Yorkshire
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226100137
2008-07-16T20:42:36Z
Keith D
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Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/90.212.254.252|90.212.254.252]] ([[User talk:90.212.254.252|talk]]) to last version by Keith D
{{otheruses}}
{{infobox historic subdivision|
|Name= Yorkshire
|HQ= [[York]]
|Government=
|Origin= [[Jórvík|Kingdom of Jórvík]]
|Status=
|Start= [[Historic counties of England|In antiquity]]
|End=
|Code= YKS
|CodeName= [[Chapman code]]
|Replace= [[History of local government in Yorkshire|Various]]
|Motto=
|Divisions= [[Riding (division)|Riding]]s
|DivisionsMap= [[Image:Yorkshire Ridings.png|160px|Ridings of Yorkshire]]
|DivisionsNames= [[North Riding of Yorkshire|1 North]] • [[West Riding of Yorkshire|2 West]] • [[East Riding of Yorkshire|3 East]]
|Image= [[Image:Flag of Yorkshire.jpg|220px|Flag of Yorkshire]]<br><small>[[Flags and symbols of Yorkshire|Flag of Yorkshire]]</small>
|Map= [[Image:EnglandYorkshireTrad.png|160px|Yorkshire in England]]<br>''Yorkshire within England in 1881''
|Arms=
|Civic=
|PopulationFirst= 1,371,359<ref name=york_pop>{{cite web| url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/bicentenary/pdfs/yorkshire.pdf| title=200 years of the Census in Yorkshire|date=2001|work=National Statistics|format=pdf |accessdate=2008-07-15}}</ref>
|PopulationFirstYear= 1831
|AreaFirst= {{convert|3669510|acre|km2|0}}<ref name=york_pop/>
|AreaFirstYear= 1831
|DensityFirst= 0.37/acre
|DensityFirstYear= 1831
|PopulationSecond= 3,512,838<ref name=york_pop/>
|PopulationSecondYear= 1901
|AreaSecond= {{convert|3883979|acre|km2|0}}<ref name=york_pop/>
|AreaSecondYear= 1901
|DensitySecond= 0.9/acre
|DensitySecondYear= 1901
|PopulationLast= 3,978,484<ref name=york_pop/>
|PopulationLastYear= 1991
|AreaLast= {{convert|2941247|acre|km2|0}}<ref name=york_pop/>
|AreaLastYear= 1991
|DensityLast= 1.35/acre
|DensityLastYear= 1991
}}
'''Yorkshire''' is a [[Historic counties of England|historic county]] of [[Northern England|northern]] [[England]] and the largest in [[Great Britain]]. Because of its great size, over time functions have increasingly been undertaken by its subdivisions, which have been subject to [[History of local government in Yorkshire|periodic reform]]. Throughout these changes Yorkshire has continued to function as a recognised territory and [[cultural region]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yorkshire-ridings.org.uk/ridings.htm|title=Yorkshire Ridings Society|accessdate=2008-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/5234444.stm| work=BBC|title=What's so special about Yorkshire?| date=2006-08-01| first=Liam| last=Allen| accessdate=2008-07-15}}</ref> The name is familiar and well-understood across the [[United Kingdom]] and is in common use, featuring in the title of current areas of civil administration such as [[Yorkshire and the Humber]] and [[West Yorkshire]].
The [[Brigantes]], the largest [[Celt]]ic [[Britons (historic)|Briton]] tribe, held Yorkshire as their [[heartland]]. The [[Roman Empire|Roman]]s made [[Eboracum]], later to be named [[York]], from which the county derives its name, the capital of [[Britannia Inferior]], one of the two provinces of third century [[Roman Britain]]; in the fourth century it was the capital of Britannia Secunda, one of four provinces.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vanderbilt.edu/AnS/Classics/roman_provinces/britain/image21.htm|work=The Roman Provinces | title=Provincial capitals (maps) |accessdate=2008-07-15}}</ref> The area was an independent [[Viking]] [[kingdom]] known as [[Jórvík]] for around a century, before being taken by [[Kingdom of England|England]]. Most of the modern day large cities were founded during the [[Norman conquest of England|Norman period]].<ref name="jorvikking">{{cite news|url=http://www.viking.no/e/england/york/kingdom_of_york_m.html|publisher=Viking.no|title=The Viking Kingdom of York|date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> The county covered just under 6,000 square miles (15,000 km²) in 1831<ref name="genuki">{{cite news|url=http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/YKS/Misc/Descriptions/YKS/Yorkshire1834.html|publisher=Genuki.org.uk|title=Description of Yorkshire from Pigots 1834 Gazetteer.|date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> and the modern day [[Yorkshire and the Humber]] region has a population of around five million.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/pyramids/pages/d.asp|publisher=Statistics.gov.uk|title=Yorkshire and the Humber|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref>
Yorkshire is widely considered to be the [[Environmentalism|greenest]] area in England, due to both the vast rural countryside of the [[Yorkshire Dales]], [[North York Moors]] and some of the major cities,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2007/oct/20/communities?gusrc=rss&feed=networkfront|publisher=''[[Guardian Unlimited]]''|title=And the winner of the award for the greenest city in Britain is ... Bradford|date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.yorkshire-forward.com/www/view.asp?content_id=2934&parent_id=263|publisher=''[[Yorkshire Forward]]''|title=Green space conference comes to UK's 'greenest city'|date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> this has led to Yorkshire being nicknamed ''God's Own County''.<ref name="gods">{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/travel/2006/jun/02/travelnews.shortbreaks.unitedkingdom|publisher=''[[Guardian Unlimited]]''|title=God's own county|date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref><ref name="special">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/5234444.stm|publisher=''[[BBC]]''|title=What's so special about Yorkshire?|date=[[1 August]] [[2006]]}}</ref> The emblem of Yorkshire is the [[White Rose of York|White Rose]] of the [[House of York]], the most common flag representative of Yorkshire is the White Rose on a dark blue background.<ref name="flag">{{cite news|url=http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/gb-en-ys.html|publisher=CRWFlags.nom|title=Yorkshire (United Kingdom)|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> [[Yorkshire Day]], held on [[August 1]], is a celebration of the general [[culture of Yorkshire]], ranging from its [[History of Yorkshire|history]] to its own [[Yorkshire dialect and accent|language]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.army.mod.uk/yorkshire_regiment/regiment/history/battle_honours/yorkshire_day.htm|publisher=Army.mod.uk|title=Yorkshire Day|date=[[18 February]] [[2008]]}}</ref>
== History ==
:{{main|History of Yorkshire}}
===Celtic tribes===
Early inhabitants of Yorkshire were [[Celts]], who came from two separate tribes, the Brigantes and the Parisii. The [[Brigantes]], who originated in the [[Alps]] or [[Celtic Gallaecia|Gallaecia]], controlled territory which would later become all of the [[North Riding of Yorkshire]] and the [[West Riding of Yorkshire]]. The tribe controlled most of [[Northern England]] and more territory than any other Celtic tribe in [[England]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.roman-britain.org/tribes/tribes.htm|publisher=Roman-Britain.org|title=The Celtic Tribes of Britain|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> That they made the Yorkshire area their [[heartland]] is evident in that ''[[Isurium Brigantum]]'' (now known as [[Aldborough, North Yorkshire|Aldborough]]) was the capital town of their territory. Six of the nine Brigantian ''[[poleis]]'' described by [[Ptolemy|Claudius Ptolemaeus]] in the ''[[Geographia (Ptolemy)|Geographia]]'' fall within the historic county.<ref name="brigantes">{{cite news|url=http://www.roman-britain.org/tribes/brigantes.htm|publisher=Roman-Britain.org|title=The Brigantes|date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref><ref name="ptolemy">[[Ptolemy]], ''[[Geographia (Ptolemy)|Geographia]]'' [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Periods/Roman/_Texts/Ptolemy/2/1*.html 2.1], [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Periods/Roman/_Texts/Ptolemy/2/2*.html 2.2]</ref> The [[Parisii (Yorkshire)|Parisii]] who controlled the area that would become the [[East Riding of Yorkshire]], are thought to have been related to the [[Parisii (France)|Parisii]] of ''[[Lutetia|Lutetia Parisiorum]]'', [[Gaul]] (known today as [[Paris]], [[France]]).<ref name="parisii">{{cite news|url=http://www.roman-britain.org/tribes/parisi.htm|publisher=Roman-Britain.org|title=The Parisii|date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> The [[Roman conquest of Britain]] began in 43 AD, however the Brigantes continued control of their kingdom as a [[client state]] of [[Rome]] for an extended period, reigned over by the Brigantian monarchs [[Cartimandua]] and her husband [[Venutius]]. Initially, this situation suited both the Romans and the Brigantes who were known as the most [[Military|militant]] tribe in Britain.<ref name="rib">{{cite news|url=http://www.romans-in-britain.org.uk/his_brigantian_uprising.htm|publisher=Romans-In-Britain.org.uk|title=Romans In Britain|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref>
===Roman Yorkshire===
[[Image:yorkconstantine.jpg|thumb|180px|left|Statue of [[Constantine I]] outside [[York]] [[York Minster|Minster]].]]
