), poet
*[[John Edward Christopher Hill|Christopher Hill]] (1912 – 2003), author, historian
*[[Frankie Howerd]] (1917 – 1992), comedian, actor
*[[Charles Whiting]] (1926 – 2007), author
*[[John Barry (composer)|John Barry]] (born 1933), composer
*[[Judi Dench]] (born 1934), actress
*[[Steve McClaren]] (born 1961) footballer, manager
{{col-end}}
==Photo gallery==
<gallery>
Image:York Minster from Minster Gardens.jpeg|York Minster as seen from Minster Gardens.
Image:York Wheel Full.jpg|The [[Yorkshire Wheel]]
Image:Ouse Bridge York Flooded.JPG| The Ouse Bridge in York, with the river at a peak.
Image:YorkRomanWalls.jpg| Remnants of St. Mary's Abbey in York.
Image:St_Mary's_York_2004.jpg|St. Mary's Abbey
Image:York Minster View.JPG|View of York from atop the York Minster
Image:York Walls 25-02-06 031.jpg|A panoramic view of York as it seen from the top of Clifford's Tower
Image:YorkRailwayStation.jpg|Panoramic view of York Railway Station from the top of the York Wheel.
Image:Yorkconstantine.jpg|Statue of [[Constantine the Great]]
</gallery>
==See also==
*[[York Mystery Plays]]
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
== External links ==
{{commonscat|York}}
=== Guides and maps ===
*[http://www.visityork.org Visit York, the official site of York]
*[http://www.yorkpass.com York Pass]
*[http://www.whereinyork.co.uk/ Where In York] Local independent website for events, business listings, clubs and societies, weddings, jobs and useful information.
*{{Wikitravel}}
*[http://www.northyorks.com/york-north-yorkshire.htm York Guide] by NorthYorks.com
*[http://www.ukattraction.com/yorkshire/york.html York Attractions] Places of interest in York
*[http://www.vryork.com Virtual Tour of York] Tour the City by hundreds of panoramic views from 2000 to the present day.
*[http://www.york-united-kingdom.co.uk York Guide] Online since 2001 studies of York by independent York residents
*[http://www.insidersguides.net/york.php York Insiders' City Guide] York Insiders' City Guide
*[http://www.yorkpubguide.com York Pub Guide] York Pub Listings
*[http://www.essentialyork.com Essential York] Essential Guide to York
*[http://www.virtualplaces.co.uk York Virtual Tour]
*Staal, Maria, ''Romans, Vikings, Churches and Chocolate: The History of York in a Nutshell'' (2007, FTK Publishing ISBN 9780955734403 Paperback)
=== Local media ===
*[http://www.thisisyork.co.uk/ The Press] The local newspaper's site with news, sport, what's on and tourism information.
*[http://ystv.york.ac.uk/ York Student Television] England's oldest student TV station
*[http://ury.york.ac.uk/ University Radio York - The Oldest Legal Independent Radio Station in the UK]
*[http://www.nouse.co.uk/ Nouse - York Student Newspaper]
*[http://www.york.tv York@54], Independent TV station
=== Academic ===
*[http://www.york.ac.uk The University of York]
*[http://www.yorksj.ac.uk York St John University]
*[http://www.ncem.co.uk/welcome.shtml The National Centre for Early Music]
*[http://www.sciencelearningcentres.org.uk/WebPortal.aspx?page=2 The National Science Learning Centre]
=== History ===
*[http://www.historyofyork.org.uk Large site dedicated to the History of York]
*[http://www.yorkhistory.com Timeline of York's history and a few articles.]
=== Photos and images ===
*[http://library.york.gov.uk/uhtbin/cgisirsi/x/YORKIMAGES/0/57/49?user_id=YORKIMAGES Imagine York: Historic Photographs] Online Council Library Archive of historic photographs of York, searchable by keyword.
* The [[Evelyn collection]] of picture of York from the early 1900s [http://www.yayas.free-online.co.uk/evelyn.html]
*[http://www.york.gov.uk/environment/floodarchive.html City of York Council's flood 2000 archive]
*[http://www.pictures-of-york.com/ Pictures of York] by people in York
*[http://www.redhotchilliproject.com/photoblog/?c=York Red Hot Chilli Project - Gallery - York]
*[http://www.yorksteam.co.uk/ Pictures of Steam Locos in York]
*[http://www.yorkstories.co.uk/ York stories and walks]
=== Weather ===
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/city_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT003820/ Average weather condition]
{{Hanseatic League}}
{{Yorkshire and the Humber}}
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