Queen Cartimandua left her husband for [[Vellocatus]], setting off a chain of events which would change the ownership of the Yorkshire area. Cartimandua, due to her good relationship with the Romans was able to keep control of the kingdom, however her former husband staged [[rebellion]]s against her and her Roman allies.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.arch.wyjs.org.uk/AdvSrv/indexRoman.asp?pg=Romanweb/Cartimandua.htm|publisher=Arch.WYJS.org.uk|title=Cartimandua|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> At the second attempt Venutius took back the kingdom, but the Romans under general [[Quintus Petillius Cerialis|Petillius Cerialis]] conquered the Brigantes in 71 AD.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.shadowdrake.com/brigit5.html|publisher=ShadowDrake.com|title=The Brigantes|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> Under Roman rule, the high profile of the area continued; the [[York city walls|fortified]] city of [[Eboracum]] (now known as [[York]]) was named as capital of ''[[Britannia Inferior]]'' and joint-capital of all [[Roman Britain]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.vanderbilt.edu/AnS/Classics/roman_provinces/britain/image21.htm|publisher=VanderBilt.edu|title=Lower (Britannia Inferior) and Upper Britain (Britannia Superior)|date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> For the two years before the death of Emperor [[Septimus Severus]], the entire [[Roman Empire]] was run from Eboracum by him.<ref name="romanfest">{{cite news|url=http://www.yorkromanfestival.com/history.htm|publisher=YorkRomanFestival.com|title=Roman York - a brief introduction to York's Roman History|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref>
A second Emperor [[Constantius Chlorus]] died in Yorkshire during a visit in 306 AD, this saw his son [[Constantine the Great]] proclaimed Emperor in the city; he would become renowned due to his contributions to [[Christianity]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.britainexpress.com/cities/york/roman.htm|publisher=BritainExpress.com|title=Roman York|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> In the early 400s the [[Roman departure from Britain|Roman rule ceased]] with the withdrawal of the last active Roman troops, by this stage the Empire was in heavy decline.<ref name="romanfest">{{cite news|url=http://www.yorkromanfestival.com/history.htm|publisher=YorkRomanFestival.com|title=Roman York - a brief introduction to York's Roman History|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> However, during the three and a half centuries of Roman rule in Yorkshire they had introduced much to help forward [[civilisation]] there, such as; [[Sewage collection and disposal|sanitation]], [[irrigation]], [[education]], [[road]]s, [[Public library|public libraries]], [[cement]], [[bricks]], [[Thermae|heated baths]], [[coins]], [[art]], [[literature]], [[law]], [[wine]], the [[Roman calendar|calendar]], [[glass]], [[Retailing|shops]], [[public order]], [[cats]], various fruits and vegetables ([[carrots]], [[turnips]], [[apples]], [[peas]], [[cabbage]], [[pears]], [[grapes]]) and more.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.schoolhistory.co.uk/year7links/doneforuse.shtml|publisher=SchoolHistory.co.uk|title=What have the Romans ever done for us?|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref>
===Second Celtic period and Angles===
After the Romans left, small Celtic kingdoms built up in Yorkshire; the [[Ebrauc|Kingdom of Ebrauc]] around [[York]] and more notably the [[Elmet|Kingdom of Elmet]] around [[West Yorkshire]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsBritain/BritainEbrauc.htm|publisher=HistoryFiles.co.uk|title=Ebrauc|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=
http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesBritain/BritishElmet.htm|publisher=HistoryFiles.co.uk|title=Elmet|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> The Elmet in particular managed to hold out with their Celtic kingdom against the invading [[Angles]] for a century and a half, ensuring that the Anglian kingdoms of [[Mercia]] and [[Northumbria]] on either side developed separately. Eventually the Elmet succumbed and became part of the Anglian kingdom of [[Deira]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.oldtykes.co.uk/British.htm|publisher=OldTykes.co.uk|title=Elmet's British Era|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> It should be noted that, although this period is called the [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] period, it was the Angles (from [[Angeln]]) who conquered the North, while the [[Saxons]] (from [[Nordalbingia]]) conquered the South.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.northeasthistory.co.uk/the_north_east/history/didyouknow/2.html|publisher=NorthEastHistory.co.uk|title=The Anglo-Saxon Invasion circa 450 to 600 AD|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> Under [[Aethelfrith of Northumbria|Aethelfrith]] Deira merged with another Anglian kingdom of [[Bernicia]] in the early 600s, to form the [[Kingdom of Northumbria]]. At its greatest extent, Northumbria stretched from the [[Irish Sea]] to the [[North Sea]] and from [[Edinburgh]] down to [[Hallamshire]] in South Yorkshire.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/anglosaxons/invasion/invind3.shtml|publisher=BBC.co.uk|title=The Anglo-Saxons|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref>
===Kingdom of Jórvík===
{{main|Jórvík|l1=Kingdom of Jórvík}}
[[Image:EricBloodaxeCoin.png|thumb|175px|right|Coin from Eric Bloodaxe's reign.]]
An army of [[Danes|Danish]] [[Vikings]] invaded Northumbrian territory in 886 AD, with what was named by their enemies as the "[[Great Heathen Army]]".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jorvik-viking-centre.co.uk/vikings4.htm|publisher=Jorvik-Viking-Centre.co.uk|title=What Happened to Them?|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> The Danes took what is modern day York and renamed it as [[Jórvík]], making it their new capital city of a kingdom under the same name; the area which they took as their kingdom was Southern Northumbria (Yorkshire).<ref name="jorvikking">{{cite news|url=http://www.viking.no/e/england/york/kingdom_of_york_m.html|publisher=Viking.no|title=The Viking Kingdom of York|date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> The Danes went on to conquer a large area of England which afterwards became known as the [[Danelaw]], but whereas most of the Danelaw was still English land, albeit in submission to Viking overlords, it was in the [[Jórvík|Kingdom of Jórvík]] founded by [[Halfdan Ragnarsson]],<ref name="vikingnorth">{{cite news|url=http://www.northeastengland.talktalk.net/VikingNorthumbria.htm|publisher=NorthEastEngland.net|title= Part Two - Jorvik and the Viking Age (866 AD - 1066 AD)|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> that the only truly Viking territory on mainland Britain was established. Although it was founded by Danes, the kingdom was passed onto [[Norway|Norwegian]] kings.<ref name="vikingnorth">{{cite news|url=http://www.northeastengland.talktalk.net/VikingNorthumbria.htm|publisher=NorthEastEngland.net|title= Part Two - Jorvik and the Viking Age (866 AD - 1066 AD)|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref>
Through the Vikings evolving trade, Jórvík was able to trade with the [[British Isles]], [[North-West Europe]], the [[Mediterranean]] and the [[Middle East]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.britannia.com/history/york/yorkhist4.html|publisher=Britannia.com|title=Narrative History of York: Viking Times|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> [[Eric Bloodaxe]], who was the last independent Viking king of Jórvík is a particularly noted figure in history.<ref>{{cite news|url=
http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/FeaturesBritain/BritishElmet.htm|publisher=HistoryFiles.co.uk|title=Eric Bloodaxe|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> After around 100 years of a Norse-Yorkshire kingdom, the [[Kingdom of Wessex]] gained control of Yorkshire and the North in general, placing Yorkshire within [[Northumbria]] again—which was now an almost-independent [[earldom]], rather than a separate kingdom. The Wessex [[Kings of England]] were reputed to have respected the Norse customs in Yorkshire and left law-making in the hands of the local aristocracy.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.britannia.com/history/york/yorkhist5.html|publisher=Britannia.com|title=Narrative History of York: Late Saxon Times|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref>
===Norman conquest===
In the weeks immediately leading up to the [[Battle of Hastings]] in 1066 AD, [[Harold Godwinson|Harold II of England]] was distracted by events in Yorkshire; his brother [[Tostig Godwinson|Tostig]] and [[Harold Hardrada]] [[King of Norway]] were attempting a take over bid in the North, they had already won the [[Battle of Fulford]]. The King of England marched North and the two armies met at the [[Battle of Stamford Bridge]], Tostig and Hardrada were both killed and their army was defeated decisively. However, Harold Godwinson was forced immediately to march his army back down to the South where [[William the Conqueror]] was landing. The King was defeated at Hastings and this led to the [[Norman conquest of England]].
[[Image:Fountains Abbey view02 2005-08-27.jpg|thumb|200px|right|12th century [[Cistercians|Cistercian]] [[abbey]] ([[Fountains Abbey]], [[Studley Royal Park]] ).]]
The people of the North rebelled again in September 1069 AD, this time against the Normans, enlisting [[Sweyn II of Denmark]]; they tried to take back York but the Normans burnt it before they could.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.normanconquest.co.uk/north_east_1069.htm|publisher=NormanConquest.co.uk|title=Resistance in the North East - 1069|date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> What followed was the [[Harrying of the North]] ordered by William, from York to [[Durham]] all crops, domestic animals and farming tools were [[Scorched earth|scorched]]. Many villages between the towns were burnt and many local Northerners were indiscriminately murdered.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.normanconquest.co.uk/harrying.htm|publisher=NormanConquest.co.uk|title=Harrying of the North|date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> During the winter that followed, whole families starved to death, thousands of peasants died of cold and hunger; [[Orderic Vitalis]] put the estimation at "more than 100,000" people from the North dead from hunger.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.normanconquest.co.uk/orderics_reaction.htm|publisher=NormanConquest.co.uk|title=Orderic's reaction|date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref>
In the centuries following, many [[abbey]]s and [[priory|priories]] were built in Yorkshire. The Norman landowners were keen to increase their revenues and established new towns such as [[Leeds]], [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]], [[Sheffield]], [[Barnsley]], [[Doncaster]], [[Scarborough, North Yorkshire|Scarborough]] and others. Of the towns founded before the conquest only [[York]], [[Bridlington]] and [[Pocklington]] carried on at a prominent level.<ref name="rulocal">{{cite news|url=http://www.localhistories.org/yorkshire.html|publisher=LocalHistories.org|title=Yorkshire|date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> The population of Yorkshire was booming, until it like the rest of Britain was hit by the [[Great Famine of 1315–1317|Great Famine]] in the years between 1315 and 1322.<ref name="rulocal">{{cite news|url=http://www.localhistories.org/yorkshire.html|publisher=LocalHistories.org|title=Yorkshire|date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> In the early 1300s the people of Yorkshire also had to contest with the [[Battle of the Standard]] at [[Northallerton]] with the [[Scots]], representing the [[Kingdom of England]] led by [[Thurstan|Archbishop Thurstan of York]] soldiers from Yorkshire defeated the more numerous Scots.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.britainexpress.com/History/battles/standard.htm|publisher=BritainExpress.com|title=The Battle of the Standard|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> The [[Black Death]] reached Yorkshire by 1349, killing around a third of the entire population.<ref name="rulocal">{{cite news|url=http://www.localhistories.org/yorkshire.html|publisher=LocalHistories.org|title=Yorkshire|date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref>
===Wars of the Roses===
:''For more information: [[House of York]], [[Wars of the Roses]]''
When King [[Richard II of England|Richard II]] was overthrown, antagonism between the [[House of York]] and the [[House of Lancaster]], both branches of the [[House of Plantagenet]], began to emerge. Eventually the two houses fought in a series of [[civil war]]s for the throne of England, commonly known as the [[Wars of the Roses]]. Some of the battles took place in Yorkshire, such as those at [[Battle of Wakefield|Wakefield]] and [[Battle of Towton|Towton]], the latter of which is known as the bloodiest battle ever fought on English soil.<ref>{{cite book| last = Gravett | first = Christopher | title =Towton 1461: England's Bloodiest Battle| publisher =Osprey Publishing | url =http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&id=-UlMBQYccEMC&dq=towton+bloodiest&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=uU_W9XN8f_&sig=S5aKiaB5ZZ-wOn-J-etc5WMpa24 | isbn = 978-0415093781}}</ref> After a long violent struggle, King [[Henry VI of England|Henry VI]] of the House of Lancaster was deposed and imprisoned on [[4 March]] [[1461]] by his [[Yorkist]] cousin and new King of England, [[Edward IV of England|Edward IV]].<ref name="onthenetwar">{{cite news|url=http://www.historyonthenet.com/Tudors/wars_of_roses.htm|publisher=HistoryOnTheNet.com|title=The Wars of the Roses|date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> Eight years later hostilities resumed, Edward was forced into exile to [[Burgundy]] by [[Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick|Richard Neville]] and turncoat [[John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu|John Neville]] as Lancaster's Henry VI was reinstated.
[[Image:Richard III of England.jpg|thumb|130px|right|Yorkist king [[Richard III of England|Richard III]] grew up at [[Middleham Castle|Middleham]].<ref name="middleham">{{cite news|url=http://www.richard111.com/middleham_castle.htm|publisher=RichardIII.com|title=Middleham Castle|date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref>]]
[[Image:Yorkshire rose.svg|thumb|left|105px|Rose of York.]]
Edward would return though, landing in [[Ravenspurn]] he eventually went on to defeat the House of Lancaster, as Henry VI had no heirs, he was killed to strengthen Yorkist grip on the throne as Edward was restored as [[King of England]]. This was generally considered an end to the most significant hostilities, the rest of Edward's reign was peaceful. After Edward IV suddenly died and his 12 year old son [[Edward V of England|Edward V]] was proclaimed as heir, a political storm erupted; a family named the Woodvilles had found themselves high up the political hierarchy and were in a position to influence the young Yorkist king.
Frictions had developed between Edward IV and the Woodvilles, the family of his wife [[Elizabeth Woodville]], before his death and so Edward IV's brother [[Richard III of England|Richard III]] (a man who had spent much of his early life at [[Middleham Castle]], Yorkshire),<ref name="middleham">{{cite news|url=http://www.richard111.com/middleham_castle.htm|publisher=RichardIII.com|title=Middleham Castle|date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> put the young king in the [[Tower of London]] along with his younger brother, they became known as the [[Princes in the Tower]].<ref name="onthenetwar">{{cite news|url=http://www.historyonthenet.com/Tudors/wars_of_roses.htm|publisher=HistoryOnTheNet.com|title=The Wars of the Roses|date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> Richard III argued that Elizabeth Woodville's marriage to Edward IV was illegal and thus the two boys were illegitimate, [[Parliament of England|Parliament]] agreed and Richard was crowned King of England; he would prove to be the last Yorkist king.<ref name="onthenetwar">{{cite news|url=http://www.historyonthenet.com/Tudors/wars_of_roses.htm|publisher=HistoryOnTheNet.com|title=The Wars of the Roses|date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> [[Henry Tudor]] of the House of Lancaster, then defeated and killed Richard at the [[Battle of Bosworth Field]], he then became King [[Henry VII of England|Henry VII]] and married [[Elizabeth of York]] daughter of Yorkist Edward IV, ending the wars.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://metamedia.stanford.edu/projects/MichaelShanks/1877|publisher=Stanford.edu|title=Yorkists|date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> The two roses were combined to form the [[Tudor Rose]].{{ref label|wars|a|a}}<ref>{{cite book| last =Hey | first = David | title =History of Yorkshire: County of the Broad Acres|publisher=Carnegie Publishing| url =http://www.amazon.co.uk/History-Yorkshire-County-Broad-Acres/dp/1859361226 | isbn =1859361226}}</ref>
===Saints, Civil War and textile industry===
The [[Wool|wool industry]] being centred in [[West Yorkshire]] helped a revival in the 16th century. The [[textile industry]] in general helped [[Wakefield]] and [[Halifax, West Yorkshire|Halifax]] grow.<ref name="woolindustry">{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/making_history/makhist10_prog13a.shtml|publisher=''[[BBC]]''|title=William Hirst - Leeds woollen industry pioneer|date=[[25 November]] [[2007]]}}</ref> Changes were afoot outside of employment after [[Henry VIII]] closed some monasteries and so 1536 saw the [[Pilgrimage of Grace]] rebellion. Due to the [[Protestant Reformation]] wider England became a Protestant country, however some of the [[Catholic]] contingent in Yorkshire continued to practice their religion and those caught were executed during the reign of [[Elizabeth I]], such as York woman [[Margaret Clitherow]] who was later [[canonisation|canonised]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04059b.htm|publisher=''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]''|title=St. Margaret Clitherow|date=[[25 November]] [[2007]]}}</ref>
[[Image:Marston Moor JBarker.jpg|thumb|180px|left|[[Battle of Marston Moor]] in 1644.]]
Yorkshire had divided loyalties during the [[English Civil War]], which started in 1642 between king and parliament; [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]] famously shut the gates of the city on the king when he came to enter the city a few months before fighting began, while the [[North Riding of Yorkshire]] in particular was strongly [[Cavalier|royalist]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/humber/content/articles/2005/07/20/coast05walks_stage8.shtml|publisher=''[[BBC]]''|title=Seeds of the English Civil War|date=[[25 November]] [[2007]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Historic Cleveland - Timeline| url =http://www.historic-cleveland.co.uk/timeline/timelineIndex.php| publisher =Historic-Cleveland.co.uk| date=[[25 November]] [[2007]]}}</ref> York was the base for [[cavalier]]s (Royalists), and from there they captured [[Leeds]] and [[Wakefield]] only to have them recaptured a few months later. The royalists won the [[Battle of Adwalton Moor]] meaning they controlled Yorkshire (with the exception of Hull). From their base in Hull the Roundheads (parliamentarians) fought back, re-taking Yorkshire town by town, until they had won the [[Battle of Marston Moor]] and with it control of all the [[North of England]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.british-civil-wars.co.uk/military/1644-york-march-marston-moor.htm|publisher=British-Civil-Wars.co.uk|title= The York March and Marston Moor|date=[[25 November]] [[2007]]}}</ref>
Leeds and other wool industry centred towns continued to grow, along with Sheffield, Huddersfield and Hull, while [[coal mining]] first came into prominence in the [[West Riding of Yorkshire]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.num.org.uk/?p=history&c=num|publisher=NUM.org.uk|title=History of the NUM: 1 - Towards A National Union|date=[[25 November]] [[2007]]}}</ref> Canals and [[turnpike]] roads were introduced in the late 1700s. In the following century the [[spa towns]] of [[Harrogate]] and Scarborough also flourished, due to people believing [[mineral water]] had curing properties.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.great-britain.co.uk/regions/yorkshire/harrogat.htm|publisher=Great-British.co.uk|title=Harrogate, Yorkshire Spa town|date=[[25 November]] [[2007]]}}</ref>
===Modern Yorkshire===
{{main|History of local government in Yorkshire}}
The 19th century saw Yorkshire's continued growth, with the population growing and the [[Industrial Revolution]] continuing with prominent industries in [[coal]], [[textile]] and [[steel]] (especially in [[Sheffield]]). However, despite the booming industry, living conditions declined in the industrial towns due to overcrowding, this saw bouts of [[cholera]] in both 1832 and 1848.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thoresby.org.uk/history.htm|publisher=Thoresby.org.uk|title=The Historical Society for Leeds and District|date=[[25 November]] [[2007]]}}</ref> Fortunately for the county, advances were made by the end of the century with the introduction of modern [[sewers]] and [[Water supply|water supplies]]. Several [[Yorkshire railways|Yorkshire railway]] networks were introduced as [[railway]]s spread across the country to reach remote areas.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nrm.org.uk/home/home.asp|publisher=NRM.org.uk|title=National Railway Museum, York|date=[[25 November]] [[2007]]}}</ref> [[County council]]s were created for the three ridings in 1889, but their area of control did not include the large towns, which became [[county borough]]s, and included an increasing large part of the population.<ref>Hampton, W., ''Local Government and Urban Politics'', (1991)</ref>
During the [[Second World War]], Yorkshire became an important base for [[RAF Bomber Command]] and brought the county into the cutting edge of the war.<ref>{{cite book | last = Halpenny | first = Bruce Barrymore | authorlink = | author = Halpenny, Bruce Barrymore | title = Action Stations: Military Airfields of Yorkshire v. 4 | year = 1982 | publisher = PSL | id = ISBN 978-0850595321 }}</ref> In the 1970s there were major [[History of local government in Yorkshire|reforms of local government]] throughout the United Kingdom. Some of the changes were unpopular,<ref name=hmso>HMSO, ''Aspects of Britain: Local Government'', (1996)</ref> and controversially Yorkshire and its ridings lost status in 1974<ref name="controversial">{{cite news|url=http://www.politics.co.uk/issue-briefs/domestic-policy/local-government/local-government-structure/local-government-structure-$366613.htm|publisher=Politics.co.uk|title= Local Government Structure|date=[[25 November]] [[2007]]}}</ref> as part of the [[Local Government Act 1972]].<ref>Arnold-Baker, C., ''Local Government Act 1972'', (1973)</ref> The [[East Riding of Yorkshire| East Riding]] was resurrected with reduced boundaries in 1996 with the abolition of Humberside. With slightly different borders, the [[Government Office|government office]] entity which currently contains most of the area of Yorkshire is the [[Yorkshire and the Humber]] region of England.<ref name=controversial/> This region includes a northern slice of [[Lincolnshire]], but omits Saddleworth (now in [[Greater Manchester]]); the [[Forest of Bowland]] ([[Lancashire]]); [[Sedbergh]] and [[Dent]] (Cumbria); Upper [[Teesdale]] ([[County Durham]]) as well as [[Middlesbrough]], [[Redcar and Cleveland]].<ref name=hmso>HMSO, ''Aspects of Britain: Local Government'', (1996)</ref>
==Geography==
===Physical and geological===
:''Main articles: [[Geology of Yorkshire]] and [[list of places in Yorkshire]]''
[[Image:Yorksgeology.jpg|170px|thumb|right|Geology of Yorkshire.]]
Historically, the northern boundary of Yorkshire was the [[River Tees]], the eastern boundary was the [[North Sea]] coast and the southern boundary was the [[Humber Estuary]] and [[River Don, South Yorkshire|River Don]] and [[River Sheaf]]. The western boundary meandered along the western slopes of the [[Pennines|Pennine Hills]] to again meet the River Tees.<ref name="genukiorg">{{cite news|url=http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/YKS/|publisher=Genuki.org|title=Yorkshire Geology|date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> It is bordered by several other historic counties in the form of [[County Durham]], [[Lincolnshire]], [[Nottinghamshire]], [[Derbyshire]], [[Cheshire]], [[Lancashire]] and [[Westmorland]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jlcarr.info/maps/index.html|publisher=JLCarr.info|title=The historic counties of England|date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> In Yorkshire there is a very close relationship between the major [[topographical]] areas and the geological period in which they were formed.<ref name="genukiorg">{{cite news|url=http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/YKS/|publisher=Genuki.org|title=Yorkshire Geology|date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> The Pennine chain of Hills in the west is of [[Carboniferous]] origin. The central vale is [[Triassic|Permo-Triassic]]. The [[North York Moors]] in the north-east of the county are [[Jurassic]] in age while the [[Yorkshire Wolds]] to the south east are [[Cretaceous]] chalk uplands.<ref name="genukiorg">{{cite news|url=http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/YKS/|publisher=Genuki.org|title=Yorkshire Geology|date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref>
[[Image:Yorkshire-Drainage.jpg|170px|thumb|left|The main rivers of Yorkshire.]]
Yorkshire is [[Drainage|drained]] by several rivers. In Western and central Yorkshire the many rivers empty their waters into the [[River Ouse, Yorkshire|River Ouse]] which reaches the North Sea via the [[Humber Estuary]].<ref name="rivers">{{cite book | year = 1992 | title = Yorkshire Rivers: A Canoeists Guide | publisher= Menasha Ridge Press | isbn = 978-1871890167}}</ref> The most northerly of the rivers in the Ouse system is the Swale, which drains [[Swaledale]] before passing through [[Richmond, North Yorkshire|Richmond]] and meandering across the [[Vale of Mowbray]]. Next, draining [[Wensleydale]], is the [[River Ure]], which joins the Swale east of Boroughbridge. The [[River Nidd]] rises on the edge of the [[Yorkshire Dales National Park]] and flows along [[Nidderdale]] before reaching the [[Vale of York]].<ref name="rivers">{{cite book | title = Yorkshire Rivers: A Canoeists Guide | publisher= Menasha Ridge Press | isbn = 978-1871890167| Year = [[1 March]] [[1992]]}}</ref>
The Ouse is the name given to the river after its confluence with the Ure at Ouse Gill Beck. The [[River Wharfe]], which drains [[Wharfedale]], joins the Ouse upstream of Cawood.<ref name="rivers">{{cite book | title = Yorkshire Rivers: A Canoeists Guide | publisher= Menasha Ridge Press | isbn = 978-1871890167| Year = [[1 March]] [[1992]]}}</ref> The Rivers Aire and Calder are more southerly contributors to the River Ouse and the most southerly Yorkshire tributary is the [[River Don, South Yorkshire|River Don]], which flows northwards to join the main river at [[Goole]]. In the far north of the county the [[River Tees]] flows eastwards through [[Teesdale]] and empties its waters into the North Sea downstream of Middlesbrough. The smaller [[River Esk, North Yorkshire|River Esk]] flows from west to east at the northern foot of the North York Moors to reach the sea at Whitby.<ref name="rivers">{{cite book | title = Yorkshire Rivers: A Canoeists Guide | publisher= Menasha Ridge Press | isbn = 978-1871890167| Year = [[1 March]] [[1992]]}}</ref> The [[River Derwent]] rises on the North York Moors, flows south then westwards through the [[Vale of Pickering]] then turns south again to drain the eastern part of the Vale of York. It empties into the River Ouse at Barmby on the Marsh.<ref name="rivers">{{cite book | title = Yorkshire Rivers: A Canoeists Guide | publisher= Menasha Ridge Press | isbn = 978-1871890167| Year = [[1 March]] [[1992]]}}</ref> To the east of the Yorkshire Wolds the [[River Hull]] flows southwards to join the Humber Estuary at Kingston upon Hull. The western Pennines are served by the [[River Ribble]] which drains westwards into the Irish Sea close to Lytham St Anne's.<ref name="rivers">{{cite book | title = Yorkshire Rivers: A Canoeists Guide | publisher= Menasha Ridge Press | isbn = 978-1871890167| Year = [[1 March]] [[1992]]}}</ref>
===Natural areas===
{{main|Topographical areas of Yorkshire}}
[[Image:Upper Nidderdale.JPG|thumb|right|200px|[[Nidderdale]], [[Yorkshire Dales]]]]
The [[countryside]] of Yorkshire has acquired the common nickname of ''God's Own County''.<ref name="special"/><ref name="gods"/> In recent times, [[North Yorkshire]] has displaced [[Kent]] to take the title ''Garden of England'' according to ''[[The Guardian]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/country/article/0,,1787332,00.html|publisher=''[[Guardian Unlimited]]''|title=Kent loses its Garden of England title to North Yorkshire|date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> Yorkshire has three [[National parks of England and Wales|national parks]], in the form of the [[Peak District]], [[North York Moors]] and the [[Yorkshire Dales]], and two designated [[Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty]] at [[Nidderdale]] and the [[Howardian Hills]].<ref> {{cite web|url=http://www.countryside.gov.uk/LAR/Landscape/DL/aonbs/ |title=Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty |accessdate=2008-05-03 |publisher=Natural England }}</ref> The three designated [[Heritage Coast]] areas in Yorkshire are [[Spurn|Spurn Point]], [[Flamborough Head]] and coastal [[North York Moors]].<ref> {{cite web|url=http://www.countryside.gov.uk/LAR/Landscape/DL/heritage_coasts/index.asp |title=Heritage Coasts |accessdate=2008-05-03 |publisher=Natural England }}</ref> These areas of Yorkshire are noted for their scenic views with rugged [[cliffs]]<ref name="cliffs">{{cite news|url=http://www.britaingallery.com/england_yorkshire_and_humberside.php|publisher=BritainGallery|title=Yorkshire and Humberside: the North East|date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> such as the [[Jet (lignite)|jet]] cliffs at Whitby,<ref name="cliffs">{{cite news|url=http://www.britaingallery.com/england_yorkshire_and_humberside.php|publisher=BritainGallery|title=Yorkshire and Humberside: the North East|date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> the [[limestone]] cliffs at [[Filey]] and the [[chalk]] cliffs at Flamborough Head.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.fileybay.com/fbi/walking.html|publisher=FileyBay.com|title=A Filey Walk|date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.britainexpress.com/countryside/coast/north-yorkshire.htm|publisher=BritainExpress.com|title=North Yorkshire Heritage Coast|date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref>
The [[Royal Society for the Protection of Birds]] runs [[nature reserves]] such as the one at [[Bempton Cliffs]] with coastal wildlife such as the [[Northern Gannet]], [[Atlantic Puffin]] and [[Razorbill]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rspb.org.uk/reserves/guide/b/bemptoncliffs/about.asp|publisher=RSPB.org.uk|title=About Bempton Cliffs|date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> Spurn Point is a narrow, three mile (5 km) long sand [[spit (landform)|spit]]. It is a [[National Nature Reserve]] owned by the [[Yorkshire Wildlife Trust]] and is noted for its cyclical nature whereby the spit is destroyed and re-created approximately once every 250 years.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.fortunecity.com/greenfield/ecolodge/25/spurn.htm|publisher=Spurn Point|title= A cyclic coastal landform|date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> There are [[seaside resort]]s in Yorkshire with [[sand]] [[beach]]es; [[Scarborough, North Yorkshire|Scarborough]] is Britain's oldest seaside resort dating back to the [[spa town]]-era in the 17th century,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_pictures/4791651.stm|publisher=BBC.co.uk|title=In pictures: Scarborough|date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> while [[Whitby]] has been voted as the [[United Kingdom]]'s best beach, with a "postcard-perfect harbour."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/norfolk/4755033.stm|publisher=BBC.co.uk|title=Report rates the best UK beaches|date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref>
{{clear}}
==Transport==
[[Image:A1&M62.jpg|180px|thumb|The A1(M) and M62 junction at [[Ferrybridge]], West Yorkshire]]
The most prominent road in Yorkshire, historically called the [[A1 road|Great North Road]], is known as the A1.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.iht.org/motorway/a1nrccintro.htm|publisher=IHT.org|title=Region: North East - Trunk Road A1 in the North Riding of Yorkshire|date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> This trunk road passes through the centre of the county and is the prime route from [[London, England|London]] to Edinburgh.<ref> {{cite web|url=http://www.cbrd.co.uk/motorway/a1m/ |title=Motorway Database |accessdate=2008-04-24 |last= Marshall |first=Chris |coauthors=Clive Jones, Chris "c2R", John Mohan and George Carty |date=2008 |publisher=CBRD }}</ref> Another important road is the more easterly [[A19 road]] which is also prominent for travelling up and down England. The [[M62 motorway]] crosses the county from east to west from Hull towards [[Greater Manchester]] and [[Merseyside]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/2786.aspx|publisher=Highways.gov.uk|title=M62 Liverpool to Hull|date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> The [[M1 road|M1]] carries traffic from London and the south of England to Yorkshire. In 1999 about 8 miles was added to make it swing east of Leeds and connect to the A1.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbrd.co.uk/motorway/m1/ |title=Motorway Database |accessdate=2008-04-24 |last=Marshall |first=Chris |date=2008 |publisher=CBRD }}</ref> The [[East Coast Main Line]] rail link between Scotland and London runs roughly parallel with the A1 through Yorkshire and the Trans Pennine rail link runs east to west from Hull to Liverpool via Leeds.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.yorkshire-forward.com/www/view.asp?content_id=1437&parent_id=1183|publisher=''[[Yorkshire Forward]]''|title=East Coast Mainline Upgrade Could Create 2000 New Jobs|date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref>
Before the advent of rail transport, seaports of Hull and Whitby played an important role in transporting goods. Historically canals were used, including the [[Leeds and Liverpool Canal]], which is the longest canal in England. Nowadays mainland [[Europe]] (the [[Netherlands]] and [[Belgium]]) can be reached from Hull via regular [[ferry]] services from [[P&O Ferries]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.boozecruise.com/ferry_port/hull.asp|publisher=BoozeCruise.com|title=Hull Ferry Port Information|date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> Yorkshire also has [[air transport]] services from [[Leeds Bradford International Airport]]. This airport has experienced significant and rapid growth in both terminal size and passenger facilities since 1996, when improvements began, until the present day.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.airports-worldwide.com/uk/uk_leeds.html|publisher=Airports-Worldwide.com|title=Leeds Bradford International Airport|date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> South Yorkshire is served by the [[Robin Hood Airport Doncaster Sheffield]], based in [[Finningley]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.robinhoodairport.com/page_history_of_the_airport_5.html|publisher=RobinHoodAirport.com|title=History of the Airport|date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref>
==Culture==
{{main|Culture of Yorkshire}}
{{underconstruction}}
The native people of Yorkshire and their culture is an accumulated product of various different civilisations who have directly controlled its history, including; the [[Celts]] ([[Brigantes]] and [[Parisii (Yorkshire)|Parisii]]), [[Ancient Rome|Romans]], [[Angles]], [[Norsemen|Norse]] [[Vikings]] and [[Normans]] amongst others.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/summary/117892308/SUMMARY?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0|publisher=InterScience.wiley.com|title=Northern Britons by Christopher A. Snyder|date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> Centered on the town [[Richmond, North Yorkshire|Richmond]], around half of the historic [[North Riding of Yorkshire|North Riding]] had an additional infusion of [[Breton people|Breton]] culture due to the [[Honour of Richmond]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://everything2.com/e2node/Earl%2520of%2520Richmond|publisher=Everything.com|title=Earl of Richmond|date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> The people of Yorkshire are immensely proud of their county and local culture and it is sometimes suggested Yorkshiremen identify more strongly with their county than they do with their country.<ref name="yne">{{cite news|url=http://www.conservatives.com/tile.do?def=news.story.page&obj_id=11797&speeches=1|publisher=Conservatives.com|title=He's a shrewd, straight-talking Yorkshireman - not English, mind you, Yorkshire|date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> The Yorkshire people have their own [[Yorkshire dialect and accent|distinctive dialect]] known as ''Tyke'', which some have argued is a fully fledged [[language]] in its own right.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Kellett
| first =Arnold
| title =The Yorkshire Dictionary of Dialect, Tradition and Folklore
| publisher =Smith Settle
| date = January 1994
| url =http://www.amazon.co.uk/Yorkshire-Dictionary-Dialect-Tradition-Folklore/dp/185825017X
| isbn = 1858250161}}</ref> The county has also produced a unique set of [[Yorkshire colloquialisms]], which are in use in the county. Among Yorkshire's unique traditions is the [[Long Sword dance]], a traditional dance not found elsewhere in England. The most famous traditional song of Yorkshire is ''[[On Ilkla Moor Baht 'at]]'' ("On [[Ilkley Moor]] without a hat"), it is considered the unofficial anthem of the county.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dksnakes.co.uk/national_anthem.htm|publisher=DKSnakes.co.uk|title=The National Anthem of Yorkshire 'God's own county'|date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref>
===Architecture===
[[Image:England1 144.jpg|thumb|200px|left|[[Castle Howard]].]]
Throughout Yorkshire many [[castle]]s were built, this practice began during the Norman-Breton period after the [[Harrying of the North]] with the construction of castles such as [[York Castle]], [[Richmond Castle]], [[Pickering Castle]], [[Bowes Castle]] and others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britainexpress.com/counties/yorkshire/castles/index.htm|title=Castles in Yorkshire|publisher=BritainExpress.com|date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> Later castles were built as a means of defence against the invading [[Scots]], such as [[Helmsley Castle]], [[Scarborough Castle]] and [[Middleham Castle]].<ref name="EH">{{cite web|url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/server/show/ConWebDoc.4694|title=About Yorkshire|publisher=[[English Heritage]]|date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> The latter is of particular note due to the fact that Yorkist king [[Richard III of England]] spent his childhood there and considered Middleham his favourite residence.<ref name="EH">{{cite web|url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/server/show/ConWebDoc.4694|title=About Yorkshire|publisher=[[English Heritage]]|date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> Parts of these castles remain to varying extents, with some being [[English Heritage]] sites they remain popular tourist destinations.<ref name="EH">{{cite web|url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/server/show/ConWebDoc.4694|title=About Yorkshire|publisher=[[English Heritage]]|date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> There are some [[stately homes]] in Yorkshire which carry the name "castle" in their title, even though they are more akin to a [[palace]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britainexpress.com/counties/yorkshire/Castle_Howard.htm|title=Castle Howard|publisher=BritainExpress.com|date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> The most notable examples are [[Allerton Castle]] and [[Castle Howard]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.northernlifestyle.com/pdf/northside/nside_aug06.pdf|title=Northside, August 2006|publisher=NorthernLifestyle.com|date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> both linked to the [[Howard family]] of [[Roman Catholicism|Catholic]] [[recusant]]s.<ref>{{cite book | last = Saumarez Smith | first =Charles | title =The Building of Castle Howard | publisher =University of Chicago Press | date = 1990 | url =http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZxoU2x-vHDkC&pg=PA10&lpg=PA10&dq=howard+recusant+%22duke+of+norfolk%22&source=web&ots=E8xE2HuKom&sig=OKndV0LGGUqGfZu_iMw56cn43XA&hl=en | isbn = 0226764036}}</ref>
Castle Howard and the [[Earl of Harewood]]'s [[Harewood House]] are included amongst the [[Treasure Houses of England]], a group of nine English stately homes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.treasurehouses.co.uk|title=Welcome to The Treasure Houses of England|publisher=TreasureHouses.co.uk|date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref>
[[Image:Whitby Abbey image.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Whitby Abbey]].]]
There are numerous other [[Grade I listed]] buildings within Yorkshire including areas in public places such as [[Leeds Town Hall]], [[Sheffield Town Hall]], the [[Yorkshire Museum]] and [[Guildhall, York|Guildhall]], as well as large estates [[Wentworth Castle]], [[Brodsworth Hall]] and [[Temple Newsam]]. In addition to this there are entities which are conserved and managed by the [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]], such as [[Studley Royal Park]], [[Nunnington Hall]] and the [[Rievaulx Terrace & Temples]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-global/w-localtoyou/w-yorkshire_ne.htm|title=Yorkshire & the North East|publisher=NationalTrust.org.uk|date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> Religious places of note such as historic [[cathedral]]s as well as the ruins of [[monastery|monasteries]] and [[abbey]]s are in abundance. Many of these prominent buildings suffered from the [[Dissolution of the Monasteries|destruction]] under [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]]; this includes [[Whitby Abbey]], [[Fountains Abbey]], [[Rievaulx Abbey]], [[St Mary's Abbey, York|St Mary's Abbey]], [[Gisborough Priory]], [[Bolton Abbey]] amongst numerous others.<ref name="churches">{{cite web|url=http://www.dalesman.co.uk/activities/minsters_abbeys.htm|title=Yorkshire Abbeys - Yorkshire Minsters - Yorkshire Cathedrals|publisher=Dalesman.co.uk|date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> However, some noted religious buildings of historic origins are still in use, such as [[York Minster]], the largest [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] [[cathedral]] in [[northern Europe]].<ref name="churches">{{cite web|url=http://www.dalesman.co.uk/activities/minsters_abbeys.htm|title=Yorkshire Abbeys - Yorkshire Minsters - Yorkshire Cathedrals|publisher=Dalesman.co.uk|date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> Others include [[Beverley Minster]], [[Ripon Cathedral]] and [[Bradford Cathedral]].<ref name="churches">{{cite web|url=http://www.dalesman.co.uk/activities/minsters_abbeys.htm|title=Yorkshire Abbeys - Yorkshire Minsters - Yorkshire Cathedrals|publisher=Dalesman.co.uk|date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref>
===Literature and art===
[[Image:Painting of Brontë sisters.png|thumb|left|150px|The Brontë sisters]]
During the time of the kingdom [[Northumbria]] which Yorkshire made up half, there were several noted exponents who were poets, scholars and ecclesiastics, they included [[Alcuin]], [[Cædmon]] and [[Wilfrid]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.whitby-yorkshire.co.uk/abbey/abbey.htm|publisher=Whitby-Abbey.co.uk|title=Whitby Abbey|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> The most noted literary family from the county are the three [[Brontë|Brontë sisters]], with part of Yorkshire being nicknamed [[Brontë Country]] in their honour.<ref name="bronte">{{cite news|url=http://www.brontefamily.org/history.html|publisher=BronteFamily.org|title=Biography of Family|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> Their novels, written in the mid-1800s, caused a sensation when they were first published, and were subsequently accepted into the canon of great English literature.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.universalteacher.org.uk/lit/history.htm|publisher=UniversalTeacher.org.uk|title=A brief history of English literature|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> Amongst the most noted novels credited to the sisters are [[Anne Brontë]]'s ''[[The Tenant of Wildfell Hall]]'', [[Charlotte Brontë]]'s ''[[Jane Eyre]]'' and [[Emily Brontë]]'s ''[[Wuthering Heights]]''.<ref name="bronte">{{cite news|url=http://www.brontefamily.org/history.html|publisher=BronteFamily.org|title=Biography of Family|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> [[Bram Stoker]] authored ''[[Dracula]]'' while living in [[Whitby]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dracula-in-whitby.com/bram-stoker.html|publisher=Dracula-in-Whitby.com|title=Bram Stoker and Whitby|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> and it includes several parts of local folklore such as the beaching of the [[Russia]]n ship ''Dmitri'', which became the basis of Demeter in the book.<ref name="stoker">{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/northyorkshire/content/articles/2005/07/21/coast05walks_stagesix.shtml|publisher=BBC.co.uk|title=Coast: Point 6 - Stoker|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref>
The novelist tradition in Yorkshire continued on into the 20th century, with authors such as [[J. B. Priestley]], [[Alan Bennett]] and [[Barbara Taylor Bradford]] being noted examples.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jpriestley.htm|publisher=Spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk|title=J. B. Priestley|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref><ref name="writers">{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2005/oct/13/books.britishidentity|publisher=[[Guardian Unlimited]]|title=The 50 greatest Yorkshire people?|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> Taylor Bradford in particular is noted for ''[[A Woman of Substance]]'' which is one of the top-ten
bestselling novels in history.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://thebookshow.skyarts.co.uk/authors/5394/barbara_taylorbradford.html|publisher=The Book Show|title=Barbara Taylor-Bradford: The best-selling author on the latest in the Ravenscar saga|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> Another noted author was [[children's writer]] [[Arthur Ransome]] who was the author the ''[[Swallows and Amazons]]'' series.<ref name="writers">{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2005/oct/13/books.britishidentity|publisher=[[Guardian Unlimited]]|title=The 50 greatest Yorkshire people?|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> [[James Herriot]], the best selling author of over 60 million copies of books about his experiences of some 50 years as a veterinarian in [[Thirsk]], North Yorkshire (although born in [[Sunderland]]), has been admired for his easy reading style and interesting characters.<ref>http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CE4DF1238F937A15751C0A963958260</ref> In terms of poetry exponents include [[W. H. Auden]], [[William Empson]] and [[Andrew Marvell]].<ref name="writers">{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2005/oct/13/books.britishidentity|publisher=[[Guardian Unlimited]]|title=The 50 greatest Yorkshire people?|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.luminarium.org/sevenlit/marvell/marvbio.htm|publisher=Luminarium.org|title=The Life of Andrew Marvell (1621-1678)|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theotherpages.org/poems/marvel05.html|publisher=TheOtherPages.org|title=Poets' Corner - Andrew Marvell - Selected Works IV|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> Two well known [[sculptor]]s emerged in the 20th century; contemporaries [[Henry Moore]] and [[Barbara Hepworth]]. Some of their works are available for public viewing at the [[Yorkshire Sculpture Park]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.haworth-village.org.uk/outandabout/yorkshire-sculpture/yorkshire-sculpture-park.asp|publisher=Haworth-Village.org.uk|title=Visiting Yorkshire Sculpture Park - Bretton Hall|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> There are several [[art gallery|art galleries]] in Yorkshire featuring extensive collections, such as [[Leeds Art Gallery]], [[York Art Gallery]], [[Millennium Galleries]] and [[Ferens Art Gallery]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://my-yorkshire.co.uk/art-galleries/|publisher=My-Yorkshire.co.uk|title=Yorkshire Art Galleries|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.redraggallery.co.uk/counties/Yorkshire-art-galleries.asp|publisher=RedRagGallery.co.uk|title=Yorkshire Art Gallery and Galleries|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> Some of the better known local painters are [[William Etty]] and [[David Hockney]];<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.artchive.com/artchive/H/hockney.html|publisher=Artchive.com|title=David Hockney|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> many works by the latter are housed at [[Salts Mill]] 1853 Gallery.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visitbradford.com/thedms-search.asp?dms=13&campaign=0&feature=1&venue=1580799&easi=true|title=1853 Gallery|work=Visit Bradford |accessdate=2008-05-28}}</ref>
===Sport===
[[Image:Sheffield FC badge.png|thumb|160px|right|Badge of the world's oldest football club; Sheffield FC.]]
Yorkshire has a long history in the field of sports, with participation in [[association football|football]], [[rugby league]], [[cricket]] and [[horse racing]] being the most established sporting ventures.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/football/Yorkshire-clubs-aim-to-cash.4048332.jp|publisher=[[Yorkshire Post]]|title=Yorkshire clubs aim to cash in on jackpot|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.yorkshirerugbyleague.co.uk/newsfront.aspx?sectionid=2270|publisher=YorkshireRugbyLeague.co.uk|title=Rugby League in Yorkshire|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref><ref name="yccc">{{cite news|url=http://www.napit.co.uk/viewus/infobank/cricket/yorkshire.php|publisher=Napit.co.uk|title=Yorkshire County Cricket Club|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref><ref name="racing">{{cite book | last = Ellerington | first = Alison | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = The Kiplingcotes Derby | publisher = Hyperion Books | date = 1989 | location = | pages = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 978-0948929328 }}</ref> [[Yorkshire County Cricket Club]] represents the historic county in the domestic [[first-class cricket|first class]] [[cricket]] [[County Championship]]; with a total of 30 championship titles, 12 more than any other county, Yorkshire is the most decorated county cricket club.<ref name="yccc">{{cite news|url=http://www.napit.co.uk/viewus/infobank/cricket/yorkshire.php|publisher=Napit.co.uk|title=Yorkshire County Cricket Club|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> Some of the most highly regarded figures in the game are Yorkshiremen,<ref name="cricketyorks">{{cite news|url=http://www.dalesview.fsnet.co.uk/cricket/|publisher=Dalesview.co.uk|title=Yorkshire Win County Championship|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> amongst them [[Herbert Sutcliffe]] and [[Len Hutton]].<ref name="cricketyorks">{{cite news|url=http://www.dalesview.fsnet.co.uk/cricket/|publisher=Dalesview.co.uk|title=Yorkshire Win County Championship|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> England's oldest horse race, which began in 1519, is run each year at [[Kiplingcotes Derby|Kiplingcotes]] near [[Market Weighton]].<ref name="racing">{{cite book | last = Ellerington | first = Alison | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = The Kiplingcotes Derby | publisher = Hyperion Books | date = 1989 | location = | pages = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 978-0948929328 }}</ref> Furthermore in the field of horse racing, there are currently [[:Category:Horse racing venues in Yorkshire|nine established racecourses]] in the county.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://my-yorkshire.co.uk/racecourses/|publisher=My-Yorkshire.co.uk|title=Yorkshire Racecourses|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> Yorkshire is officially recognised by [[FIFA]] as the birth-place of club [[association football|football]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/clubfootball/news/newsid=621801.html|publisher=[[FIFA]]|title=Sheffield FC: 150 years of history|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/federation/insidefifa/news/newsid=622007.html|publisher=[[FIFA]]|title=FIFA marks Sheffield FC's anniversary|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> as [[Sheffield F.C.|Sheffield FC]] founded in 1857 are certified as the oldest association football club in the world.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sheffieldfc.com/famous_sons.htm|publisher=SheffieldFC.com|title=Famous sons and daughters|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> The world's first inter-club match and local derby was competed in the county, at the world's oldest ground [[Sandygate Road]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/southyorkshire/students/a_z/index.shtml|publisher=BBC.co.uk|title=The Ultimate A-Z of Sheffield|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> The [[Laws of the Game]] which are now used worldwide were drafted by [[Ebenezer Cobb Morley]] from [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]].<ref name="ffhy">{{cite book | last = Harvey | first =Adrian | title =Football, the First Hundred Years: The Untold Story of the People's Game | publisher =Routledge | date = January 2005 | url =http://books.google.com/books?id=TxoZ0S-GC7MC&pg=PA102&lpg=PA102&dq=26+december+1860+sheffield+hallam&source=web&ots=Px2iRJRYxz&sig=u3S8UTfq-qaRo0G_j_wPCSb_UYo | isbn = 0415350182}}</ref>
The most successful football clubs founded in Yorkshire are [[Sheffield Wednesday F.C.|Sheffield Wednesday]], [[Leeds United A.F.C.|Leeds United]], [[Huddersfield Town F.C.|Huddersfield Town]] and [[Sheffield United F.C.|Sheffield United]].<ref name="yorkshireclubsfoot">{{cite web | title=The History of the Football League| work=Football League website | url=http://www.football-league.premiumtv.co.uk/page/History/0,,10794,00.html|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> All four have been the [[English football champions|league champions]] with Huddersfield being the first club to win three consecutive league titles.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://history-timeline.deepthi.com/sports-history-timeline/sports-timeline-1921-1930.html
|title=World Sports History Timeline 1921-1930|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> Noted players from Yorkshire who have had an impact on the game include [[1966 FIFA World Cup|World Cup]]-winning goalkeeper [[Gordon Banks]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ifhof.com/hof/banks.asp|publisher=IFHOF.com|title=Gordon Banks |date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> and two time [[European Footballer of the Year]] award winner [[Kevin Keegan]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.normanphillips.co.uk/kevin_keegan_bio.htm|publisher=Norman Phillips Organisation|title=Kevin Keegan Biography|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> as well as prominent managers [[Brian Clough]], [[Don Revie]], [[Bill Nicholson]] and [[George Raynor]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/article2437525.ece|publisher=TimesOnline.co.uk|title=The top 50 managers of all time|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> The [[Rugby Football League]] and with it the sport of [[rugby league]] was founded during 1895 in Huddersfield after a [[North-South divide in the United Kingdom|North-South]] [[History of rugby league#The schism in England|schism]] within the [[Rugby Football Union]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.napit.co.uk/viewus/infobank/rugby/superleague/history.php|publisher=Napit.co.uk|title=The History Of Rugby League|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> The top league is the [[Super League (Europe)|Super League]] and the most decorated Yorkshire clubs are [[Huddersfield Giants]], [[Hull F.C.|Hull FC]], [[Bradford Bulls]], [[Hull Kingston Rovers|Hull KR]] and [[Leeds Rhinos]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rlhalloffame.org.uk/champion.htm|publisher=RLHallofFame.org.uk|title=League Champions|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> In total six Yorkshiremen have been inducted into the [[British Rugby League Hall of Fame|Rugby League Hall of Fame]] amongst them is [[Harold Wagstaff]], [[Jonty Parkin]] and [[Roger Millward]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rlhalloffame.org.uk/hall.htm|publisher=RLHallofFame.org.uk|title=Rugby League Hall of Fame|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> In the area of boxing [[Naseem Hamed|"Prince" Naseem Hamed]] from Sheffield achieved title success and widespread fame,<ref name="princenaz">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/boxing/4765035.stm|publisher=BBC.co.uk|title=Naseem Hamed profile|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> in what the [[BBC]] describes as "one of British boxing's most illustrious careers".<ref name="princenaz">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/boxing/4765035.stm|publisher=BBC.co.uk|title=Naseem Hamed profile|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref>
===Cuisine===
[[Image:TraditionalSundayDinner.jpg|thumb|180px|right|[[Yorkshire pudding]]s, served as part of a traditional [[Sunday roast]].]]
The cuisine of Yorkshire and that of [[North of England]] in general is known for using rich tasting ingredients, especially in regard to sweet dishes, which are widely affordable for the majority of people who live there.<ref name="favyorksrecipe">{{cite news|url=http://www.amazon.co.uk/Favourite-Yorkshire-Recipes-Recipies/dp/1898435111/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1215964451&sr=1-1|publisher=Amanda Persey|title=Favourite Yorkshire Recipes|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> There are several dishes which originate from Yorkshire or are heavily associated with it.<ref name="favyorksrecipe">{{cite news|url=http://www.amazon.co.uk/Favourite-Yorkshire-Recipes-Recipies/dp/1898435111/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1215964451&sr=1-1|publisher=Amanda Persey|title=Favourite Yorkshire Recipes|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> [[Yorkshire pudding]], created from batter, is by far the most well known element of Yorkshire food. It is commonly served with [[roast beef]] and [[vegetable]]s to form part of the [[Sunday roast]], which itself grew from the county.<ref name="favyorksrecipe">{{cite news|url=http://www.amazon.co.uk/Favourite-Yorkshire-Recipes-Recipies/dp/1898435111/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1215964451&sr=1-1|publisher=Amanda Persey|title=Favourite Yorkshire Recipes|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref>
Other foods associated with the county include: Yorkshire curd tart, a [[curd]] [[tart]] recipe with [[rosewater]];<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.blunham.demon.co.uk/Yorksgen/Recipes/CakesandPastries/Curd%20Cheesecakes.html|publisher=Yorksgen Recipes|title=Curd Cheesecakes|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/food/recipes/database/yorkshirecurdtart_70382.shtml|publisher=BBC.co.uk|title=Yorkshire curd tart|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> [[Parkin (cake)|Parkin]], a sweet [[gingerbread|ginger cake]] which is different from standard ginger cakes in that it includes [[oatmeal]] and [[treacle]];<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aboutfood.co.uk/places/yorkshire_guide.html|publisher=AboutFood.com|title= Right good food from the Ridings|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> and [[Wensleydale (cheese)|Wensleydale cheese]], a [[cheese]] associated with [[Wensleydale]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.wensleydale.org/pick-of-the-dales/selected.asp?ID=6|publisher=Wensleydale.org|title=Yorkshire Recipes: Ginger Beer|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> The beverage [[ginger beer]], flavoured with [[ginger]], came from Yorkshire and has existed since the mid 1700s. [[Liquorice (confectionery)|Liquorice sweet]] was first created in Yorkshire by George Dunhill from [[Pontefract]], who in the 1760s thought to mix the liquorice plant with sugar.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.wakefield.gov.uk/CultureAndLeisure/HistoricWakefield/Highlights/PontefractCakes/liquorice.htm|publisher=Wakefield.gov.uk|title=Liquorice in Pontefract|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> Yorkshire and in particular the city of York played a prominent role in the confectionary industry, with [[chocolate factory|chocolate factories]] or companies such as [[Rowntree's]], [[Terry's]] and [[Thorntons]] inventing many of Britain's most popular sweets.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/localnews/Safeguard-for-chocolate-heritage-.3217104.jp|publisher=YorkshirePost.co.uk|title=Safeguard for chocolate heritage|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.visityork.org/media/factsheets/Chocolate.asp|publisher=VisitYork.org|title=Chocolate is to York what mustard is to Norwich|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> Another traditional Yorkshire food includes [[pikelet]]s which are similar to a crumpet but much thinner.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.seymour-recipes.com/recipes/Bread/breadmachine/Yorkshire_pikelets.htm|publisher=Seymour-Recipes.com|title=Yorkshire Pikelets|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref>
===Popular music and film===
During the 1970s [[David Bowie]], himself of a father from [[Tadcaster]] in [[North Yorkshire]],<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0670006/ "Episode for [[29 November]] [[2003]]"]. ''[[Parkinson (TV series)]]''. [[November 29]] [[2003]].</ref> hired three musicians from [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]] in the form of [[Mick Ronson]], [[Trevor Bolder]] and [[Mick Woodmansey]]; together they recorded ''[[The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars|Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars]]'', an album that went on to become widely considered as one of the greatest and most influential of all time.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/2006/100albums/index.html|publisher=Time.com|title=The All-TIME 100 Albums|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> In the following decade, Yorkshire had a very strong [[post-punk]] scene which went on to achieve wide spread acclaim and success, including; [[The Sisters of Mercy]], [[The Cult]], [[Gang of Four (band)|Gang of Four]], [[The Human League]], [[New Model Army (band)|New Model Army]], [[Soft Cell]], [[Chumbawamba]], [[The Wedding Present]] and [[The Mission (band)|The Mission]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/leeds/music/raw_talent/gods/2004.shtml|publisher=BBC.co.uk|title=Will the gods come from Leeds?|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> [[Pulp (band)|Pulp]] from Sheffield had a massive hit in the form of ''[[Common People]]'' during 1995, the song focuses on [[working-class]] northern life.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio2/soldonsong/songlibrary/commonpeople.shtml|publisher=BBC.co.uk|title=Common People|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> The 2000s saw popularity of [[indie rock]] and [[post-punk revival]] bands from the area with the [[Kaiser Chiefs]] and the [[Arctic Monkeys]], the latter of whom hold the record for the fastest-selling debut album in British music history with ''[[Whatever People Say I Am, That's What I'm Not]]''.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=[[BBC News]]|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/5315452.stm|title=Arctic Monkeys win Mercury Prize|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref>
The three most prominent British television shows filmed in (and based around) Yorkshire are [[sitcom]] ''[[Last of the Summer Wine]]'', drama series ''[[Heartbeat (TV series)|Heartbeat]]'', and [[soap opera]] ''[[Emmerdale]]'', the latter two of which are produced by [[Yorkshire Television]]. Last of the Summer Wine in particular is noted for holding the record of longest-running comedy series in the world, from 1973 until present.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.summer-wine.com/summer-wine/story.htm|publisher=Summer-Wine.com|title=Summer Wine - The Story|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> Several noted films are set in Yorkshire, including ''[[Kes (film)|Kes]]'', ''[[This Sporting Life]]'' and ''[[Room at the Top (film)|Room at the Top]]''. A comedy film set in Sheffield named ''[[The Full Monty]]'', won an [[Academy Award]] and was voted the second best British movie of all-time by [[Asian News International|ANI]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/070724/139/6iho5.html|publisher=Yahoo.com|title=Monty Python's 'Life of Brian' tops Best British Movie list|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> The county is also referenced in ''[[Monty Python's The Meaning of Life]]'' during a segment on birth where title card read, "The Miracle of Birth, Part II—The [[Third World]]". The scene opens into a mill town street, subtitled "Yorkshire".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9F03E4D7123BF932A05750C0A965948260|publisher=''[[New York Times]]''|title=Monty Python's The Meaning of Life (1983)|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> Monty Python were also performed the [[Four Yorkshiremen sketch]] live, which first featured on [[At Last the 1948 Show]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ayup.co.uk/laugh/laugh0.html|publisher=Ayup! Online Magazine|title=The 'Four Yorkshiremen' Sketch|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref>
==Governance==
===Politics===
{{main|Yorkshire (UK Parliament constituency)|High Sheriff of Yorkshire|Lord Lieutenant of Yorkshire}}
[[Image:Wilberforce john rising.jpg|thumb|160px|right|[[William Wilberforce]], slavery abolisher, was the [[Member of Parliament for Yorkshire|MP for Yorkshire]] in 1784–1812.]]
Traditionally, Yorkshire was represented by two [[Member of Parliament|Members of Parliament]] of the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] of the [[Parliament of England]] from 1290, then of the [[Parliament of Great Britain]] from 1707 to 1800 and of the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] from 1801 to 1832 when the county benefited from the disfranchisement of [[Grampound (UK Parliament constituency)|Grampound]] by taking an additional two members.<ref name="mps">{{cite news|url=http://www.election.demon.co.uk/prereform.html|publisher=Election.Demon.co.uk|title=Parliamentary Constituencies in the unreformed House|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> [[Yorkshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Yorkshire]] was represented during this time period in the form of one single, large, [[United Kingdom constituencies|county constituency]].<ref name="mps">{{cite news|url=http://www.election.demon.co.uk/prereform.html|publisher=Election.Demon.co.uk|title=Parliamentary Constituencies in the unreformed House|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> Like other counties, there was also some [[county borough]]s within Yorkshire during some of this time, the oldest was the [[City of York (UK Parliament constituency)|City of York]] which existed since the ancient [[De Montfort's Parliament]] of 1265. After the [[Reform Act 1832]], Yorkshire's political representation in parliament was drawn from a more subdivisional basis, in the form of Member of Parliament represenatives from each three of the historic ridings of Yorkshire; [[Yorkshire North Riding (UK Parliament constituency)|North Riding]], [[Yorkshire East Riding (UK Parliament constituency)|East Riding]] and [[Yorkshire West Riding (UK Parliament constituency)|West Riding]] constituencies.<ref name="mps">{{cite news|url=http://www.election.demon.co.uk/prereform.html|publisher=Election.Demon.co.uk|title=Parliamentary Constituencies in the unreformed House|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref>
For the [[United Kingdom general election, 1865|1865 general elections]] onwards, the West Riding was further divided into [[Northern West Riding of Yorkshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Northern]], [[Eastern West Riding of Yorkshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Eastern]] and [[Southern West Riding of Yorkshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Southern]] parliament constituency divisions, though these only lasted until the major [[Redistribution of Seats Act 1885]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.revision-notes.co.uk/revision/820.html|publisher=Revision-Notes.co.uk|title=
1885 Redistribution Act|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> This act saw the localisation of government in the United Kingdom, with the introduction of 26 [[List of UK Parliamentary constituencies (1885-1918)|new parliament constituencies]] within Yorkshire, while the [[Local Government Act 1888]] saw some reforms for the [[county borough]]s, there were 8 within Yorkshire by the end of the 19th century.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1888/cukpga_18880041_en_1|publisher=OPSI.gov.uk|title=Local Government Act 1888|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref>
With the [[Representation of the People Act 1918]] there was some reshuffling on a local level for the [[UK general election, 1918|1918 general election]], revised again during the [[List of UK Parliamentary constituencies (1955-1974)|1950s]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/images/historical/1918representation.cfm|publisher=Parliament.co.uk|title=Representation of the People Act 1918|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> The most controversial [[History of local government in Yorkshire|reorganisation of local government in Yorkshire]] was the [[Local Government Act 1972]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=All+Primary&PageNumber=58&NavFrom=2&parentActiveTextDocId=2431824&activetextdocid=2432047|publisher=StatuteLaw.gov.uk|title=Local Government Act 1972|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> put into practice in 1974. Under the act, the ridings lost their lieutenancies, shrievalties, administrative counties, county boroughs and their councils were abolished, followed by [[metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties of England|metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties]] with vastly reformed borders.<ref name=arnold>Arnold-Baker, C., ''Local Government Act 1972'', (1973)</ref> Although some government officials<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aroundsaddleworth.co.uk/Old-Website/White_rose_red3.htm|publisher=AroundSaddleworth.co.uk|title=White Rose or Red|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> and [[Charles, Prince of Wales|Prince Charles]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/9-23-2004-59624.asp|publisher=[[Guardian Unlimited]]|title=Elsewhere (reprint of original article)|date=[[23 September]] [[2004]]}}</ref> have asserted such reform isn't meant to alter the ancient boundaries or cultural loyalties, there are pressure groups such as the [[Yorkshire Ridings Society]] who want greater recognition for the historic boundaries.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.yorkshire-ridings.org.uk/ridings.htm|publisher=[[Yorkshire Ridings Society]]|title=About|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> In 1996 the [[East Riding of Yorkshire]] was reformed as a [[unitary authority area]] and a [[ceremonial counties of England|ceremonial county]], as well as the insertion of the [[Yorkshire and the Humber]] region of [[Government Office|government office]] covering most, but not all of the [[Historic counties of England|historic]] county, with calls for complete reinsertion remaning.<ref name="saddleworth">{{cite news|url=http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/9-23-2004-59624.asp|publisher=[[Guardian Unlimited]]|title=David Mckie: Elsewhere|date=[[25 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref>
===Monarchy and peerage===
{{main|Kings of Jórvík|Earl of York|Duke of York|House of York}}
When the area of Yorkshire began to take shape as a result of the invasion of the [[Norse]] [[vikings]], they inserted a monarchy in the form of a line of [[Kings of Jórvík]] who based their capital in the central city of Yorkshire at York.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.viking.no/e/england/york/rulers_of_jorvik.html|publisher=Viking.no|title=The Rulers of Jorvik (York)|date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> The reign of the Norse royal family came to an end with the last king [[Eric Bloodaxe]] dying in 954, this was due to the invasion and conquest by the [[Kingdom of England]] from the south. Jórvík was the last of the [[Independence|independent]] kingdoms to be taken to form part of the Kingdom of England and thus the local monarchal title became defunct.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.viking.no/e/england/york/jorvik_who_ruled_it_and_when.html|publisher=Viking.no|title=Jorvik - who Ruled it and When?|date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref>
[[Image:TheSingleWhiteRose.jpg|thumb|right|190px|The [[White Rose of York]] remains as the prime symbol of Yorkshire identity.]]
Though the monarchal title became defunct, it was succeeded by the creation of the [[Earl of York]] title of nobility (the [[earldom]] covered the general area of Yorkshire and is sometimes referred to as the ''Earl of Yorkshire''),<ref name="northeasthiss">{{cite news|url=http://www.northeastengland.talktalk.net/page24.htm|publisher=NorthEastEngland.talktalk.net|title=Timeline of North East History|date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> by king of England [[Edgar the Peaceful]] in 960.<ref name="northeasthiss"/> The title passed through the hands of various nobles from different areas of England, decided by the current king of the country at the time. The last man to hold the title was [[William le Gros, 1st Earl of Albemarle|William le Gros]], however the earldom was abolished by [[Henry II of England|Henry II]] as a result of a troubled period known as ''[[The Anarchy]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sqa.org.uk/files_ccc/03miHistoryInt2.pdf|publisher=SQA.org.uk|title=Murder in the Cathedral: Crown, Church and People 1154-1173|date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref>
The title of peerage was recreated by [[Edward III of England|Edward III]] in 1385, this time in the form of the prestigious title [[Duke of York]] which he gave to his son [[Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York|Edmund of Langley]]. When he gained the title Edmund founded the [[House of York]], later the title would be merged with that of the [[King of England]] as there was a line of three Yorkist kings. Much of the modern day symbolism of Yorkshire is derived from the Yorkists, such as the [[White Rose of York]],<ref name="whiterosehistory">{{cite web |url=http://www.yorkshirehistory.com/yorkshirerose.htm|publisher=YorkshireHistory.com|title=The White Rose of Yorkshire|date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> giving the house a special affinity within the [[culture of Yorkshire]] and its identity, especially king [[Richard III of England|Richard III]] who spent much of his life at [[Middleham Castle]] in Yorkshire.<ref name="middleham">{{cite news|url=http://www.richard111.com/middleham_castle.htm|publisher=RichardIII.com|title=Middleham Castle|date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.richardiiiyorkshire.co.uk/|publisher=Richard III Society - Yorkshire Branch|title=Why a Yorkshire Branch Site?|date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref> Since that time the title has passed through the hands of many, being merged with the crown and then recreated several times. Today the title Duke of York is still prestigious and is used by the current United Kingdom royal family, given to the second son of the [[British monarch]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ukdukes.co.uk/the_dukes/the_duke_of_york/|publisher=UKDukes.co.uk|title=The Dukes of the Peerage of the United Kingdom: Duke of York|date=[[24 October]] [[2007]]}}</ref>
==Noted Yorkshire people==
{{More|List of people from Yorkshire}}
<!-- NOTE:
This is just a summary of the most noted Yorkshire people throughout its history, historically unremarkable figures do not belong here. -->
{{col-start}}
{{col-3}}
*[[Cartimandua]] (died 69), queen
*[[Paulinus of York]] (584 – 644), saint, bishop
*[[Edwin of Northumbria|Edwin]] (586 – 633), saint, king
*[[Wilfrid]] (634 – 709), saint, bishop
*[[Alcuin]] (735 – 804), scholar, poet
*[[Eric Bloodaxe]] (895 – 954), king
*[[Robin Hood]] (1160 – 1247), outlaw<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boldoutlaw.com/robbeg/robbeg1.html|publisher=BoldOutlaw.com|title=A Beginner's Guide: Robin Hood|accessdate=2008-07-15}}</ref>
*[[John Fisher]] (1469 – 1535), saint, martyr, cardinal
*[[Margaret Clitherow]] (1556 – 1586), saint, martyr
*[[Guy Fawkes]] (1570 – 1606), revolutionary
*[[William Bradford (1590-1657)|William Bradford]] (1590 – 1657), pilgrim father
*[[Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Lord Fairfax of Cameron|Thomas Fairfax]] (1612 – 1671), soldier
*[[Andrew Marvell]] (1621 – 1678), poet
*[[John Harrison]] (1693 – 1776), inventor
*[[John Smeaton]] (1724 – 1792), inventor
*[[James Cook]] (1728 – 1779), explorer
*[[Joseph Priestley]] (1733 – 1804), scientist
*[[William Wilberforce]] (1759 – 1833), politician, abolished slavery
{{col-3}}
*[[George Cayley]] (1773 – 1857), engineer
*[[William Bradley (giant)|William Bradley]] (1787 – 1820), tallest ever Briton
*[[Charlotte Brontë]] (1816 – 1855), novelist, poet
*[[Emily Brontë]] (1818 – 1848), novelist, poet
*[[Anne Brontë]] (1820 – 1849), novelist, poet
*[[Augustus Pitt-Rivers]] (1827 – 1900), anthropologist, archaeologist
*[[Harry Brearley]] (1871 – 1948), inventor
*[[Percy Shaw]] (1890 – 1976), inventor
*[[Henry Moore]] (1898 – 1986), sculptor, artist
*[[Charles Laughton]] (1899 – 1962), actor
*[[Barbara Hepworth]] (1903 – 1975), sculptor, artist
*[[W. H. Auden]] (1907 – 1973), poet
*[[Leonard Hutton]] (1916 – 1990), cricketer
*[[Asa Briggs]] (born 1921), historian
*[[Judi Dench]] (born 1934), actress
* [[Alan Bennett]] (born 1934), writer and dramatist
*[[Gordon Banks]] (born 1937), footballer
*[[Patrick Steward]] (born 1940), actor
*[[Michael Palin]] (born 1943), actor
*[[Gavin Bryars]] (born 1943), composer
{{col-end}}
== See also ==
{{Portal}}
{{sisterlinks|Yorkshire}}
* [[1931 Dogger Bank earthquake]]
* [[List of collieries in Yorkshire 1984-present with dates of closure]]
* [[Yorkshire Ambulance Service]]
* [[Yorkshire Building Society]]
* [[Yorkshire Forward]]
* [[Yorkshire Regiment]]
* [[Yorkshire Society]]
* [[Yorkshire Terrier]]
* [[Yorkshire Wolds]]
{{clear}}
==References==
{{Reflist|3}}
==Notes==
:{{note label|wars|a|a}}Though the [[Wars of the Roses]] were fought between royal houses bearing the names of York and Lancaster, the wars took place over a wide area of England. They were a dynastic clash between cadet branches of the [[House of Plantagenet]].The most prominent family in Yorkshire, below the monarchy, the Nevilles of [[Sheriff Hutton]] and [[Middleham]] fought for the Yorkists, as did the Scropes of [[Bolton, East Riding of Yorkshire|Bolton]], the Latimers of [[Danby, North Yorkshire|Danby]] and [[Snape, North Yorkshire|Snape]], as well as the Mowbrays of [[Thirsk]] and [[Burton in Lonsdale]]. Yet some fought for the Lancastrians such as the Percies, the Cliffords of [[Skipton]], Ros of [[Helmsley]], Greystock of Henderskelfe, Stafford of [[Holderness]] and Talbot of [[Sheffield]].
== External links ==
* [http://www.britannia.com/history/yorkshire/ The History of Yorkshire]
* [http://www.yorkshire-dialect.org/ Samples of Yorkshire Dialect]
* [http://www.yorkshireforum.net/forums Yorkshire Forum]
* [http://www.theoriginalrecord.com/database/search/decade/127 Yorkshire Inquisitions 1275-1295]
* [http://www.yorkshire-guide.co.uk/ Visitor's Guide to Yorkshire]
{{Yorkshire}}
{{England counties/1889}}
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